biopsy and radio logic examinations for cancer

8/3/2019 Biopsy and Radio Logic Examinations for Cancer

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BIOPSY andRADIOLOGIC

EXAMINATIONS forCANCER

Submitted By:

BSN 4B-Group B2

Mc Jim Emmanuel Capiendo

Joanalyn Gabuya

Melody Mariano

Arsenio Mendoza

Kirsten Janet Nuqui

Jemy Chielle Omotoy

Vanessa Sagun

Romuene Saptang

Rizalyn Joy Zamora

Submitted To:

Mrs. Ma. Susan Maglaqui, R.N.,MAN


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Biopsy: Types of biopsy procedures used to diagnose cancer

You might be nervous about an upcoming biopsy. Learning about biopsies, howand why they're done, may help reduce your anxiety.

By Mayo Clinic staffA biopsy is a procedure to remove a piece of tissue or a sample of cells from your body so that it can be

analyzed in a laboratory. If you're experiencing certain signs and symptoms or if your doctor has identified

an area of concern, you may undergo a biopsy to determine whether you have cancer or some other

condition.While imaging tests, such as X-rays, are helpful in detecting masses or areas of abnormality, they alone

can't differentiate cancerous cells from noncancerous cells. For the majority of cancers, the only way to

make a definitive diagnosis is to use a biopsy to collect cells for closer examination.

Here's a look at the various types of biopsy procedures used to diagnose cancer.

Bone marrow biopsy

Your doctor may recommend a bone marrow biopsy if an abnormality is detected in your blood or if your

doctor suspects cancer has traveled to your bone marrow. Bone marrow is the spongy material inside

some of your larger bones where blood cells are produced. Analyzing a sample of bone marrow may

reveal what's causing your blood problem.

During a bone marrow biopsy, your doctor draws a sample of bone marrow out of the back of your

hipbone using a long needle. In some cases, your doctor may biopsy marrow from other bones in your

body. Bone marrow biopsy is commonly used to diagnose a variety of blood problems both

noncancerous and cancerous, including blood cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma and multiple

myeloma. You receive a local anesthetic before a bone marrow biopsy in order to minimize discomfort

during the procedure.
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In a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, a doctor or nurse uses a thin needle to remove a small amount

of liquid bone marrow, usually from a spot in the back of your hipbone called the posterior iliac crest. A

bone marrow biopsy is often taken at the same time. This second procedure removes a small piece of

bone tissue and the enclosed marrow.

Endoscopic biopsy

During endoscopy, your doctor uses a thin, flexible tube with a light on the end to see structures inside

your body. Special tools are passed through the tube to take a small sample of tissue to be analyzed.

What type of endoscopic biopsy you undergo depends on where the suspicious area is located. Tubes

used in an endoscopic biopsy can be inserted through your mouth, rectum, urinary tract or a small

incision in your skin. Examples of endoscopic biopsy procedures include cytoscopy to collect tissue from

the inside of your bladder, bronchoscopy to get tissue from inside your lung and colonoscopy to collecttissue from inside your colon.

Depending on the type of endoscopic biopsy you undergo, you may receive a sedative or anesthetic

before the procedure.

Endoscopy


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An endoscopy procedure involves inserting a long, flexible tube (endoscope) down your throat and into

your esophagus. A tiny camera on the end of the endoscope lets your doctor examine your esophagus,

stomach and the beginning of your small intestine (duodenum).

Bronchoscopy

Bronchoscopy is a procedure to see inside your lungs. During bronchoscopy, you receive a medicine to

numb your throat and a lighted tube (bronchoscope) is inserted in your mouth. The tube is moved down

your throat and into your lung. Your doctor closely examines your lung tissue by looking through the tube

or by watching a video screen. Special tools can be passed through the tube to collect samples of lung

tissue.

Cystoscopy


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Cystoscopy allows your doctor to view your lower urinary tract to look for abnormalities in your urethra

and bladder. Surgical tools can be passed through the cystoscope to treat certain urinary tract conditions.

Colonoscopy

During a colonoscopy, the doctor inserts a colonoscope into your rectum to check for abnormalities in

your entire colon.

Needle biopsy

During a needle biopsy, your doctor uses a special needle to extract cells from a suspicious area. A

needle biopsy is often used on tumors that your doctor can feel through your skin, such as suspicious

breast lumps and enlarged lymph nodes. When combined with an imaging procedure, such as X-ray,

needle biopsy can be used to collect cells from a suspicious area that can't be felt through the skin.

Needle biopsy procedures include:

Fine-needle aspiration. During fine-needle aspiration, a long, thin needle is inserted into the suspiciousarea. A syringe is used to draw out fluid and cells for analysis.


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Core needle biopsy. A larger needle with a cutting tip is used during core needle biopsy to draw acolumn of tissue out of a suspicious area.

Liver biopsy. Liver biopsy. A liver biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of liver tissue forlaboratory testing. Liver biopsy is commonly performed by inserting a thin needle through your skin and

into your liver.


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Vacuum-assisted biopsy. During vacuum-assisted biopsy, a suction device increases the amount offluid and cells that is extracted through the needle. This can reduce the number of times the needle must

be inserted to collect an adequate sample.

Image-guided biopsy. Image-guided biopsy combines an imaging procedure, such as X-ray,computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound, with a needle biopsy.

Image-guided biopsy allows your doctor to access suspicious areas that can't be felt through the skin,

such as abnormalities on the liver, lung or prostate. Using real-time images, your doctor can make sure

the needle reaches the correct spot.

You'll receive a local anesthetic to numb the area being biopsied in order to minimize the pain.


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Biopsy: Types of biopsy procedures used to diagnose cancer

Skin biopsy

A skin (cutaneous) biopsy removes cells from the surface of your body. A skin biopsy is used most often

to diagnose skin conditions, including cancers, such as melanoma. What type of skin biopsy you undergo

will depend on the type of cancer suspected and the extent of the suspicious cells. Skin biopsy

procedures include:

Shave biopsy. During a shave biopsy, the doctor uses a tool similar to a razor to scrape the surface ofyour skin.


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Punch biopsy. During a punch biopsy, the doctor uses a circular tool to remove a small section of yourskin's deeper layers.

Incisional biopsy. During an incisional biopsy, the doctor uses a scalpel to remove a small area of skin.Whether you receive stitches to close the biopsy site depends on the amount of skin removed.

Excisional biopsy. During an excisional biopsy, the doctor removes an entire lump or an entire area ofabnormal skin. You'll likely receive stitches to close the biopsy site.

You receive a local anesthetic to numb the biopsy site before the procedure.


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Surgical biopsy

If the cells in question can't be accessed with other biopsy procedures or if other biopsy results have been

inconclusive, your doctor may recommend a surgical biopsy. During a surgical biopsy, a surgeon makes

an incision in your skin to access the suspicious area of cells. Examples of surgical biopsy procedures

include surgery to remove a breast lump for a possible breast cancer diagnosis and surgery to remove a

lymph node for a possible lymphoma diagnosis.

Surgical biopsy procedures can be used to remove part of an abnormal area of cells (incisional biopsy).

Or surgical biopsy may be used to remove an entire area of abnormal cells (excisional biopsy).

You may receive local anesthetics to numb the area of the biopsy. Some surgical biopsy procedures

require general anesthetics to make you unconscious during the procedure. You may also be required to

stay in the hospital for observation after the procedure.

Biopsy analysis and results

After your doctor obtains a tissue sample, it's sent to a laboratory for analysis. The sample may be

chemically treated or frozen and sliced into very thin sections. The sections are placed on glass slides,

stained to enhance contrast, and studied under a microscope.

The results help your doctor determine whether the cells are cancerous. If the cells are cancerous, the

biopsy results can tell your doctor where the cancer originated the type of cancer.

A biopsy also helps your doctor determine how aggressive your cancer is the cancer's grade. The

grade is sometimes expressed as a number on a scale of 1 to 4, and is determined by how cancer cells

look under the microscope. Grade 1, or low-grade, cancers are generally the least aggressive and grade

4, or high-grade, cancers, generally the most aggressive. This information may help guide treatment

options. Other special tests on the cancer cells also can help to guide treatment choices.

In certain cases, such as during surgery, a pathologist examines the sample of cells immediately and

results are available to your surgeon within minutes. But in most cases, the results of your biopsy are

available in one or two days. Some samples may need more time to be analyzed. Ask your doctor how

long to expect to wait for your biopsy results.


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Cancer Diagnosis - Diagnostic Imaging

Diagnostic Imaging

How is cancer diagnosed?

There is no single test that can accurately diagnose cancer. The complete evaluation of a

patient usually requires a thorough history and physical examination along with

diagnostic testing. Many tests are needed to determine whether a person has cancer, or

if another condition (such as an infection) is mimicking the symptoms of cancer.

Effective diagnostic testing is used to confirm or eliminate the presence of disease,

monitor the disease process, and to plan for and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.

In some cases, it is necessary to repeat testing when a persons condition has changed if

a sample collected was not of good quality, or an abnormal test result needs to beconfirmed. Diagnostic procedures for cancer may include imaging, laboratory tests

(including tests for tumor markers), tumor biopsy, endoscopic examination, surgery, or

genetic testing.

What are the different types of diagnostic imaging?

Imaging is the process of producing valuable pictures of body structures and organs. It

is used to detect tumors and other abnormalities, to determine the extent of disease, and

to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Imaging may also be used when performing

biopsies and other surgical procedures. There are three types of imaging used for

diagnosing cancer: transmission imaging, reflection imaging, and emission imaging.

Each uses a different process.

CT scan


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A CT or CAT scan is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of x-rays

and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called slices), both

horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of

the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than

standard x-rays. CT scans also minimize exposure to radiation.

MRI

MRI is a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of a large magnet,

radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures

within the body.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a type of nuclear medicine procedure that

measures metabolic activity of the cells of body tissues. PET is actually a combination of

nuclear medicine and biochemical analysis. Used mostly in patients with brain or heart

conditions and cancer, PET helps to visualize the biochemical changes taking place in

the body, such as the metabolism (the process by which cells change food into energy

after food is digested and absorbed into the blood) of the heart muscle.


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Ultrasound

An ultrasound procedure is a non-invasive (the skin is not pierced) diagnostic procedure

used to assess soft tissue structures such as muscles, blood vessels, and organs.

Ultrasound uses a transducer that sends out ultrasonic sound waves at a frequency too

high to be heard. When the transducer is placed at certain locations and angles, the

ultrasonic sound waves move through the skin and other body tissues to the organs and

structures within. The sound waves bounce off the organs like an echo and return to the

transducer. The transducer picks up the reflected waves, which are then converted by a

computer into an electronic picture of the organs or tissues under study.

X ray

X-rays use invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues,

bones, and organs on film. Standard x-rays are performed for many reasons, including

diagnosing tumors or bone injuries.


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Barium X-Ray

A barium x-ray is a radiographic (x-ray) examination of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Barium x-rays (also called upper and lower GI series) are used to diagnose

abnormalities of the GI tract, such as tumors, ulcers and other inflammatory conditions,polyps, hernias, and strictures. With the use of barium sulfate, a metallic chemical that

x-rays cannot pass through, x-rays are taken of the area under examination.

Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)

An intravenous pyelogram, also called intravenous urography, is a diagnostic x-ray of

the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. When a contrast agent is injected intravenously (IV),

the urinary tract will show up very clearly, which is not seen on regular x-rays. An

intravenous pyelogram may be done for many reasons, including the following:

to detect kidney tumors to identify blockages or obstructions of the normal flow of urine to detect kidney or bladder stones to establish if the prostate gland is enlarged to detect injuries to the urinary tract


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Myelogram

A myelogram uses X-rays and a special dye called contrast material to make pictures of

the bones and the fluid-filled space (subarachnoid space) between the bones in your

spine (spinal canal). A myelogram may be done to find a tumor, an infection, problems

with the spine such as aherniated disc, or narrowing of the spinal canal caused by

arthritis.

The spinal canal holds the spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, and the subarachnoid space.

During the test, a dye is put into the subarachnoid space with a thin needle. The dye

moves through the space so the nerve roots and spinal cord can be seen more clearly.

Pictures may be taken before and after the dye is used. To get more information from

the test, a CT scan is often done after the X-rays, while the dye is still in your body.

Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy is a study of moving body structures - similar to an x-ray "movie." A

continuous x-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined, and is

transmitted to a TV-like monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in

detail.
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Fluoroscopy, as an imaging tool, enables physicians to look at many body systems,

including the skeletal, digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive systems.

Fluoroscopy may be performed to evaluate specific areas of the body, including the

bones, muscles, and joints, as well as solid organs such as the heart, lung, or kidneys.

Fluoroscopy is used in many types of examinations and procedures, such as barium x-

rays, cardiac catheterization, arthrography (visualization of a joint or joints), lumbar

puncture, placement of intravenous (IV) catheters (hollow tubes inserted into veins or

arteries), intravenous pyelogram, hysterosalpingogram, and biopsies.

Arteriogram

An arteriogram, also called an angiogram, is an x-ray image of the blood vessels. It is

performed to evaluate various vascular conditions, such as an aneurysm (a bulging,

weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel), stenosis (narrowing of a blood vessel), or

blockages.

Many arteries can be examined by an arteriogram, including the arterial systems of the

legs, kidneys, brain, and heart.

biopsy and radio logic examinations for cancer

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