biopesticides booklet final

s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ s]Gb|

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t

h}ljs ljiffbL (Bio-pesticides)

åf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

ljifo ;"rL

!= k[i7e"dL !

@= /f;folgs ljiffbL tyf o;sf s'k|efjx? @

@=! lk/fxf sL/f jf nlIft ;d"xafx]s cGodf c;/ #

@=@ afnLgfnLdf ljiffbL cjz]if (Pesticide Residue on Crop) $

@=# sL/fx?df ljiffbL krfpg] Ifdtf jf ;xg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; %

#= h}ljs ljlw (Biological Control) %

#=! h}ljs ljiffbLx? (Bio- pesticides) ^#=!=! h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 x'g] kmfObfx? &#=!=@ h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 x'g] a]kmfObfx? *#=!=# h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]udf s]xL sl7gfOx? *

#=@ /f]u tyf sL/fgf;s h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] dxÎj (

#=# h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0fx? / ltgsf k|sf/ !!

#=$ g]kfndf pknAw s]xL h}ljs ljiffbLx? !@

#=% 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLx? (Fungus based bio-pesticides) !%

#=%=! ;]tf] / xl/of] 9';L (White and

Green Muscardine Fungus) !%#=%=@ dN6LKn]S; Ao"e]l/of (Multiplex Beauveria) !^#=%=# 6«fO{sf]8df{ (Trichoderma) !^

#=^ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx? (Virus based bio-pesticides) !*#=^=! Go"lSno/ kf]lnx]8|]/f]l;; efO/; -Pg=lk=le=_

-Nuclear polyhederosis virus_ !*#=^=@ x]ln;fO8 jf :kf]8f];fO8 (Helicide/Spodo-cide) !(

#=& AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbL (Bacteria based bio-pesticides) @)

#=* g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL @!

#=( k|f]6f]hf]jfhGo h}ljs ljiffbL @@

#=!) ;d"xut ?kdf h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] u'0fx?sf] JofVof @@

#=!)=! 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL tyf tLgsf] u'0fx? @@#=!)=@ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0fx? @$#=!)=# g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL / ltgsf u'0fx? @%#=!)=$ AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf u'0f @^#=!)=% k|f]6f]hf]jfhGo h}ljs ljiffbL @&#=!)=^ h}ljs ljiffbL / ltgLx?sf] ;+ljGof; @&#=!)=& :yfgLo :t/df efO/; ;+sng / pTkfbg ug]{ tl/sf @*#=!)=* g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] ljGof; @(#=!)=( h}ljs ljiffbLx? k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf #)#=!)=!) emf]n ?kdf pTkfbLt h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u #)#=!)=!! h}ljs ljiffbLx? k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?

(Precautions while using bio-pesticides) #@#=!)=!@ æ9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbg / k|of]u,Æ

g]kfndf Ps pbfx/0fLo sfo{ (Production

potentiality of fungus based bio-pesticides) ###=!)=!# h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ ;fwgx? (Tools for

use of bio-pesticides) #$;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? #%

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbL (Bio-pesticides)

åf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f

8f= o'js Wjh hL=;L=sfo{qmd lgb]{zs, afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno tyf

;+of]hs, /fli6«o cfO{=kL=Pd= sfo{qmd, g]kfn

!= k[i7e"dL

g]kfnsf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf;df s[lif If]qsf] e"ldsf pNn]Vo ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . sl/a #!=% k|ltzt s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf of]ubfg /x]sf] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf] k|efjn] cGo If]qsf] ljsf;df ;d]t u'0ffTds k|efj kfb{5 . s[lif ljsf;nfO{ pknAwLd'ns agfpg s[lif k|ljlwsf] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu :yfg ljz]if / afnL ljz]if s[lif k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug'{ clxn]sf] k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu pknAw s[lif k|ljlwx? s[ifsx?sf] ;/n kx'Fr / dfgj :jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0fdf k|lts'n c;/ gk'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 . s[lifnfO{ lbuf]kgf lbg] qmddf xflgsf/s /f]u, sL/f, emf/kftaf6 x'g] gf]S;fgL Joj:yfkgdf afnL ;+/If0f k|ljlwsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /lxcfPsf] 5 . ljut s]xL jif{otf afnL ;+/If0fsf] nflu /f;folgs kbfy{sf] k|of]udf j[l4 eO{/x]sf] 5 . h;sf] nflu Psflt/ g]kfnL s[ifsx?n] cGo b]zx?;Fu e/ kg'{ kl//x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ g]kfnsf] 7"nf] wg/fzL ljb]lzg' kg]{ afWotf eO{/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf zq'hLjx?n] afnLgfnLdf sl/a #% k|ltzt gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ eg] csf]{tkm{ /f;folgs kbfy{x?sf] cTolws k|of]uaf6 jfo", hn tyf e"ld k|b'if0f eO{ kof{j/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/x? b]vf kg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . kmntM pTkfbg nfutdf j[l4, df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf x|f;, xflgsf/s sL/fx?df ljif krfpg ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, zq'hLjx?nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L /fVg] ldqhLjx?sf] ljgfzsf ;fy} sd xflgsf/s sL/fx? klg k|d'v afnL zq'sf] ?kdf b]vf kbf{ s[lif pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj, u'0f:t/ tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdf ;d]t gsf/fTds

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLåf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f �

k|efj b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ulxl/P/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu jftfj/0f cg's'n pko'Qm afnL ;+/If0f k|ljlwsf] sdL g} Go"gtd pTkfbsTjsf] Ps k|d'v sf/0f b]lvG5 .

ljut s]xL jif{otf pkef]Qmfx?df /f;folgs kbfy{ d'Qm s[lif pkh k|of]u ug{] cfsif{0f a9\bf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . /f;folgs kbfy{x?sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf g]kfndf k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv k|of]u / kl/lis[t x'Fb} cfPsf] afnL ;+/If0fsf :yfgLo k|ljlwx?nfO{ ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug'{ kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . /f;foflgs ljiffbLx?n] ;d:t jg:klt, dfgj / k|f0fL hutnfO{ g} c;/ kfg]{ x'gfn] h}ljs ljiffbL / ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k|of]uaf/] ;d:t s[ifs, k|fljlws, sd{rf/L Pj+ ;+3, ;+:yfx?n] hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos 5 h;sf] af/]df o; k'l:tsfdf lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

@= /f;folgs ljiffbL tyf o;sf s'k|efjx?

/f;folgs ljiffbLn] zq'hLjnfO{ dfq ljgfz ug]{ xf]Og o;n] k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngdf pkof]uL ldqhLjx? h:t} k/fu;]rg ug]{ df}/L, k'tnL, /]zd sL/f, af3] vk6], s'dfnsf]6L, dfs'/f, r/fr?ËL, u8\of}nf, df5f, Eofu'tf, ;k{ 5]kf/f] nufot k/hLjL sL/fx?, lzsf/L sL/fx?, l;sf/L ;'n;'n] cflbsf] ljgfz ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm ljiffbLaf6 x'g] k|d'v c;/x?df dflg;, h}ljs ;|f]tsf] Ifo, cg'jf+lzs x|f;, kz'k+IfLsf] :jf:Yodf xflg, gbL–gfnf k|b"if0f, e"ldut hn k|b"if0f, jfo' k|b"if0f, df6f] k|b"if0f, zq'hLjx?df k|lt/f]wfTds zlQmsf] ljsf; d'Vo x'g\ . o;}u/L nfxLsf k|fs[lts zq'x? h:t}M yf]Kn] vk6]x? (Lady bird

beetles), l;|lkm8 lemFufsf nfe|]x? (Syrphidfly larvae) sf] ;+Vof 36\b} uPsf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ zq'hLjx?sf] ;+Vof a9\g] jftfj/0f ag]sf] 5 .

ljiffbLnfO{ h'g tl/sfaf6 k|of]u u/] klg -af]6df, df6f]df, e08f/0fdf_ cGttM df6f] / kfgLdf g} hfg] x'Fbf df6f]df pknAw ldqhLjf0f'x? ljiffbLn] db{5g\ . h;n] ubf{ k|fËfl/s kbfy{x?nfO{ ;8fpg], df6f]df g} hfg] x'Fbf df6f]sf ldqhLjf0f'x? ljiffbLn] db{5g\ . h;n] ubf{ k|fËfl/s kbfy{x?nfO{ ;8fpg], df6f] v's'n]f kfg]{ cflb hLjf0f'sf] sfd lgl:qmo eO{ df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQmdf sdL cfpF5 / pTkfbg 36\5 .


/f;folgs ljiffbLx? v]taf/Ldf x'ls{/x]sf afnfgfnLdf 5bf{ nlIft ;a} xflgsf/s lk/fxf sL/fx? dg{ ;Sb}gg\ / o;y{ ljiffbL 5l/;s]kl5 klg afFsL /x]sf sL/fx?sf] ;+Vof Ps}k6s cTolws j[l4 x'g hfG5 lsgls o:tf sL/fx?nfO{ vfP/ afFRg] kmfObfhgs sL/fx? ;a} dg{ k'Ub5g\ . Ps k6s ljiffbL 5l/;s]kl5 o;n] dfg{ afFsL /x]sf sL/fx?sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 t x'G5 cem o;dfly oL sL/fx?df ljif krfpg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g yfN5 / pxL dfqfsf] ljiffbLn] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g / pxL kl/df0fdf sL/f dfg{ klg klxn]sf] eGbf bf]Aa/ t]Aj/ dfqfdf / cem a9L xflgsf/s ;d"xsf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ul//xg' kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ ;du| s[lif jftfj/0fnfO{ g} gsf/fTds c;/x? k'Ug hfG5 . lsgsL k|of]u ul/Psf] ;a} ljiffbL cGttM k'Ug] :yfg eg]sf] df6f] g} xf] . o;n] ubf{ ljiffbLsf] a9\bf] k|of]usf sf/0f vr{ klg a9\g hfG5 .

@=! lk/fxf sL/f jf nlIft ;d"xafx]s cGodf c;//f;folgs ljiffbL cf}ifwL xf]Ogg\ oL ljif x'g\ . ljif eGgf;fy ;a}nfO{ dfg]{ kbfy{ eGg] a'lemG5 . o;n] v]taf/Ldf /flv;s]kl5 s] nfebfos s] xflgsf/s ;a} sL/fx?nfO{ dfl/lbG5 . nlIft sL/fx?nfO{ dfl/;s]kl5 klg ljiffbL df6f]df k'U5 / ToxfF df6f]df ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;"Id hLjf0f'x?nfO{ dfl/lbG5 . o; dfk{mt df6f]af6 kfgL;Dd / ;fgf vf]nf gfnf x'Fb} ;d'Gb|;Ddsf] jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/x? k'¥ofpFF5 . t;y{ ljgfzsf/L ljiffbLx?n] dflg;n] gfz ug{ rfx]sf k|f0fLx? dfq x}g logn] t jftfj/0fdf kfOg] ;a}h;f] k|f0fLdf gsf/fTds c;/x? kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . 7"nf] If]qdf o:tf ljiffbLx? 5/]sf] :yfgdf r/fx? tyf df5fx? ;vfk ePsf kfOPsf 5g\ . kz'k+IfLsf] df;', b"w / b"whGo kbfy{x?, Pj+ ljleGg lsl;dsf vfBkbfy{x?df ljiffbLsf cjz]ifx? kfOPsf 5g\ hf] dflg;sf nflu cToGt xflgsf/s x'G5g\ . csf]{tk{m ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] o; k[YjLdf k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng Nofpgsf nflu k|To]s hLljt k|f0fLx?sf cf–cfˆgf k|fs[lts zq'x? /x]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ c? hLjhGt'x? ToxL jftfj/0fdf /x]sf x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ b'j}sf ;Gt'ngdf ldln/x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu nfxL lgoGq0f ug{ olb ljiffbL 5l/of] eg] o;sf] k|fs[lts zq'x? h:t} yf]Kn] vk6]x?, l;lk{m8 lemFufsf nfe|]x?, cflbnfO{ klg df/L lbG5 . o;/L k|fs[lts zq'x?sf] k"0f{ ljgfz eO{;s]kl5 k'gM a9]sf ljgfzsf/L sL/fsf] cfqmd0faf6 afnL arfpg sl7g x'G5 / /f]syfd ljlw klg s7Lg / dxFuf] x'g hfG5 .


@=@ afnLgfnLdf ljiffbL cjz]if (Pesticide Residue on Crop)k|To]s /f;folgs ljiffbL 5l/;s]kl5 nlIft afnLx?df To;sf cjz]ifx? /x]sf x'G5g\ . ljiffbLsf k|s[lt x]/L o:tf ljiffbLx? ljleGg ;do;Dd /lx/xG5g\ . o:tf] ;do s]xL lbgb]lv s]xL jif{;Dd klg x'g ;Sb5 . Snf]/Lgo'Qm xfO8«f]sfa{g ;d"xsf ljiffbLx? h:t} l8=l8=l6= / la=Pr=l;= cN8«Lg, 8fOcN8«Lg, x]K6fSnf]/, kmf]/]6 cflbsf] cjz]if vf;u/L df6f]df w]/} jif{;Dd /lx/xG5 . df6f], kfgL / cGo vfBkbfy{x?df /xg] o:tf cjz]ifx?af6 ljleGg y/Lsf kl/0ffdx? b]lvg yfNb5g\ h'g lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\ .

vfB–>[hgfaf6 o:tf ljiffbLx? dflg; Pj+ kz'k+IfLsf z/L/leq j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5 . sltko xfO8«f]Snf]/Lg ;d"xsf ljiffbLx? dflg; Pj+ kz'k+IfLsf z/L/leq vf;u/L af];f]df hDdf eO{ jiff}+;Dd /lx/xG5g\ / ltgsf] dfqf a9\b} hfG5 . ljiffbLx? af]6la?jfx? jf ;+lrt cgfhdf sL/fx?sf lgoGq0fsf nflu k|of]u u¥of] eg] logdf ljiffbLsf] cjz]if nfdf] ;do;Dd /xG5 . o; cjlwdf tL vfBkbfy{x? dflg;df jf df;'df klg ;f] cjz]if kfOG5 . ca o:tf kbfy{x? dflg;n] vfPdf ltgdf ePsf ljiffbLsf cj]zif dflg;sf z/L/df hDdf x'G5 . k6s–k6s o:tf kbfy{x? vfFb} hfFbf z/L/df ljiffbLsf] dfqf a9\b} hfG5 / kl/0ffddf o;n] g/fd|f ljsf/x? h:t} dflg;df SofG;/, gjhft lzz'df zfl/l/s ljsf/x?, dflg; Pj+ hgfj/df cg'jf+lzs kl/jt{g cflb NofpF5 . dfgj z/L/df /f;folgs ljiffbL gfs, d'v, 5fnf, :jf; k|:jf; tyf cfFvfaf6 k|j]z ub{5 . ljiffbLsf gsf/fTds c;/x?df 6fpsf] b'Vg', jfsjfs nfUg', jfGtf x'g', l/Ë6f nfUg', cfFvfsf] /f]u z/L/ ylst x'g], ;f]Rg] zlQm sd x'g], k|lt/f]wfTds k|0ffnLdf cj/f]w, tyf bL3{sflng c;/ kmf]S;f], sn]hf], d[uf}{nf, d''6', SofG;/, 5fnf ;DaGwL /f]u cflb x'g ;Sb5g\ . la?jfdf ljiffbLx? k|of]u u/]kl5 la?jfn] ;f];]/ lnG5g\ / xfdLn] vfFbf ;f]em} oL ljiffbLx? xfd|f] z/L/df ;f]l;g k'Ub5 eg] sltko ljiffbLx? 5fnfsf] l5b|af6 klg ;f]l;G5g\ . h;n] ubf{ cTolws ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ePsf kmnk"mn tyf t/sf/Lsf] ;]jg ubf{ hg:jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;'/lIft tl/sfn] ljiffbL k|of]u gubf{ tyf Jojl:yt e08f/0f gxF'bf ;Dk"0f{ 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] ;'Gg kfO{G5 . xfn ljleGg t/sf/L, ufO{j:t'sf] b"w cflbdf zq' hLjgfzs ljiffbLsf] cjz]if kfOPsf] s'/f k|sfzdf cfpg yfn]sf] 5g\ . ljiffbLsf] uDeL/ k|efjsf sf/0f dflg;sf] d[To' ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

ä


ljiffbLx?sf cjz]ifn] k"/} jftfj/0fnfO{ g} c;Gt'lnt t'NofpF5g\ Pj+ jftfj/0fleq /x]sf ljljw k|f0fLx?sf] vfB–>[+vnf 6'6\g hfG5 . ljiffbLsf] k|of]un] ;x;{f}+ sL/fx? gfz x'G5g\, ltgsf] cefjdf ltgnfO{ vfP/ afFRg] cGo k|f0fLx? h:t} Eofu'tf, 5]kf/f], sltko r/fx? cflbsf] klg ;+Vof 36\b} hfG5 / lognfO{ vfP/ afFRg] cGo k|f0fLx?sf] klg ;+Vof 36\b5 Pj+ k|sf/n] of] >[+vnf w]/} cl3;Dd a9\b} hfFbf dflg;nfO{ klg o;sf] c;/ k'Ug cfpF5 . ;8]un]sf h}ljs kbfy{x? vfP/ afFRg] k|f0fLx?df g/fd|f] c;/ k'Ub5 h;n] ubf{ jftfj/0f c? b'lift x'G5, sltko k/hLlj / lognfO{ kfNg] hgfj/ Pj+ jg:klt / sL/fx?sf] ;DaGw lau|g hfG5 . ljiffbLsf cjz]ifn] df6f]df pj{/tfdf sdL Nofpg ;S5 . sltko df6f]sf] hLjf0f'nfO{ ljiffbLn] dfb{5g\ h;sf] kmn:j?k k|fËfl/s kbfy{x?nfO{ ;8fpg], df6f] v's'nf] kfg]{ cflb hLjf0f'sf sfdx? aGb x'g k'U5g\ .

@=# sL/fx¿df ljiffbL krfpg] Ifdtf jf ;xg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;s'g} klg ljiffbLn] s'g} vf; hfltsf] sL/fsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+VofnfO{ dfg{ ;Sb}g . k|yd k6ssf] k|of]u kZrft ;f] sL/fsf] ;+Vof k]ml/ a9\b5 clg k]ml/ ;f] ljiffbL k|of]u ul/G5 . o; k6s klg To; sL/fsf y'k|} ;+Vof db}{gg\ / tL k]ml/ j[l4 x'g yfN5g\ . ca k|of]u ubf{ ;f] ljiffbLsf] dfqf a9fpg'kb{5 . s]xL ;dokl5 o:tf] l:ylt k]ml/ klg cfpF5 ls klxn]b]lv k|of]u u/L cfPsf] ljiffbLn] ;f] sL/fsf] 7\ofDd} lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;f] ljiffbLk|lt sL/fn] krfpg jf ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf k|fKt u/]sf] elgG5 .

cfh cfP/ of] Pp6f ljs/fn ;d:ofsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 . sltko sL/fx?n] t PseGbf a9L ;d"xsf ljiffbLx? klg krfpg] Ifdtf k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ h;nfO{ Cross Resistancy klg elgG5 . o:tf] l:ylt ta cfpF5 ha PseGbf a9L ;d"xsf ljiffbLx?;Fu;Fu} jf s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fndf k|of]u ul/G5 . of] l:yltn] ljiffbLx? a9L dfqfdf k|of]u x'G5g\ / h;sf] sf/0fn] jftfj/0f yk laufg'{sf cnfjf v]tLsf] nfut klg a9fpFb5 .

#= h}ljs ljlw (Biological Control)

afnL la?jfsf] ;'/Iff ug{sf nflu afnL la?jfdf xflg ug]{ ljgfzL hLjx?sf lj?4 pkof]uL h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] k|of]u u/L xflgsf/s hLjx?sf] gfz ug]{

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ljlwnfO{ h}ljs ljlw elgG5 . cfhsn jfg:ktLs kbfy{x?åf/f pTkflbt ljiffbLnfO{ klg sltko :yfg / JolQm ljz]ifn] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] ?kdf u|x0f ub{5g\ jf:tjdf ltgLx? h}ljs ljiffbL geO{ h}ljs ljiffbL h:t} kbfy{x? x'g h;nfO{ Biorational Compounds elgG5 .

g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 w]/} g} wgL b]z xf] . oxfF kfOg] w]/} lsl;dsf jfg:klt tyf h8La'6Lx?df hLjgfzs u'0fx? kfO{G5 . o:tf jg:kltx?sf] k|of]u u/L s[ifsx?n] k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv afnLgfnLdf nfUg] zq'hLjx? -/f]u, sL/f, emf/kft cflb_ Joj:yfkg ub}{ cfO{/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf jg:kltx?sf] afnL ;+/If0fdf ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s] To;} v]/ uO{/x]sf jg:kltx?sf] pkof]u x'g uO{ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf ;d]t of]ubfg k'Ug] b]lvG5 . ;fy} a9\bf] /f;folgs kbfy{x?sf] k|of]uaf6 xfn kof{j/0fdf eO{/x]sf] gs/fTds k|efjnfO{ Go'gLs/0f u/L lbuf] s[lif ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ w]/} lsl;dsf jg:klt / h8La'6Lx? kfO{G5 . oL dWo] sltko jg:klt / h8La'6Lx?df hLjgfzs u'0f kfOPsf] 5 .

hLjgfzs u'0f ePsf jg:kltx? g]kfnsf ljleGg efudf 5l/Psf]n] s[ifsx?n] k/Dk/fut ?kdf k|of]u ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] afnL ;+/If0fsf :yfgLo k|ljlwx? klg :yfg ljif]z / afnL ljif]z cg';f/ km/s–km/s x'g' :jefljs x'g hfG5 . ljiffbLhGo jg:kltx?sf] klxrfg, ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Da4{g ug{ :yflgo s[ifsx?nfO{ tflnd, e|d0f u/fO{ ;Ifd agfpg' kg]{ / :yfgLo ljiffbLhGo jg:kltx?af6 3/]n' ljiffbLsf] Joj;flosLs/0fdf hf]8 lbFb} ;/sf/L gLltx? To;}tkm{ nlIft x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 o;sf] nflu afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnon] ljz]if e"ldsf v]nL lghL ;+3–;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

#=! h}ljs ljiffbLx¿ (Bio- pesticides)s'g} klg xflgsf/s sL/fx?nfO{ Go"g ug{ jf dfg{sf] nflu s'g} klg AofS6]/Lof, 9';L, efO/; tyf g]df6f]8hGo pkof]uL ;"Id hLjx?åf/f tof/ ul/Psf] /;fog÷kbfy{nfO{ h}ljs ljiffbL elgG5 . logLx? pkof]uL hLjx? x'g h;åf/f xflgsf/s sL/fx? dfg{ k|of]u ul/G5 . h}ljs k4tLåf/f hLjnfO{ gi6 ug]{] ;"Id hLjnfO{ g} h}ljs ljiffbL (Bio-pesticides) elgG5 .


cfhsn kmfObfhgs ;"Id hLjsf] cnfjf jg:kltdf cfwfl/t kbfy{x?nfO{ ;d]t a'lemg] ul/G5 . jf:tjdf oL kbfy{df s'g} ;"Id hLljt hLjsf] cnfjf jg:kltdf kfOg] vf; tÎj jf ;lqmo tÎj x'G5g\ h;n] xflgsf/s sL/fnfO{ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/af6 c;/ ub{5g\ . ;du|df ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t kbfy{x?sf] cnfjf ;"Id k/hLjL sL/fx? -lk|8]6/, kf/f;fO6, Kofyf]hg_ nfO{ ;d]t a'lemG5 . ;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLx?df d'Votof AofS6]l/ofhGo kbfy{ -lj=6L=_ 9';LhGo kbfy{, -xl/of] 9';L / ;]tf 9';L_, efO/;hGo kbfy{ -Go"lSno/ kf]nL x]8]/f];L; efO/;_, ;fO6f]KnfHdLs efO/; / g]df]6f8df cfwfl/t kbfy{ -:6fO6/g]dfl68\; / x]6]/f]/x]j8fOl6;_ d'Vo ?kdf cfpF5g\ . To:t} jg:kltdf cfwfl/t h}ljs kbfy{x? d'Votof lgdsf] emf]n -dfuf]{;]e 8]/L;f]e, afof]dlN6lgd_ OToflb cfpF5g\ . ;du|df oL ;a} kbfy{ tyf j:t'x?nfO{ h}ljs ljiffbL jf h}ljs ljiffbLdf cfwfl/t kbfy{sf] ?kdf a'‰g ;lsG5 . of] ljlwdf sL/f tyf /f]uhGo hLjf0f'sf] ;+Vof lgoGq0f ug{ k/f>oL hLjx?, lzsf/L sL/f tyf sL/fdf /f]u Nofpg] hLjf0f'x? w]/} pTkfbg ug]{ / 5f8\g] sfd x'G5 . o;nfO{ h}ljs lgoGq0f klg elgG5 / o;af6 lgDg adf]lhd kmfObfx? 5g\ . ljleGg h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] dfWod (Source) / gfd km/s ePtfklg logLx?n] sL/f dfg]{ tl/sf / logsf] pkof]lutf ;dfg h:t} 5g\ .

#=!=! h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ /f;folgs ljiffbLn] h:tf] logn] jftfj/0f, dfgj z/L/ / kmfObfhgs k/hLlj sL/fx?nfO{ c;/ ub}{gg\ / k|of]u ug]{ JolQmnfO{ klg c;/ ub}{gg\ . logsf] c;/ sL/f cg';f/ (Species specific) x'G5 t;y{ nIo ul/Psf] sL/fdf dfq logsf] k|efj /xG5 .oL j:t'x? k|of]u ugf{n] cjz]if (Residues) sf] ;d:of xF'b}g .yf]/} dfqfsf] k|of]u ul/Ptf klg sL/fdf a9L c;/ ug{ ;lsG5 .logsf] k|efj sfnfGt/;Dd /xg ;S5 / /f;folgs ljiffbL h:t} k6s–k6s k|of]u ul//xg kb}{g .logsf] k|of]uaf6 pTkflbt j:t'x? k|fËfl/s pTkfbg ePsf] x'gfn] sfnfGt/df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnPsf] nIo d'tfljs ljiffbL/lxt k|fËfl/s pTkfbg ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .bL3{sfnLg s[lif pTkfbgdf h}ljs ljiffbLsf] uxg e"ldsf 5 . hftsf] k|of]uaf6 a9L dxÎjsf j:t'x? (High value crops) pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

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lognfO{ s]xL jg:klthGo ljiffbLsf] ;fydf ld;fP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .s]xL h}ljs ljiffbL / jg:kltdf cfwfl/t kbfy{n] sL/fsf km"n, nfef{, Ko"kf / joisdf ;d]t s]xL g s]xL c;/ ub{5g\ h'g ljiffbLaf6 ;Dej 5}g .h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u ul/Psf] t/sf/L, kmnk"mn jf cgfhdf cjz]if (Residue) sf] ;d:of x'Fb}g .

#=!=@ h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 x'g] a]kmfObfx¿h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]un] y'k|} kmfObf x'FbfxF'b} klg s]xL a]kmfObfx? klg 5g\ hf] lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ .

/f;folgs ljiffbLn] h:tf] logn] hfb"u/L ?kdf l5§} sL/f dfg{ ;Sb}gg\ .logsf] k|of]u z'?df emGeml6nf] / dxFuf] nfUg ;S5 t/ sfnGt/df kmfObf x'G5 .;a} k|sf/sf sL/fx?nfO{ Pp6} k|sf/sf] j:t'af6 lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsb}g .logsf] c;/ vf;u/L ;Dks{ k|sf/sf] x'g] ePsf]n] n's]/ l5k]/ vfg] sL/fnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 .rsf]{ 3fd, ;'Vvf If]qdf k|of]u u/]df logsf] k|efj gi6 x'G5 .

#=!=# h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]udf s]xL sl7gfOx¿oL kbfy{x?sf] y'k|} kmfObfhgs u'0f x'Fbfx'Fb} klg logsf s]xL sl7gfO klg 5g\ . h;nfO{ lgDg ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

d'Votof h}ljs ljiffbLsf] cfd s[ifs, k|fljlws, pkef]Qmf / gLlt lgdf{tfx?df ;d]t hfgsf/Lsf] cefj x'gfn] of] ljwf g} kl5 k/]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g'df h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbgdf z'?sf] nufgL, sL/f /f]u lgsf] kfg]{ b'|t Ifdtfdf sdL, s]xL vlr{nf] / emGem6Lnf] k|of]u ljlw x'g' g} xf] .h}ljs ljiffbLx? jftfj/0faf6 lgs} l56f] u|;Lt x'g] ub{5g\ . h:tf] lognfO{ lglZrt tfkqmd, lr:ofg, ;fk]IfLs cfb|{tf, sL/fsf] cj:yf, df6f]sf] u'0f OToflbn] logsf] k|efjsf/Ltfdf km/s NofpFb5g\ . w]/}h;f] h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ @)–@@ l8u|L ;]=u|]= tfkqmd / !%∞ eGbf dflysf] lr:ofg / &%–*)∞ dfly pko'Qm x'G5 .Ps h}ljs kbfy{ csf]{ h}ljs ljiffbL;Fu ldnfpg ;lsG5 t/ s'g} klg sL/fgfzs ljiffbL /f]ugfzs ljiffbL / ef/gfzs ljiffbL;Fu ldnfpg ;lsFb}g . t;y{ k|of]u ug]{ ;do a9L nfUg ;S5 .

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kmfObfhgs k/hLlj sL/fx?sf] klg cf–cfˆg} ljz]iftf x'g\ h:tf] /ftf cfFv] af?nfn] s]jn k'tnL ;d"xsf sL/fsf k"mn cj:yfdf dfq cfˆgf ;Gtfg j[l4 u/L sL/fsf] j[l4nfO{ /f]S5g\ eg] :qL :jefjsf vk6] jf af3] vk6]n] klg cfˆgf cg"s"nsf sL/fx?df lzsf/ u/L sL/fx?sf] ;+VofnfO{ Go"g ub{5g\ .kmfObfhgs sL/fx?nfO{ k|fs[lts vfgfdf kfNg w]/} ufx|f] x'g] x'gfn] d'Votof k|fs[lts ?kd} ltgsf] pknAwtf / ;lqmotfdf lge{/ /xg' kg]{ afWotf 5 . ;'ljwfo'Qm k|of]uzfnfsf] cefj 5 .jg:klts h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] klg w]/} k|efjsf/Ltf lng ;lsPsf] 5}g sf/0f lognfO{ k|of]u u/]kl5 ;"o{sf] k|sfz jf rsf]{ 3fd jf kfgLn] h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ h:t} c;/ ub{5 . k6s–k6s k|of]u ug{ vlr{nf] / emGem6Lnf] x'g hfG5 . ;fdfGo s[ifs jf k|fljlwsn] oL kbfy{x?sf] /f;foflgs u'0f jf k|of]u ljlw yfxf gkfpgfn] logsf] e08f/0fdf tfkqmd / lr:ofpgsf] Vofn gk'¥ofpgfn] g]kfndf lelqPsf jf agfO{Psf h]–hlt h}ljs ljiffbLx? 5g\ logsf] /fd|f] va/ (Message) s[ifs aLr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . h;sf] sf/0f h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ w]/} pRr k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf kg]{ / k};f nfUg]5 t;y{ oL kbfy{x? b]vfpg] bfFt dfq x'g eGg] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf o;f] geO{ gofF g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gofF afnL ;+/If0f k4ltdf logsf] cfjZostf cToGt} 5 . lsgsL g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (WTO) sf] ;b:o /fi6« eO{;s]sf] ;Gbe{df o;n] dfqfTds s[lifsf] ;fy} u'0ffTds s[lif pkh pTkfbg / ljb]zL /fi6«x?df lgof{t gu/];Dd o;af6 kmfObfeGbf a9L 3f6f x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . ljiffbLsf] x'd{t sf9\g] cfd k|fljlwsx?n] l9nf] gu/L h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] pTkfbg, k|j4{g / k|rf/k|;f/ ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

#=@ /f]u tyf sL/fgf;s h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] dxŒj afnLgfnLsf /f]u tyf sL/fx?sf] /f]syfdsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf /f;folgs kbfy{x? tyf h}ljs kbfy{x? k|of]u ul/G5 . /f]syfdsf] lx;fan] ;a} k|sf/sf kbfy{x?sf] cf–cfˆgf] ljz]iftf 5g\ tfklg h}ljs ljiffbLsf] /f]syfddf cfˆg} dxÎj 5 . To;f] x'g'df oL kbfy{x?n] hfb'u/L ?kdf ljiffbLsf] t'ngfdf a9L dfqfdf /f]u sL/f /f]syfd ug{ ;s]sf sf/0feGbf klg oL kbfy{x?sf] kmfObfnfO{ g} lng ;lsG5 .

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;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLåf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f 10

h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] cflj:sf/, pkof]u / dxÎj hlt a9L ljsl;t /fi6«df 5 Tolt jf:tjdf xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf ce}m dxz'; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . sf/0f oL kbfy{x?sf] ljsf;, logsf] k|of]u / dxÎj cfd s[ifsx?, k|fljlwsx? Pj+ gLlt lgdf{tfsf aLr x'g g;Sg' xf] . h}ljs ljiffbLsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld x]g]{ xf] eg] ;+;f/df hlxn]b]lv df}/Lkfng / /]zd sL/fsf] kfng z'? eof] Tolta]nfb]lv g} af;L 8] nf]8L eGg] j}1flgsn] ha ;]tf] 9';L -a'e]l/of Jof;Lofgf_ åf/f /]zd sL/fsf] aRrf d/]sf] e]6fP o;af6} s'g} pkof]uL kbfy{ tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy cuf8L a9] . pQm ;"Id hLjn] pkof]uL sL/fdf cfqmd0f u/]kl5 ;f]xL cg'?k xflgsf/s sL/fx?df ;d]t cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sg] tYo kQf nflu o; ljwfsf] z'?jft ePsf] dflgG5 .

g]kfndf cfd s[ifs tyf hgdfg;df logsf] hfgsf/L gePtfklg /f]u sL/f lgoGq0fdf oL kbfy{x?sf] dxÎj tnsf a'Fbfx?n] k|i6 kfb{5g\ .

/f;folgs kbfy{x?n] ug]{ gsf/fTds c;/x? h:t} sL/fx?n] ljiffbL krfpg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g', dflg;, jftfj/0f kz'k+IfL tyf xfjf, kfgL tyf df]6f]df logsf] cjz]if / c;/ x'Fb}g .h}ljs ljiffbLx? /f;folgs ljiffbL h:tf] k6s k6s, dfqf a9fP/ k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g sf/0f oL kbfy{x? Ps k6s k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 df6f] tyf sL/fx?sf] z/L/df ljsl;t eO{ sfnfGt/df yf]/} dfqfdf k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .k|fËfl/s v]tLdf h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] dxÎj cToGt} 5 h'g ljgf of] k|ljlw kl/sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsb}g .h}ljs ljlwåf/f ul/Psf] v]tLafnL k4lt bL3{sflng x'G5 . sf/0f of] k4lt jftfj/0fLo kIfx?;Fu w]/} xb;Dd d]nvfg] x'G5 .h}ljs kbfy{x? g]kfnL s[ifssf] lxtdf 5g\ lsgsL oL kbfy{x? pTkfbgsf] nflu :j]bz d} pknAw :yfgLo ;|f]t, ;fwfgx? k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .g]kfndf /f;folgs kbfy{x?sf] sf/vfgf ;d]t gePsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwg Pj+ l;ksf] k|of]u u/L h}ljs ljiffbLx? pTkfbg u/L /f]u÷sL/f lgoGq0fdf d4t k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5 .g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bL3{sfnLg s[lif gLlt tyf b]zsf of]hgfx?n] canDjg u/]sf gLlt cg'?k h}ljs ljiffbLsf] dxÎj cem lj:t[t ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .h}ljs ljiffbLaf6 /f]u÷sL/f lgoGq0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf dfq g]kfnaf6 ax'd"No kbfy{{x? h:t} dx, Rofp, skmL, lrof ljb]zdf lgof{t ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . cGoyf ljiffbLsf] cjz]ifx? b]lvPdf ax'd"No j:t' a]rlavg ug{ ;lsFb}g .

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;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLåf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f 11

#=# h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0fx¿ / ltgsf k|sf/h}ljs ljiffbLsf w]/} u'0fx? 5g\ h'g k|d'v ?kdf lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ .

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t ;a}vfn] h}ljs ljiffbLx?sf] u'0f ;Dks{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 h'g kbfy{ sL/fx?sf] ;Dks{df cfO{ 5fnfsf] dfWod jf vfgfaf6 z/L/leq k|j]z u/L la:tf/} sL/fnfO{ /f]uL agfO{ dfb{5g\ .oL kbfy{x?n] /f;folgs ljiffbLn] h:t} hfb'u/L tl/sfn] t'?Gt t'?GtL sL/f dfg{sf ;f6f] la:tf/} sL/f dfb{5g\, cyf{t logsf] c;/ w]/} nfdf] ;dodf dxz'; ug{ ;lsG5 .h}ljs ljiffbLn] d/]sf] sL/fx? k|foh;f] af]6sf] dflyNnf] ;txdf uO{ jf df6f]sf] dflyNnf] ;txdf cfO{ cfˆgf] vfgf gvfO{ b'Mv kfP/ db{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu 9';Ln] d/]sf] sL/f ePdf nfef{sf] z/L/df 9';Lsf s0fx? k|;:t ljsl;t ePsf x'G5g\ . h;nfO{ kl5 uP/ ;]tf] jf xl/of] 9';Ln] 9fs]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} AofS6]l/ofn] d/]sf] sL/f eGg] z/L/ KofRr} k/L s'x]sf] x'G5 . efO/;n] d/]sf] sL/f eg] af]6sf] dflyNnf] xfFufdf uP/ t'n'{Ë e'm08L d'G6f] tnkf/L d'vaf6 lkk 5f]8]/ e'm08LPsf] cj:yfdf b]Vg ;lsG5 .

lrq g+= != ;]tf] / xl/of] 9';L nfu]/ d/]sf v'd|] sL/fx?

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;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLåf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f 1�

oL 9';L df6f] tyf d/]sf sL/fx?df km]nf kb{5g\ . ltg} 9';Lx?nfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf s[ltd vfgfdf j[l4 u/L tof/ u/]/ ahf/df pknAw u/fOG5 . o;sf] k|of]u vf;u/L g/d z/L/ ePsf] sL/fx? h:t}M nfxL, ly|K;, ;]tf] lemFuf, ldlnju, kfOl/Nnf, h]l;8, aGbfsf] k'tnL, O6a'§] k'tnLsf nfef{x?, wfgafnLsf v}/f] / ;]tf] r';fxf cflbdf k|of]u ul/G5 . of] 9';Ln] nlIft xflgsf/s sL/fx?sf] z/L/df cfqmd0f ub{5 / To; qmddf hLjf0f'x? sL/fsf] 5fnfdf 6fF;LG5g\ . d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/df ;]tf s0fx? b]vf kb{5g\ .

9';L ;lqmo eO{ pd|]kl5 cfkmgf] vf; tÎj (Spores jf Conidia) sf] TofGb|fx?nfO{ sL/fsf] z/L/leq l5/fpF5 / sL/fsf] z/L/df 9';L km}lnG5 . jftfj/0fdf ;fk]lIfs cfb{|tf / lr:ofg a9]sf] cj:yfdf dfq o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9\5 . @$–$* 306fdf sL/fx? /f]ufpg z'? u/L @ xKtfb]lv dg{ yfN5g\ / d/]kl5 z/L/leqsf hLjf0f'x? d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sG5g\ / km}lnG5g\ .

ljut s]xL jif{b]lv s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg /fdk'/ lrtjgdf of] 9';LnfO{ hf}sf] bfgfdf pTkfbg u/L df6f]d'gL a:g] v'd|] sL/f nufot cGo sL/fx?nfO{ dfg]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 pQm sfo{nfO{ afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno dfkm{t pu|Ls]o/ lrtjgn] w"nf]sf] ?kdf pTkfbg z'? ul/;s]sf] 5 . pTkflbt 9';LnfO{ df6f]df a;L gf]S;fg ug]{ sL/fx?sf] lj?4 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=$ g]kfndf pknAw s]xL h}ljs ljiffbLx¿ g]kfnsf] s[lif ;lbof}F jif{ k'/fgf] 5 tfklg oxfFsf] afnL ;+/If0f k4lt afnL / :yfg lkR5] km/s km/s /x]sf] kfO{G5 . sf/0f g]kfnsf] v]tLafnL k|0ffnL / /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f k|0ffnL k/Dk/futb]lv s'g} s'g} :yfgdf cfw'lgs jf ljsl;t k|sf/sf] b]lvG5 . ljs6 :yfg hxfF gofF s[lif afnL k|0ffnLn] 5'g ;s]sf] 5}g To:tf] :yfgdf afnL ;+/If0fsf] tf}/ tl/sf klg k/Dk/fut g} 5 / h}ljs ljiffbLsf] t sNkgf g} ug{ ;lsFb}g t/ h'g :yfg ahf/ Pj+ df]6/ af6f]sf] kxF'rdf 5g\ pQm :yfgdf v]tLafnL k4lt klg ljsl;t 5 / afnL ;+/If0f k4lt klg ;3g ?kdf ljiffbL ;lxtsf] b]lvG5 .

Joj;flos ?kdf ljsl;t :yfgx?df s[ifsn] v]tLdf ;3gtf Nofpg'sf] ;fy} g]kfndf pboLdfg ?kdf /x]sf] h}ljs jf k|fËfl/s v]tLnfO{ a9fjf lbg vf]Hbf


st} st} h}ljs ljiffbLx? klg dfu u/]sf] kfOG5 . x'gt ljleGg cg';Gwfg d"ns n]vx?af6 hfgsf/L eP cg';f/ g]kfndf Jojl:yt Joj;flos k|fËfl/s v]tL e'|0f cj:yf d} b]lvG5 . t;y{ Jofks jf Joj;flos :t/df h}ljs ljiffbLx? klg kof{Kt x'g g;Sg' :jefljs h:t} ePsf] 5 . o;f] x'g'df g]kfndf k|fËfl/s pTkfbgaf/] Jofks hfu/0f g'x'g, oL j:t'x? vkt ug]{ lgsfo, JolQm jf kl/jf/ ;+Vof sd x'g', oL j:t'x?sf] k|of]uaf6 Joj;flos v]tL ubf{ rfx]hlt /f]u jf sL/f dfg{ g;Sg' g} d'Vo ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . cem eGg] xf] eg] k|fËfl/s j:t'x? dxFuf ePsf]n] qmo zlQm sd ePdf w]/} g]kfnL pkEf]fQmfx? gePsfn] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] ahf/ klg cToGt} ;fF3'/f] ePsf] xf] . x'g t ca To;f] eg]/ plDsg] cj:yf eg] kSs} 5}g lsgls g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g WTO sf] ;b:o /fi6« eO{;s]sf] ;Gbe{df o;n] k|fËfl/s s[lif pkhx? pTkfbg ug'{ cfjZos 5 / h;sf] lgof{taf6 /fi6«n] y'k|} wg/fzL cfh{g ug]{ ;+efjgf klg 5 . csf]{tkm{ g]kfndf s[lifdf cf>Lt d'Vo lx:;fdf /x]sf] s[ifsx? clzlIft x'g'sf sf/0f logLx?n] ljiffbLdf dfq lge{/ /xFbf jftfj/0f, dfgj / kmfObfhgs k|f0fLx?df c;/ kg]{ b]lvG5 . t;y{ l9nf] gu/L h}ljs ljiffbLsf] vf]h pTkfbg jf b]zdf a9fjf lbg cfoft / k|of]u ug]{ jftfj/0f ldnfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] zx/L / ahf/ If]qsf] kfos kg]{ 7fpF hxfF /fd|f] xf]6nx?n] ljb]zL kfx'gfx?nfO{ vfgf pknAw u/fpF5g\ To:tf] 7fpFx?df k|fËfl/s v]tLsf] la:tf/ eO{/x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL afx]s s]xL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| jf k|ultzLn s[ifs jf k|fljlwsx?sf] ;lqmoftfdf h}ljs v]tL z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . log} cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zon] s]xL ljsl;t /fi6«x? / ef/t Pj+ :jb]zL kxn d} g]kfndf klg h}ljs ljiffbLsf] af/]df rrf{, cfot / k|of]u ;d]t l56k"m6 ?kdf ePsf] kfO{G5 . h;sf] tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf xfn;Dd Tolt w]/} h}ljs ljiffbLx? k|of]udf NofO{ ;s]sf] cj:yf t 5}g t/ s]xL h}ljs ljiffbLx? leqLPsf 5g\ . t/ klg cem};Dd :jb]z d} pTkflbt h}ljs ljiffbL w]/}h;f] k|of]uzfnf :t/df dfq ;Lldt 5g\ . tn pNn]lvt h}ljs ljiffbLx? g]kfnsf s]xL :yfgx?df pknAw x'g yfn]sf 5g\ eg] s]xL k|ultzLn s[ifs Pj+ ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] k|of]u z'? u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .


h}ljs ljiffbL k|sf/s'g /f]u ÷ sL/fsf]

nflu k|of]usxfF lgld{t

-s_ 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL

-!_ xl/of] 9';L (Metarhizium)

w"nf], hf}sf] bfgf

vk6]sf nfef{ - v'd|]_ lj?4

ef/t / g]kfn

-@_ ;]tf] 9';L (Beauveria)w"nf], hf}sf] bfgf

vk6]sf nfef{ -v'd|]_ lj?4

ef/t / g]kfn

-#_ ;]tf] 9''zL (Verticellium) ;]tf] w"nf] nfxL, ;]tf] lemFufef/t, g]b/Nof08 / s]xL o'/f]lkog b]zaf6

-$_ 6«fOsf]8df{, UnfO{sf]Snfl8d, rfO6f]ldod (Trichoderma, Glycocladium)

;]tf] w"nf]emf]n

l;dLsf] cf]Onfpg] /f]u, bfn afnLsf] sfnf] 89'jf /f]u

ef/t,g]kfn

-v_ AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljifflb

-!_ lj=l6= (Bacillus

thuringiensis)w"nf] k'tnLsf nfef{ ef/t

-u_ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbL

-!_ Pg=lk=le= (NPV) Nuclear

poliyhederosis virusemf]n k'tnL / vk6]sf nfef{

ef/t / g]kfndf g]b/Nof08 / s]xL o'/f]lkog b]z

-3_ g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL

-!_ Steinernematids emf]n vk6]sf nfef{g]kfndf cg';Gwfgaf6 ;kmn k/LIf0f

-ª_ jg:kltdf cfwf/Lt h}ljs ljiffbLx?

-!_ dfuf]{;f]d jf jfof]dN6Llgd jf lgdf/Lg

emf]nk'tnL, lemFuf, nfef{sf lj?4

ef/t

-@_ emf]ndf]n -uLltdn_ emf]n 9';L hGo /f]usf] nflug]kfndf :yfgLo :t/df tof/ ul/Psf]

-#_ af]emf]sf] w"nf] w"nf]]e08f/0fsf vk6], 3"g, k"Tnfsf lj?4

g]kfndf :yfgLo :t/df tof/ ul/Psf]


#=% 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLx¿ (Fungus based bio-pesticides)

#=%=! ;]tf] / xl/of] 9';L (White and Green Muscardine Fungus) oL 9';L df6f] tyf d/]sf sL/fx?df km]nf kb{5g\ . ltg} 9';Lx?nfO{ k|of]uzfnfdf s[ltd vfgf (Selective medium) j[l4 u/L s'g} s[ltd vfgfd} k'g hf} jf w"nf]df pTkfbg u/L tof/ u/]/ ahf/df pknAw u/fOG5 . o;sf] k|of]u vf;u/L g/d z/L/ ePsf] sL/fx? h:t}M nfxL, ly|K;, ;]tf] lemFuf, ldlnju, kfOl/Nnf, h]l;8, aGbfsf] k'tnL, O6a'§] k'tnLsf nfef{x?, wfgafnLsf v}/f] / ;]tf] r';fxf cflbdf k|of]u ul/G5 . of] 9';Ln] nlIft xflgsf/s sL/fx?sf] z/L/df cfqmd0f ub{5 / To; qmddf hLjf0f'x? sL/fsf] 5fnfdf 6fFl;G5 . d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/df ;]tf s0fx? b]vf kb{5g\ .

lrq g+= @ hf}sf] bfgfdf pTkflbt tof/L xl/of] 9';L

9';L ;lqmo eO{ pd|]kl5 cfˆgf] vf; tÎj -Spores jf Conidia_ sf] TofGb|fx?nfO{ x]g]{ sL/fsf] z/L/leq l5/fpF5 / sL/fsf] z/L/df 9';L km}ln5 . jftfj/0fdf ;fk]lIfs cfb{tf / lr:ofg a9]sf] cj:yfdf dfq o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf a9\5 . @$–$* 306fdf sL/fx? /f]ufpg z'? u/L @ xKtfb]lv dg{ yfN5g\ / d/]kl5 z/L/leqsf hLjf0f'x? d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/af6 aflx/ lg:sG5g\ / km}lnG5g\ .


xfn s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg /fdk'/ lrtjgdf of] 9';LnfO{ hf}sf bfgfdf pTkfbg u/L df6f] d'gL a:g] v'd|] sL/f nufot cGo sL/fx?nfO{ dfg]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . of] k|ljlw afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnon] ahf/df Nofpg] ;+oGq cg'?k Public Private Partnership sf] dfWodaf6 cuf8L al9/x]sf] 5 . pTkflbt 9';LnfO{ afnLgfnL nufPsf] If]qdf hldgd} k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . xl/of] 9';Ldf ePsf] ljiffbLo'Qm kbfy{ sL/fsf] z/L/leq k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 sL/fsf] kfrg k|0ffnL, :jf; k|Zjf; k|0ffnL tyf cGo k|0ffnLdf c;/ u/L la:tf/} @–# xKtf leqdf dfb{5g\ / k"0f{tof dl/;s]sf sL/fsf aflx/L efudf xl/of 9';Lsf s0fx?sf] y'k|f] b]Vg ;lsG5 .

#=%=@ dN6LKn]S; Ao"e]l/of (Multiplex Beauveria)dN6LKn]S; Ao"e]l/of afl;ofgf Pp6f 9';LhGo kbfy{ xf] h;n] ljleGg k|sf/sf sL/fx?nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . o; h}ljs sL6gfzsn] ;]tf] lemFuf -White Fly_, nflx -Aphids_, ly|K; -Thrips_, ldlnau (Mealybug) 8fF7 Kjfn kfg]{ sL/f Shoot borer x?nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . of] h}ljs sL6gfzsn] nfef{ cj:yfdf /x]sf sL/fx? dfl/lbG5 .

k|of]u tl/sf (Method of Use)kftdf 5g]{ -Foliar spray_M dN6LKn]S; Ao"e]l/ofsf] %–& u|fd dfqfnfO{ Ps ln6/ kfgLsf] b/n] 3f]n]/ 5g'{k5{ . &–* lbgsf] km/sdf sL/fx?sf] cj:yf x]/]/ bf]>f] k6s k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] sL/fsf] nfef{nfO{ * lbgdf dfb{5 .

df6f]df k|of]u -Soil application_M dN6LKn]S; Ao"e]l/ofsf] $ lsnf] dfqf @) lsnf] k"0f{?kdf s'lxPsf] uf]a/ dn;Fu ld;fP/ Ps Ps8 -* /f]kgL÷!@ s¶f_ v]tdf 5g'{kb{5 . ;'/IffM Ao"e]l/of pTkfbg :k|] ubf{v]/L /f;folgs sL6gfzs h:tf] vt/f 5}g / nfebfos -ldq sL/f_ sL/fx?nfO{ o;n] gf]S;fg ub}{g .

#=%=# 6«fO{sf]8df{ (Trichoderma)6«fOsf]8df{ gfdsf] 9';Ln] xflgsf/s 9';Laf6 cfkm'nfO{ rflxg] vfBtÎj ;f];]/ lnG5 h;n] ubf{ xflgsf/fs 9';L km}lng ;Sb}g / cGtdf db{5 . vfBtÎj ;f]:geGbf klxn] pQm nfebfos 9';Ln] OGhfOd pTkfbg ub{5 h'g OGhfOdn] xflgsf/s 9';Lsf] dfO;]lnod -u'Gb|Lsf] TofGb|f h:tf]_ sf] sf]if leQfnfO{ vfOlbG5 ;fy} UnLcf]6f]S;Lg / lel/l8g gfds Pl06afof]l6s klg pTkfbg


ub{5 . Toltdfq geP/ nfebfos 9';Ln] 7fpF, clS;hg, vfBtÎj / cfb|{tfsf nflu klg xflgsf/s 9';L;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ub{5 .

df6f]df /x]sf nfebfos 9';LnfO{ dfq 5'6\ofP/ lgsfNgsf] nflu pko'Qm dfWodsf] cfjZostf kb{5 / 6«fOsf]8df{sf nflu j}1flgsx?n] dfWodsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\, To;df dfl6{g /f]h a]Gufn cuf/ dfWod / c? kl/jlt{t dfWodsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L cfPsf] 6«fOsf]8df{nfO{ lkl8P -kf]6]6f] 8]S6«f]h cuf/_ df pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ df6f]af6 5'6\ofP/ lgsfnL klxrfg ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{ v]taf/Ldf k|of]u ug'{eGbf klxn] s'g} 7f]; jf t/n kbfy{df ldnfOG5 / k|of]u ul/G5 . nufpg] afnLsf] aLpnfO{ ;f]em} sf]lgl8ofsf] ld>0fdf pkrf/ ug]{ jf ;f]em} dfO;]lnodnfO{ 7f]; kbfy{x?df klg k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgdf ul/Psf b'O{j6f cg';Gwfgn] 6«fOsf]8df{ xflh{ofgd gfdsf] nfebfos 9';LnfO{ l;dLdf nfUg] cf]Onfpg] /f]u -h'g /fOhf]S6f]lgof ;f]nfgL gfds 9';Laf6 x'g] ub{5_ sf] lj?4 / To:t} u/L 6«fOsf]8df{ lel/8L gfdsf] csf]{ nfebfos 9';LnfO{ df; -bfn afnL_ df nfUg] sfnf] 89'jf /f]usf] /f]syfdsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 .

6«fOsf]8df{nfO{ h'g]nf]sf] bfgf, ux'Fsf] 9'6f], ux'Fsf] k/fn -5\jfnL_, sf7sf] w"nf]sf] ld>0f / wfgsf] 9'6f]df klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . ux'Fsf] 9'6f] / sf7sf] w"nf] (* k|ltzt k|of]u ul/Psf] kfgL h;sf] kL= Pr= ^=) x'G5 / To;df klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . Jofj;flos ?kdf pTkfbg ug'{kbf{ To;df 6fFl;g] kbfy{sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . 6«fOsf]8df{nfO{ t/n kbfy{df klg ld;fP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/n kbfy{x?df df]nf;]; / lao/ loi6 b'j}df ldnfpg ;lsG5 . 6«fOsf]8df{n] aLp pkrf/ u/]/ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf ;:tf] / pko'Qm dflgG5 . £o" l;dLsf] aLpnfO{ 6«fOsf]8df{sf] emf]nn] pkrf/ u/]/ 5gf{n] ^% k|ltzt;Dd /f]u lgoGq0f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . bfgfsf] ?kdf cGo kbfy{df ld;fP/ 6«fOsf]8df{sf] k|of]u ugf{n] /f]u lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L k|of]u ubf{ la?jfsf] h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . 6«fOsf]8df{nfO{ kftdf 5s]{/ (Foliar Spray) k|of]u ubf{ o;n] /f]usf] km}nfj6 /f]Sg ;xof]u ub{5 .6«fOsf]8df{nfO{ df6f]df 5g]{, ;fgf] s'n];f] agfP/ /fVg], la?jfsf] h/fdf k|of]u ug]{ jf aLpdf ldnfP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ abfdsf] af]qmf, ;"o{d'vLsf] af]qmf / ux'Fsf] 5\jfnLdf ldnfP/ klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

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#=^ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx? (Virus based bio-pesticides)

#=^=! Go"lSno/ kf]lnx]8|]/f]l;; efO/; -Pg=lk=le=_

-Nuclear polyhederosis virus_of] emf]nsf] ?kdf kfO{G5 . x]nL;fO{8 / :kf]8f];fO8 gfds b'O{ Jofkfl/s gfddf of] ahf/df pknAw 5 . o;n] uf]neF]8fsf] uef/f], rgfsf] u+ef/f], skf;df nfUg] k'tnL sL/fsf aRrf cj:yf cflbnfO{ gf; ub{5 . ;a} k|sf/sf afnLgfnLdf nfUg] nfef{ sL/fsf lj?4 of] clt k|efjsf/L /x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 .

o;sf] k|of]u kl5 k'tnLsf nfef{x? /f]ufP/ db{5g\ . efO/;åf/f u|l;t nfef{n] la?jfsf] xfFufdf k5fl8sf] v'§fn] ;dfO{ 6fpsf] tn kf/]/ e'ml08Psf] cj:yfdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;fy} d'vaf6 kx]+nf] lkk ;d]t cfpF5 .

:yfgLo / pGgt k|ljlw b'j}sf] ;ld>0f u/L NPV pTkfbg ug]{ k|ljlw xfn lrtjg l:yt FORWARD gfds u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t pTkfbg k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 ;fy} pQm sfo{ If]qLo afnL ;+/If0f k|of]uzfnf afFs], vh'/f dfkm{t afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnon] cl3 a9fO /x]sf] 5 .

lrq g+= $ tof/L pTkflbt h}ljs ljiffbL Go"lSno/ kf]nLx]8]/f]l;; efO/;

lrq g+= # 6\o'jdf pTkflbt NPV sf] emf]n


k|of]uM afnLdf nlIft sL/fsf lj?4 Pg=lk=le= sf] l;;LnfO{ /fd|f];Fu xNnfpg] / $ yf]kf -)=$ ld=ln=_ k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ ck/fGxdf 5g'{ j]z x'G5 . v'bf] / ;fa'g;Fu ld;fO{ 5gf{n] o;sf] 6fFl;g] Ifdtfdf j[l4 u/fpg ;lsG5 .

#=^=@ x]ln;fO8 jf :kf]8f];fO8 (Helicide/Spodo-cide) @=! lj=6L= hft s'|:6fsLM k'tnL / /flqr/ k'tnL dfg{ ;lsg] .@=@ lj=6L= hft Oh/fonG;L; emLufsf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] .@=# lj=6L= hft kf]kLnL vk6]sf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] .@=$ lj=6L= hft k"msf]sfOg]G;L; nfdv'§] / /flqr/ k'tnLsf nflu k|of]u ug{

;lsg] .

lrq g+= % efO/; /f]uaf6 u|l;t nfef{

oL efO/;hGo emf]n ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbL x'g\ / h;nfO{ kfgLdf ld;fO{ rgf, /x/, skf;, uf]ne]F8f, v';f{gL / cgluGtL afnLx?df nfUg] /flqr/ k'tnLx? x]lnsf]ekf{ / :kf]8f]K6]/fsf nfef{sf lj?4 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf oL efO/;hGo kbfy{x? k|fs[lts ?kd} pknAw x'G5g\ / lhljt sL/fx?df g} pTkfbg u/L k|of]u u?Gh]n;Dd lhljt j:t'sf] z'?df arfj6 u/L sL/fsf] z/L/df /fd|f];Fu kg]{ u/L laxfg jf a]n'sL 3fd gnfu]sf] ;dodf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

BCRL Company n] Heli-cideTM/Spodo-CideTM gfddf pTkfbg ul//x]sf] 5 . oL emf]ndf pTkflbt NPV India, Central Insecticides Board n] Register u/]sf] 5 / h'g !)) ld=ln= sf] Kofsdf kfOG5g\ h;df !×!)( k|lt ld=ln= efO/;sf] ;"Id vf; tÎj /flvPsf] x'G5 .

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLåf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f �0

l;kmfl/; rsf]{ 3fdaf6 logLx? gi6 x'g] ePsf]n] logsf] k|of]u kfgLdf ld;fO{ a]n'sLkv k|of]u ug{'kb{5 . ! Ps8 hldgdf sDtLdf !)) ld=ln= l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 . sL/fx? lj?4 NPV sf] k|efj a9fpg u'8 e]nL -! u|fd÷ln6/ kfgLdf_ jf ;fa'g )=% ld=ln÷ln6/ kfgLdf / 3fdaf6 arfj6sf nflu sk8fdf nufpg] lg/ ! ld=ln=÷ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5gf{n] /fd|f] k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 . /fd|f] glthf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu sL/fsf] z'?sf] cj:yf (Early stage) df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] u|l;t nfef{n] k5fl8sf v'§fn] af]6df RofKk ;dfO{ d'G6f] tn agfO{ em'lG8G5 / d'vaf6 lkk 5f8\5 .

#=& AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbL -Bacteria based bio-pesticides_oL AofS6]l/of ;fwf/0ftof df6f], vfB sf/vfgf, uf]bfd / sL/f a9L x'g] jftfj/0fdf km]nf kb{5 . o;n] c;/ ug{ ;Sg] sL/fx?df k'tnL hftsf nfef{x? h:t} O6j'§] k'tnL / uf]ne]F8fsf] u+ef/f] cflb x'g . s'g} /f;folgs ljiffbLaf6 lgoGq0f ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t o; AofS6]l/ofn] lgoGq0f u/]sf] k|df0f kfO{Psf] 5 . oL ljiffbLx? g]kfndf s]xL k|ultzLn s[ifsx?n] ljb]zdf tof/L ul/Psf ljiffbLx? ;fgf] :t/df k|of]udf NofpF5g\ .

k|efjM AofS6]l/ofo'Qm bfgfbf/ s0fx? nfef{sf] k]6df kgf{;fy 3f]lnG5 / rf/ y/Lsf ;fgf;fgf ljiffn' s0fx?df ablnG5 . sL/fsf] k]6sf] dWo efudf oL ljiffn' s0fsf] k|efj a9L x'G5 . sL/fsf] cfGb|f e"F8Lsf] sf]ifx?df kfgLsf] dfqf a9]/ k'mNb5 / of] h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ sL/fsf] cfGb|f–e"F8Ldf k'u]kl5 @$–$* 306fdf dfq k|efj kfb{5 . sL/fdf ljiffn' s0fx?n] sfd ;'? u/]kl5 nfef{n] vfg 5f8\b5 / ef]sfP/ db{5 . of] h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|ToIf k|of]uaf6 hf]luPsf nfef{x? klg nfdf] ;dokl5 /f]ufP/ db{5g\ . dWofGt/df ;"o{sf] k|r08 ls/0faf6 hf]ufP/ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|of]u !))–#)) u|fd P=cfO{= k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] 5g{ ;lsG5 . nfef{sf] ;'?sf] cj:yfdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 . sL/fsf] ;+VofTds j[l4 Pj+ cfqmd0fsf] k|efj x]/L %–& lbgdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL bf]xf]¥ofpg' kg]{ x'g ;S5 . of] AofS6]/Lof k|of]u u/]s} lbg klg t/sf/L, kmnk'mnx? vfg / laqmL ug{ ;lsG5 . dflg; / hgfj/df o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj kb{}g .


lrq g+= ^ AofS6]l/ofn] u|l;t v'd|]sf nfef{x?

#=* g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL o;df d'Vo k|hfltsf pkof]uL hLjx? x'g\ h:t} x]6]/f]/ xofj8fol6; (Heterorhabdtitis) / :6/gfOg]dfl68\; (Steinernematids) logn] sL/fsf] z/L/ leq k;L dfb{5g\ . oL ;"Id g]df6f]8n] AofS6]l/of lnP/ sL/fsf] z/L/ leq k:b5g\ / sL/f db{5g\ . oL AofS6]l/of g]df6f]8sf] nflu klg cfjZos kb{5 / AofS6]l/ofsf] nflu klg g]df6f]8 cfjZos kb{5 t;y{ logsf] ;DaGw k/:k/ (Symbiotic relation) x'G5 .

;"Id hLjdf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLåf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f ��

#=( k|f]6f]hf]jfhGo h}ljs ljiffbL ;–;fgf ;"Id hLj sL/fsf] z/L/df k|j]z u/L dfb{5g\ logsf] w]/} k|of]u ePsf] kfOFb}g . gf];]df nf]s:6f gfds k|hflt vk6] sL/fsf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=!) ;d"xut ?kdf h}ljs ljiffbLx¿sf] u'0fx?sf] JofVof

#=!)=! 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL tyf tLgsf] u'0fx¿ logLx? cGtt\ sf]lgl8og (Conidion) x'g h;sf] sf/0f sL/fsf] z/L/df /f]u pTkGg x'G5 . logLx?nfO{ s[lqd vfgf / sL/fsf] z/L/df pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ d/]sf] sL/f jf df6f]df eg] s8f s0fsf] ?kdf x'G5g\ . o:tf ;lqmo s0fx? kfgL, df6f] jf sL/fsf] z/L/sf] cf>odf /xG5g\ . logsf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf] nflu pko'Qm lr:ofg, ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf / tfkqmdn] ;3fpF5 . a9L rsf]{ tfkqmd / ;'Vvf jftfj/0f ePdf logLx? afFRg ;Sb}gg\ . xfn;Dd hfgsf/Ldf eP cg';f/ 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf &)) eGbf a9L k|hfltn] sL/fnfO{ /f]uu|:t agfpF5g\ . s'g}–s'g} b]zx?df logsf] sfd ev{/ dfq z'? ul/Psf] 5 eg] ljsl;t /fi6«x? vf;u/L cd]/Lsf, l:j6h/Nof08, hd{gL, tyf Go"lhNof08df 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLx? pTkfbg tyf k|of]u ug]{ sfo{ eO{/x]sf] 5 . 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLn] s;/L sL/f dfb{5g\ < 9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] Pp6f ;lqmof s0fn] :j:Yo sL/fsf] z/L/df k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 pQm sL/fdf /f]u Nofpg y'k|} v'8\sLnfx? kf/ ub{5g\ h'g ;f/+zdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

9';Lsf s0fsf] sL/fsf] z/L/df ;Dks{ (Attachment)M 9';Lsf hLljt / ;lqmo s0fx? sL/fsf] z/L/sf] aflx/L 5fnfdf ;Dks{df hfG5g\ . sL/f df6f]df lx8\Fbf jf af]6df vfgf vfg] qmddf pknAw ePsf s0fx? z/L/df 6fFl;g hfG5g\ h'g kl5 uPkl5 sL/fsf] dWo efu (Mid gut) dfk{mt ;fgf] sfnf] bfu h:tf] b]vfkl/ kl5 ToxLaf6 cfqmd0f ug]{ tof/Ldf /xG5g\ .pd|g] sfo{ (Germination)M ;Dks{df cfPsf ;lqmo s0fx? sL/fsf] 5fnf aflx/ ev{/} 5/]sf cgfhsf bfgf 6';fP h:t} 6';fpF5g\ . h;n] kl5 uP/ 5fnf 5]8]/ z/L/ leq hfG5g\ .k|j]z (Penetration)M o;/L 6';fPsf 6'Kkf (Germ tube) n] l;w} sL/fsf] 5fnf 5]8]/ leq k|j]z ub{5g\ . o;/L logn] sL/fsf] z/L/ leq /ut aUg] efudf ljiffQm kbfy{x? 5f8L lbG5g\ / sfnGt/df oL s0fx?sf] u'0ffTds j[l4 eO{ sL/fsf] z/L/df ePsf zlQmx? lng'sf ;fy} ljleGg k|0ffnL, Zjf; k|0ffnL, k|hgg\ k|0ffnL OToflbdf c;/ kfb{5g\ .

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sL/fsf] d[To' (Death)M cGtdf sL/fsf] z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ k|s[ofx? cj?4 x'g' uO{ sL/fn] vfgf gvfO{, e+m'luP/, nf6f] eP/ / cGwf] h:tf] eO{ sl/a @–# xKtf leqdf db{5 . dl/;s]kl5 klg 9';Lsf] hLjgL eg] nuftf/ rNb} hfG5 . z'if'Kt cj:yf (Dormant Stage)M d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/ leq s0fs0f ldnL ag]sf] u'Gb|L h:tf] s0f (Mycelial growth) df 9';Lsf Ps–Ps s0fx? afFr]/ a:b5g\ . of] cj:yfdf jf:tjdf sL/f dl/;s]sf] x'G5 t/ 9';Lsf s0f afFr]sf x'G5g\ . logLx? aflx/ jftfj/0f -pko'Qm lr:ofg / ;fdfGo cfb|tf_ df afFR5g\ . k'gM j[l4 (Re-emergence)M lg:s[o cj:yfdf /x]sf] 9';Lsf s0fx? k'gM j[l4 eO{ cGo hLjLt sL/fx?df cfqmd0f ug{ tof/ cj:yfdf /xG5g\ .;lqmo s0fsf] j[l4 (Production of infective units)M d}y'lgs / cd}y'gLs b'j} tl/sfaf6 hLjgL kf/ x'Fb} 9';Lsf s0fx?sf] j[l4 / ljsf; sL/fsf] z/L/ aflx/ /x]/ klg eO{ /xG5 . jf:tjdf of] cj:yf d/]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/df t/ s'x]sf] df;', df6f] jf uf]a/ jf cGo efudf ;d]t (Saprophytic

phase) egL a'em\g ;lsG5 .ljt/0fM 9';Lsf s0fx? :jtGq ?kdf df6f] jf cGo efudf /x]sf x'G5g\ h'g df6f]df ePsf] kfgL jf lr:ofg, xfjf, sL/fsf] ;Dks{ cf3b dfWodx?af6 Ps efub]lv cg]sf} efu;Dd /x]/ 6fFl;P/ hfG5g\ . ;fdfGotof ljt/0f x'gdf l;FrfOåf/f lbOPsf] kfgL jf sL/f sL/fsf] e]63f6 jf ;Dks{åf/f Pp6f /f]uL sL/fsf] z/L/df ePsf s0fx? :j:Yo sL/fsf] z/L/df ;b{5g\ / :j:Yo sL/fx? /f]uu|:t x'G5g\ . Pp6f :j:Yo sL/fsf] nfef{ cj:yfdf cfqmd0f ePdf pQm nfef{ dg{ #–$ lbg nfU5 eg] 9';Lsf s0f k"0f{ ?kdf ljsl;t eO{ /Ësf] ;d]t ljsf; x'g @ xKtfeGbf a9L nfU5 . 9';Låf/f u|;Lt x'g] sL/fx?df d'Vo tyf vk6] sL/fsf nfef{, /flqr/ k'tnLsf nfef{x? x'g\ . cg';Gwfgaf6 xfn;Dd sL/fdf cfqmd0f ug]{ ljleGg 9';Lx? atfOPtf klg d'Votof xl/of] 9';L (Green muscardine fungus) / ;]tf] 9';L b'O{ y/Lsf a9L k|rngdf 5g\ . cl3Nnf] 9';LnfO{ lgDtfpg] Metarhizium anisopliae hftsf] k|hflt xf] eg] kl5Nnf] 9';Lsf] nflu Beauveria bassiana hftsf] k|hflt xf] . oL b'j} k|hfltsf] sfo{ l:j6h/Nof08 nufPt cGo b]zdf eO{ hf}sf] bfgf / w"nf] kbfy{df pTkfbg u/L k|of]u ug]{ k|rng 5 .

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#=!)=@ efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf u'0fx¿ af]6 la?jfdf cfqmd0f ug]{ efO/;sf] cnfjf k|s[ltdf sL/fx?df /f]u Nofpg ;Sg] @) ljleGg k|sf/sf efO/;x? j}1flgsx?n] kQf nufPsf x'g\ tfklg k|d'v ?kdf @ k|sf/sf efO/;x?n] sL/fdf ;lqmo ?kdf /f]u NofpF5g\ . DofYo' eGg] j}1flgssf cg';f/ efO/;sf] ;lqmo s0fnfO{ kf]lnx]8/n af]8L jf efOl/cf]g jf efOla|jg jf Go"lSns P;L8 6]Dk]n6 elgG5 h;n] Pp6f hLljt sL/fsf] z/L/df uO{ cfk'mdf ePsf] k|f]6f]gnfO{ ;f/L (Transfer) sL/fdf ePsf] k}t[s u'0fnfO{ g} kl/jt{g u/fOlbG5 . o;sf] sf/0f hLljt sL/fsf] z/L/df ePsf] j+zf0f'ut u'0fdf kl/jt{g cfO{ efO/;sf] ljsf; / j[l4 eO{ sL/f sfnGt/df uP/ db{5 . o;/L /f]u ljsf; x'g'sf] nflu efO/; hLljt sL/fsf] z/L/df ;g'{kg{] x'G5 / DNA jf RNA kl/jt{g u/L lbG5 . o;/L cfqmd0f x'Fbf l9nf] ultb]lv lgs} b'|tb/ ultdf ljsf; x'G5 .

efO/;sf ;lqmo s0fsf] cfsf/df Go"lSno/ kf]nLx]8]/f]l;; efO/; u/L @ k|sf/sf d'Vo ?kdf 5g\ . ;fy} k}t[su'0fx? gi6 u/L lbg] k|s[lt cg';f/ lognfO{ DNA jf RNA efO/; egL gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ahf/df xfn;Dd ;fdfGotof pknAw ePsf efO/;x? NPV efO/; h'g DNA df c;/ ub{5 of] a9L dfqfdf kfOG5 . o;n] sL/fsf] z/L/df k|j]z u/L cfk"mdf ePsf] kf]nLx]8/n s0fx? sL/fsf] z/L/ leq k;fO{ pQm hLljt sL/fsf] z/L/df /f]u NofOlbG5 . sf/0f hLljt sL/fsf] k|f]6Lg / cGo j+zfg'ut u'0fx? gi6 u/L lbG5 . o;/L d/L ;s]sf sL/fx?df ljsl;t efO/; cGo :j:Yo sL/fx?sf] z/L/df k|j]z u/L kl5 k|lqmof lg/Gt/ /fV5g\ . ;fdfGotof efO/;n] klg hLljt sL/fdf cfqmd0f ug'{ kbf{ sL/fsf] 3fF6L / k]6sf] lar cyf{t z/L/sf] dWoefuaf6 cfqmd0f x'gsf] nflu sL/fsf] 5fnf (Peritrophic membrane) x'Fb} Epithelial cell df k'U5 / Attachment kl5 sL/fn] vfgfsf] dfWod jf 5fnfåf/f z/L/ leq k|j]z ub{5 . o;sf] c;/ k'/} b]Vg &–!@ ;Dd nfUg ;S5 t/ e/v/sf] nfef{ eg] xKtf lbgdf d/]sf] b]Vg klg ;lsG5 .

efO/;åf/f ;fdfGotof k'tnL ;d"x, lemFuf ;d"x, af?nf ;d"xsf sL/fsf aRrfx? -nfef{_ nfO{ u|:t agfO{ dfg{ ;lsG5 . cfqmd0f eO{ dg'{ k"j{ pQm nfef{sf] z/L/sf] /Ë v}/f}, nfef{sf] vfgf c?rL eO{ ;':t ultdf rNg' / dg'{ k"j{ vfgf dg gnflu a]r}g eP/ af]6 la?jfsf] 6'Kkf] k§Lsf] efudf uO{ k5f8Lsf v'§fn] ;dfO{ e'ml08Psf] x'G5 h;nfO{ ljz]if k|sf/sf] Steoroscopic


microscope af6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . olb pQm s0fx?df /8 jf afs; h:tf 8Nnfx? b]lvPdf efO/;sf s0fx? x'g elg 7dfpg ;lsG5 . t/ ;fdfGo lx;fan] efO/; jftfj/0fdf cfk}m hLljt j:t'''df ljsl;t eO{ k'g hLljt sL/fdf ;d]t b]Vg ;lsG5 h:tf] rgfsf] af]6df k'tnL sL/fsf nfef{ e'ml08P/ db{5g\ .

#=!)=# g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL / ltgsf u'0fx¿ g]df6f]8df cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLx? vf;u/L xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf cg';Gwfg:t/df dfq ;Lldt 5g\ / logsf] pTkfbg xfd|f] ahf/df b]Vg kfOPsf] 5}g . t/ logsf] k|of]u o'/f]k]nL b]z / cd]l/sfdf eg] /fd|};Fu ePsf kfO{G5 . o;df cfwfl/t ljiffbL eGgfn] vf;u/L ;–;fgf ;"Id g]df6f]8\;df k|hfltx? kfgLdf 3'nfO{ tof/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . h'g k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 k'tnL, af?nf, lemFuf tyf vk6] ;d"xsf aRrf sL/fx?sf] z/L/df logn] k|j]z ub{5g\ . oL dfOqmf:sf]kn] b]Vg ;lsg] ;"Id hLjx? sL/fsf] z/L/df k|j]z u/]/ cfˆgf] sf/0fn] dfg'{eGbf klg logn] h]gf]/xofj8\; (Xenorhabdus) / kmf]6f]/xofj8\; (Photorhabdus) eGg] AofS6]/Lof (Bacteria) sf] sf/0fn] sL/fnfO{ dfb{5g\ . o;sf] dtna oL AofS6]/Lofx? g]df6f]8sf] z/L/sf] leqL efudf /x]sf x'G5g\ . ha g]df6f]8 xflgsf/s sL/fsf nfef{sf z/L/ leq k|j]z ub{5 ta logn] ;Fu} lnP/ uPsf] AofS6]/Lof klg sL/fsf] nfef{sf] z/L/sf] /ut aUg] efu (Haemocoel) x'Fb} kl5 uP/ sL/fsf] ljleGg k|0ffnLx?df c;/ ub{5g\ .

g]df6f]8 / AofS6]/Lof larsf] o; k|sf/sf] ;DaGwnfO{ l;Dafof]6Ls ;DaGw (Symbiotic relation) elgG5 . ;fdfGotof oL g]df6f]8x?n] sL/fsf] nfef{sf] z/L/ leq k|j]z u/]kl5 @$–&@ 306f leq sL/f dfb{5g\ . sL/f dg]{ sf/0f AofS6]/Lof ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Bacterimia / la:tf/} dg]{ ePsf]n] ;]K6L;]oflds d[To' (Septiciamic death) elgG5 .

oL g]df6f]8\;df $) eGbf a9L k|hfltx?sf sL/f dfg{sf nflu pkof]uL ePsf] s'/f ljleGg cg';Gwfgaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 tfklg b'O{ k|hfltx? h:t} x]6]/f]/x\ofj8fO6L; (Heterorhabditis) / :6fOg/g]dfl6;\ (Steinernematids) nfO{ ljsl;t /fi6«x?n] xflgsf/s sL/fsf z/L/ h:t} un]/Lof (Galleria

mellonella), e08f/0fdf nfUg] 3'g, k'Tnfsf aRrf (Larva) sf z/L/df j[l4 u/fO{ kfgLdf ;+lrt u/L ljleGg gfdx? h:t} g]dfug l8=l8= !#^, g]df6L8\;


OToflb gfdn] laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] kfO{G5 . oL g]df6f]8;x?n] sL/fdf cfqmd0f ug'{ k/]df sL/fsf] ;Dks{ (Contact) ljlw g} xf] tfklg logLx? sL/fsf] z/L/ leq l5g{ g]df6f]8\;sf] ltvf] ;'8 jf ;fwfgåf/f sL/fsf] lb;f ug]{ efu (Anus) jf ;f; kmg]{ efu (Spriacles) jf s'g} klg k|sf/sf] k|fs[lts v'nf efu (Natural openings) OToflb dfk{mt leq k|j]z u/L sL/f emf/]kl5 k'g pQm ;lqmof g]df6f]8sf] aRrf (Infective Juveniles, IJ3) k]m/L df6f]df :jtGq ?kdf a:b5g\ / sL/fx?sf] vf]hLdf /lx/xG5g\ . sL/fx?sf nfef{x? ;Dks{df cfpgf;fy sL/fsf] z/L/df k|j]z u/L k'g hLjgL ;'? ub{5g\ . o;sf] dtna cfqmd0f ug]{ kbfy{ eg]sf] ;lqmo nfef{ xf] h;nfO{ t]>f] cj:yfsf] nfef{ (Infective Juveniles, IJ3) elgG5 . of] efn] tyf kf]yL b'j} cË ;lxtsf] (Hermaphrodite) x'G5 h;sf] d}y'lgs / cd}yl'gs s[ofaf6 ;Gtfg a9\b} sL/fsf] z/L/ / aflx/L df6f]df ljsf; eO{/xG5 . df6f]d'gL a;L IftL ug]{ sL/fx? vf;u/L v'd|], wdL/f, /ftf] sldnfnfO{, k]+mb s6'jfsf nfef{x?nfO{ a9L dfqfdf o:tf ;"Id hLjLo hLjx?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf klg oL hLjx? k|z:t ePsf] / lognfO{ un]/Lof sL/fsf] z/L/df /fvL df6f]af6 cfsif{0f (Trapping) u/L pTkfbg ug]{ ;DaGwL cWoog k'/f eO{;s]sf] / pRr :t/sf] hgzlQm tof/ x'g] cj:yf /x]sf]n] eljiodf o;af/] sfd cuf8L a9\g] ;xh cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .

#=!)=$ AofS6]l/ofhGo h}ljs ljiffbLx¿sf u'0f AofS6]l/ofx? clt;"Id / Go"SnLo; laxLg ;"Id hLjx? x'g\ . logLx?sf] s0f (Crystal) ! ld=ld= eGbf klg ;fgf] x'G5 . logLx? /8 h:t} b]lvg] jf cGo cfsf/sf x'G5g\ / logLx? sL/fsf] z/L/ leq ljsf; x'G5 . logLx? df6f] tyf sL/fsf] z/L/df x'G5g\ / logsf] k|efj sL/fdf b]lvgsf] nflu sL/fn] s'g} dfWodåf/f lognfO{ vfg' kb{5g\ / la:tf/} sL/fsf] 5fnfleq 5]8\b} hfG5g\ . logLx? df6f] tyf cGo efudf hLljt ?kdf /xG5g\ / logn] cfqmd0f ug]{ d'Vo sL/fx?df vk6], k'tnL tyf af?nf ;d"xsf sL/fsf nfef{x? x'g\ . logLx?nfO{ s[lqd vfgfdf pTkfbg u/L s0fx? pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 / sdhf]/ cj:yf jf ev{/ 5fnf km]/L ;s]sf] sL/fdf a9L cfqmd0f ub{5g\ . ahf/df pknAw AofS6]/LofhGo ljiffbLx?df d'Votof 8fOk]n jf y'l/;fO8 / lj=6L= sf ljleGg k|hfltx? pknAw 5g\ . AofS6]l/ofdf cfwfl/t ljiffbLn] d]?b08wf/L k|f0fLnfO{ cfqd0f ub}{gg\ t/ k'tnLsf aRrfx?nfO{ dfb{5g\ . logn] k/hLlj sL/fx? vf;u/L k/eIfLx?


(Predators) nfO{ dfb}{g . logsf] c;/ b]vf kg{sf] nflu sL/fn] lognfO{ vfg} kg]{ ePsf]n] / c;/ lgs} l9nf b]vf kg]{ ePsf] s]xL cju'0fsf ?kdf lng klg ;lsG5 . logn] ug]{ c;/nfO{ ldNsL l8hLh\ (Milky

disease) elgG5 . lognfO{ 6\ofÍdf klg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 / logsf] ;–;fgf ljiffQm s0fx?nfO{ ds}, skf; / ;"tL{sf sL/fx?df cfqmd0f ug]{ sL/fsf lahx? klg k|of]u ul/G5 . AofS6]l/ofsf s0fx? ;"o{sf] rsf]{ 3fddf dg]{ jf gi6 x'g] ePsf]n] lognfO{ pQm ;dodf hf]ufP/ /fVg'kb{5 . AofS6]l/ofn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] sL/fn] vfgf aGb u/L sL/fdf x}hf ;d]t cfO{ #) ldg6b]lv @$ 306f leq db{5 .

#=!)=% k|f]6f]hf]jfhGo h}ljs ljiffbL oL ;–;fgf sL/fx? x'g\ h;n] sL/fdfq geO{ ;a} k|sf/sf :tgwf/L k|f0fLx?nfO{ cfqmd0f ub{5g\ . logn] k|f0fLx?sf] z/L/ leq k|j]z u/]kl5 cfGb|f x'Fb} kfrg k|0ffnLdf c;/ u/L sL/fnfO{ la:tf/} nfdf] ;do kl5 dfb{5g\ . logLx?n] sL/fsf] v'nf Kjfnsf] cnfjf km'nx?af6 ;d]t k|j]z ub{5g\ . ljsl;t /fi6«x? vf;u/L hfkfgdf Nosema locusta gfds k|f]6f]hf]jfn] km6ofª\u|f nufot vk6]sf aRrfx?nfO{ cfqmd0f u/sf] kfO{G5 . b'Mvsf] s'/f lognfO{ s[lqd vfgfdf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsFb}g t;y{ Pp6f hLljt j:t'af6 csf]{ hLljt j:t'df dfq ;fg'{ kb{5 jf ;fg{ ;lsG5 .

#=!)=^ h}ljs ljiffbL / ltgLx?sf] ;+ljGof;h}ljs ljiffbLx? ljleGg ?kx?df pknAw x'G5g\ h:t} t/n kbfy{df 3f]lnPsf] ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx?, w"nf]df 3f]nLPsf h}ljs ljiffbLx?, bfgfbf/ ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx? OToflb . h] h:tf] ?kdf 3f]nLPsf jf ;ld>0f ul/Psf ePtfklg logLx?sf] ;ljGof; ug]{ qmddf cfˆgf] df}lns k|s[ltsf] u'0f cbn abn gx'g] u/L jf To;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf gd]l6g] u/L lognfO{ tof/ kf/L ahf/df k|of]u ug{ l7Ss kfl/Psf] cj:yfdf tof/ kf/L sf/vfgfaf6 k7fOG5 .

emf]n ?kdf pknAw u/fOPsf s]xL h}ljs ljiffbLx?df h:t} Go"lSno/ kf]nLx]8]/f];L; efO/;, g]df6f]8hGo ;lqmo hLjsf cj:yfx? / jg:kltdf cfwfl/t y'k|} ljiffbLx? h:t} dfuf]{;f]d jf afof]dN6LgLd jf Phfl8/LS6Lg OToflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL kbfy{x? h'g ?kdf pknAw eP klg l;w}


af]6 la?jfdf sL/fsf lj?4 k|of]u ul/b}g sf/0f logLx?df x'g] h}ljs kbfy{x?sf] dfqf a9L jf ljiffbLdf x'g] vf; tÎj (Active ingredients) eg] h:t} a9L eO{ k|of]u ul/Psf sL/fx?sf lj?4 dfq geO{ af]6 la?jfnfO{ jf cGo hLjx?nfO{ klg c;/ kg{ hfg ;S5 . t;y{ lbOPsf] ;ljGof;sf] cfwf/x? kQf nufO{ emf]n ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ c? yk ;fbf kfgLdf ld;fO{ jf w'nfO{ sL/fx?sf] lj?4 k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ ltgdf pknAw efO/;sf s0f (Polyhedral body) nfO{ s'g} Pp6f d]l;gdf /fvL u0fgf u/L kfgLdf w"nfO{Psf] cj:yfdf a]rlavg ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof o;sf] ljGof; Pn=O{= cyf{t Larval equivalent egL lbOPsf] x'G5 . o;sf] dtna ! ld=ln= efO/;hgo h}ljs ljifbL a/fa/ sltj6f k'tnL sL/f jf cGo sL/fsf nfef{sf a/fa/ k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ egL lx;fa lgsflnPsf] x'G5 .

k|of]u ubf{ efO/;sf] emf]n klg kfgLdf w'nfO{ k|of]u ul/G5 t/ :yfgLo :t/df efO/;hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] pTkfbg ubf{ Ps k6s efO/; nflu dl/;s]sf sL/fx?nfO{ ;+sng u/L ltgnfO{ k'gM ldr]/ jf lgrf]/]/ kfgLdf w'nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L k|of]u ul/;s]kl5 ;fdfGotof nfef{x? # b]lv !) lbg leqdf db{5g\ . efO/;n] d/]sf nfef{x? ;lhn};Fu 5'§fpg ;lsG5 . logLx?n] d/]sf nfef{x? af]6sf] dflyNnf] efudf uO{ d'G6f] tn e'm08fO{ t'n{Ë e'ml08G5g\ / d'vaf6 lkk 5f8]sf x'G5g\ .

#=!)=& :yfgLo :t/df efO/; ;+sng / pTkfbg ug]{ tl/sf efO/; hLljt tÎj x'g / logn] sL/f dfg{sf] nflu hLljt sL/fsf] ;fxf/f rflxG5 . k|fs[lts ?kdf d/]sf nfef{x?nfO{ ;+sng u/L ltgdf ePsf efO/;sf ;lqmos0fx? lgsfn]/ k'g hLljt nfef{ df/L ltgaf6 /; lgsfnL lkmN8df sL/fsf lj?4 k|of]u ug]{ k|rng ;fd'bflos ?kdf efO/; pTkfbg (Community Virus

Production) tl/sf xfn s]xL :yfgx?df k/LIf0fsf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ s[ltd ?kdf pknAw x]nL ;fO8 (Helicide) jf k|fs[lts ?kdf d/]sf] nfef{af6 efO/; ;+sng ul/G5 . pQm efO/;sf] emf]n )=@ b]lv )=% ld=ln= ;Dd sfa'nL rgf v'jfP/ kflnPsf rf}yf]b]lv kfFrf} cj:yfsf nfef{ -k'tnL sL/fsf nfef{_ sf] z/L/dfly ;+qmdLt u/fOG5 . sL/fsf aRrfx? 6f]sf6f]s (Canabilism) u5{g\ eGg] sf/0f dN6Ll8;]h RofDa/df 5'§f5§} kflnG5 . kl5 lehfOPsf] sfa'nL rgfd} efO/;sf s0fx? kg]{ u/L emf]n /flvG5 / pQm rgfnfO{ sL/fx?n] vfpg egL


@$) ;]=u|]= tfkqmddf /flvG5 . sl/a *–!) lbgdf pQm d/]sf nfef{x?sf] z/L/af6 efO/; lgsfNgsf] nflu ;]lG6«̂ o'h d]l;gdf ! ldg6 hlt lkl;G5 . o;/L nfef{sf] z/L/af6 lgsflnPsf] /;af6 af];f] tyf cGo cgfjZos tGt'x?nfO{ x6fpg dl;gf] sf]/fsf] sk8fdf 5flgG5 / pQm /;nfO{ @)) ;]=u|]= tfkqmddf /xg] u/L /flvG5 t/ nfdf] ;do e08f/0f u/L /fVg' k/]df pQm ld>0fnfO{ lk|mhsf] ;fwf/0f e08f/0f u/L /flvG5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] emf]nnfO{ k'g ;lqmo / hLljt nfef{x?sf lj?4 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 / oxL qmdåf/f sL/f dfb}{ k'gM efO/; pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=!)=* g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] ljGof; oL ;"Idbz{s oGqn] dfq b]Vg ;lsg] clt g} ;"Id hLjx? x'g\ logLx?sf] jf;:yfg d'Votof df6f] g} xf] t/ logsf] j[l4 / ljsf; x'gsf] nflu lr;f] pko'Qm df6f]sf] ;fy ;fy} sL/fsf nfef{x? klg rflxG5g\ . o;sf] dtna logLx? df6f]df :jtGq ?kdf 3'Db5g\ / t]>f] cj:yfsf] ;"Id g]df6f]8 sL/fsf] k|fs[lts v'nf efu h:t} u'åf/ jf d'v jf ;f; k]mg]{ efu dfk{mt leq k|j]z ub{5g\ . Pp6} ;"Id nfef{sf] z/L/df efn] tyf kf]yL cj:yf x'g] ePsf]n] logsf] uef{wf/0f / aRrf pTkfbg lqmof sL/fsf] nfef{sf] z/L/ leq} ;DkGg x'G5 / k'gM sL/f dl/;s]kl5 df6f]df :jtGq ?kdf cfpF5g\ / o:tf ;"Id hLjx?nfO{ df6f]sf] dfWodaf6 ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbg ug{ v]tL ul/Psf] jf gul/Psf] :yfgaf6 df6f] ;+sng u/L Nofpg] pQm a§fdf k'tnL jf vk6] sL/fsf nfef{ k'tnLsf] t]>f] jf rf}yf] cj:yf / vk6]sf -t]>f] cj:yfsf_ nfef{x?;Fu /fVg] pQm cjlwdf sf]7fsf] tfkqmd !*–@)) ;]=u]|= jf @@) ;]=u|]= ;Dd agfO{ /fVg ;lsG5 . $–^ lbg hltdf pQm nfef{x? dl/;S5g\ / d/]sf] nfef{x?nfO{ ;]tf] kf;f] (White Trap) df kfgL ;lxt kg]{ u/L /fVg] . d/]sf nfef{sf z/L/ leq g]df6f]8sf uef{wf/0f eO{ cfˆgf cgluGtL ;Gtfg pTkfbg ub{5g\ . kfgLdf nfvfF} nfv s0fx? cfO{ 3'ld/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] ! yf]kf dfq emf]ndf nfvf}F s0f x'g] ePsf]n] lgs} ;fgf] a'Fb dfq Pp6f hLljt sL/fdf kfg{ ;lsP klg pQm hLljt sL/f dg{ hfG5 . o;/L df6f]b]lv ;+sng ul/Psf ;"Id g]df6f]8x? sL/fsf] z/L/df pTkfbg ub}{ /]lk|mh]/]6/sf] ;fdfGo tfkqmddf e08f/0f ul/G5 / cfjZos k/]sf] a]nfdf sL/fsf] z/L/df kg]{ u/L s'g} dl;gf] d'v ePsf] ;fgf Kjfn ePsf] :k|]o/sf] gf]hnaf6 k|of]u ul/G5 . g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ pTkfbg ug{ df6f] ;+sng, df6f]af6 g]df6f]8 cfsif{0f, g]df6f]8 j[l4 / pTkfbg, g]df6f]8 e08f/0fsf ljleGg cj:yfx? x'g ;S5g\ .


#=!)=( h}ljs ljiffbLx¿ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf h}ljs ljiffbL Ps} k|sf/sf klg x'Fb}gg\ / Pp6} k|sf/sf sL/f jf /f]ux?nfO{ klg c;/ ub}{gg\ t/ logsf] c;/sf] k|s[lt eg] Pp6} k|sf/sf] x'G5 . cyf{t\ logLx?sf] c;/ ;fdfGotof ;Dks{ (Contact Nature) k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . o;sf] dtna logLx?nfO{ pTkfbg u/]b]lv k|of]u gu?Gh]n;Dd pko'Qm ?kdf e08f/0f u/L hLljt} /fVg' kb{5 / pQm hLljt cj:yfsf hLjx?nfO{ hLljt sL/fsf] z/L/df ;Dks{ x'g] u/L glhs}af6 jf pko'Qm dfWodaf6 k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . olb sL/fsf] z/L/;Dd k'Ug] u/L ;Dks{ u/fOPg eg] logLx? pko'Qm tfkqmd jf lr:ofg jf ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf jf cfˆgf] sL/fsf] cefjdf db{5g\ . lsgsL x/]s h}ljs ljiffbLx?n] cfˆgf] /fd|f] k|efj b]vfpgsf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f / /f]u ;+qmd0f x'g pko'Qm sL/fsf] cf>o kfpg' kb{5g\ . ;fy} h}ljs ljiffbLx? ;"o{sf] k|sfz -rsf]{ 3fd_ tyf ;'Vvf jftfj/0faf6 c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n] pko'Qm jftfj/0f ldnfpg' kb{5 / dfg{ rfx]sf] sL/fsf] z/L/;Dd k'Ug] u/L k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ug{sf] nflu Pp6} tl/sfn] k|of]u eg] ug{ ;lsFb}g sf/0f sL/fx?n] klg Ps} tl/sfn] hLjgL u'hfg]{ jf cfˆgf] ultljlw af]6 la?jfdf gug]{ ePsf]n] logsf] hLjgL cg';f/ k|of]u klg km/s km/s tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 d'nt logsf] k|of]u nlIft ul/Psf sL/fx? ;dIf k'Ug] u/L k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

#=!)=!) emf]n ?kdf pTkfbLt h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u oL kbfy{x?nfO{ kfgLsf] dfWodaf6 sL/fsf] z/L/ jf jf;:yfg;Dd k'¥ofO{G5 . h:t} efO/;df ePsf ;lqmo s0f x'g\ jf 9';Ldf ePsf s0f jf g]df6f]8sf hLjf0f' jf af]6 la?jfdf /x]sf] ;lqmo tÎjnfO{ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|of]u ul/G5 . k|of]u ubf{ af]6sf] kft jf kmn jf cGo efudf k|of]u gu/L l;w} sL/fsf] z/L/df kg]{ u/L k|of]u ug'{k5{ . k|of]u ul/Psf] kbfy{sf] k|efjsf/Ltf /fd|f];Fu xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] oL kbfy{df lg/ h:tf kbfy{x? ld;fpg ;lsG5 t/ s'g} klg ljiffbLx? ld;fpg' x'Fb}g sf/0f ljiffbL h:tf kbfy{x? h}ljs ljiffbLsf] nflu 3fts x'G5g\ . lognfO{ 3fd gnfu]sf] ;dodf laxfg jf a]n'sL af]6sf] k'/} efudf kg]{ u/L k|of]u ug'{k5{ . bfgfbf/ ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx? eg] kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|of]u ug'{x'Fb}g . lognfO{ sL/fx? hxfF a:b5g\ pQm sL/fx?sf] jf;:yfgdf g} k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . bfgfbf/ h}ljs ljiffbL vk6], /ftf] sldnf, wld/f, lsyL{sf], km6ofª\u|f, km]b s6'jf tyf df6f]sf] cf>o


lnO{ a:g] / IftL ug]{ sL/fsf lj?4 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} emf]n ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ eg] af]6sf] dflyNnf] ;txdf a;L vfg] sL/fx? h:t} k'tnL sL/fx?sf nfef{ tyf cGo sL/fx?nfO{ pgsf] z/L/df l;w} kg]{ u/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotf h}ljs ljiffbLx? z'?–z'?df k|of]u ug'{ k/]tfklg cfnGt/df dfqf 36fpFb} n}hfg ;lsG5 . h:tf] efO/;hGo kbfy{ / jg:kltdf cfwfl/t kbfy{x? ! ln6/ kfgLdf %–^ ld=ln= ld;fO{ xKtfsf] ! k6s k|of]u ul/G5 / kl5Nnf xKtfx?df eg] k|To]s ld=ln= 36fpFb} nu]/ cGtdf ! ld=ln= ! ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] k|of]u ul/G5 . To:t} 9';LhGo w"nf] jf bfgfbf/ h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ klg z'?df a9L dfqfdf k|of]u ul/G5 / sfnGt/df uP/ dfqf 36fpFb} nluG5 . w"nf]df pTkflbt AofS6]l/ofdf jf 9';Ldf cfwfl/t h}ljs ljiffbLx? )–% b]lv ! u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf z'?df ld;fP/ 5l/G5 t/ kl5 uP/ pQm dfqf 36fpFbf klg k|efjsf/L ?kdf g} sL/f dfg{ ;lsG5 . To:t} 9';Ldf cfwfl/t bfgfbf/ h}ljs ljiffbLx? klg k|lt x]S6/ $)–^) s]=hL= z'?–z'?df k|of]u ul/Ptfklg kl5 uP/ pQm dfqf @)–#) s]=hL= k|lt x]S6/df emfg{ ;lsG5 . To:t} z'?df k/hLlj sL/fx?df af?nf ;d"xsf sL/fx? 6«fOsf]u|fdf klg 6«fsf]sf8{df 6f;L k|lt x]S6/ @),))) k/hLlj x'g] u/L lkmN8df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . oL k/hLljx?n] k'tnL ;d"x tyf /flqr/ k'tnLsf k"mnx?df cfˆgf] k"mn kf/L sL/fsf] aRrf lg:sg /f]Sb5g\ . of] k|ljlw ef/tdf ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgaf6 ;kmn k/LIf0f eO{ s[ifs:t/df a]rlavg ;d]t eO{/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg pQm kmfObfhgs ;"Id k/hLlj sL/fx? k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5g\ / tTsfnLg n'Dn] s[lif s]Gb|n] ;f] sfo{ ;g\ !((% tfsf klZrdf~rn If]qsf uf]ne]F8f v]tL ul/g] ljleGg If]qx?df lkmN8df 5f]l8Psf] -Release_ u/]sf] lyof] . of] sfo{nfO{ ;DalGwt ;+3;+:yfx?n] cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . xl/of] / ;]tf] 9';Lsf] klg g]kfnd} k|ydk6s ;g\ @))) b]lv @))& ;Dd ;kmn kl/>d / ;fgf] :t/df pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg, /fdk'/sf] sL6 lj1fg ljefudf eO{/x]sf] 5 . pQm k|ljlwnfO{ k|fOe]6 ;+3 ;+:yfåf/f pTkfbg ug]{ ;+oGq;Dd tof/ eO{/x]sf] 5 . z'?df of] k|ljlw leqfpg l:j; ;/sf/sf] x]Ne]6f; lgof]un] s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg dfk{mt cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]u u/L z'?jft u/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 df6f]d'gL a;L IftL ug]{ v'd|] sL/fsf nfef{, wld/f, /ftf] sldnf, km]b s6'jf OToflbnfO{ c;/ ug{ ;lsG5 . oL ;"Id hLjf0f'nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ljiffbLsf] k|of]u eg] slt klg ug'{x'Fb}g a? l;FrfO / k|fËfl/s dnsf] /fd|f] k|aGw ldnfpg'k5{ .


k/hLlj / k/eIfL sL/fx?nfO{ klg cfˆgf] v]taf/Ldf /fd|f];Fu k}mnfpgsf] nflu lr;f] k|aGw ugf{n] logsf] ;+Vof j[l4 ug{ ;lhn} ;lsG5 . rsf]{ 3fd / ljiffbLsf] k|efjn] lognfO{ c;/ dfq ug]{ geO{ eufpg] / dfg]{;Dd ub{5g\ . ;+ej eP;Dd h}ljs ljlw ckgfOPsf] 7fpFdf ;'ulGwt afnLx?, -/Ë, uGw / af]6sf] pko'Qm agf}6_ ePsf afnLx? ljleGg k"mnx?, cUnf] / xf]rf] af]6x? ldnfO{ nufpg'sf ;fy dnhn / l;rfO{sf] /fd|f] k|aGw ldnfpg' kb{5 . emf]ndf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx? h:t} 9';Lsf] w"nf]sf] 3f]n, AofS6]l/ofsf] w"nf]sf] 3f]n, g]df6f]8\;sf] nfef{ hGo emf]n, efO/;sf] emf]n / jg:kltdf cfwfl/t emf]n OToflbnfO{ ;fwf/0f :k]o/sf] ;xoftfn] af]6sf] k'/} efu / vf;u/L sL/fsf] z/L/d} kg]{ u/L 5g'{kb{5 . To:t} w"nf / bfgfbf/ ?kdf pknAw 9';L, AofS6]l/of / cGo kbfy{x?nfO{ v]tL ug]{ ;do jf v]tL ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf vghf]t / l;FrfO ubf{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k/hLlj / k/eIfL sL/fx? eg] v]tL ul//x]sf] If]q / sL/fsf] ;lqmo ;dodf cfk"m klg ;lqmo x'g] ePsf]n] pQm ;dodf 5f]8\g' /fd|f] x'G5 .

#=!)=!! h}ljs ljiffbLx¿ k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿

(Precautions while using bio-pesticides)h}ljs ljiffbLx? hLjLt j:t'df cfwfl/t j:t' ePsfn] logsf] pTkfbg kZrft\ k|of]u ug{] cj:yf;Dd xf]l;of/Lsf ;fy /fVg' kb{5 . o;sf] dtna logLx?nfO{ sd tfkqmd / a9L ;fk]lIfs cfb|{tfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;f] x'gfn] e08f/0f ubf{ ;se/ sd tfkqmd ePsf] :yfg jf /]lk|mh]/]6/df /fVg'kb{5 / k|of]u ubf{ :k|]oåf/f ck/fGxsf] ;dodf k|of]u ug'{ a]; x'G5 . o:tf h}ljs kbfy{x? k|of]u ul/Psf] afnLdf cGo /f;folgs ljiffbLx? k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . k|of]u ug}{kg]{{ ePdf slDtdf csf]{ lbg kl5 jf s]xL lbgsf] cGt/df dfq k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . h}ljs kbfy{x? k|of]u ePsf] 7fpFdf pko'Qm lr:ofgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . ;fk]lIfs cfb|tf a9L / tfkqmd @% l8u|L ;]= eGbf sd ePdf o;sf] k|efjsf/Ltf klg /fd||f] x'G5 . g]kfndf l56k'm6 ?kdf b]vfkg]{ h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ ljiffbL ;/x e08f/0f tyf k|of]u ug'{n] logsf] k|efjsf/Ltf / ljZj;lgotfdf z+sf ug]{ 7fpF /x]sf] 5 . lsgsL pko'Qm tfkqmddf e08f/0f ug'{kb{5 .


#=!)=!@ æ9';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbg / k|of]u,Æ g]kfndf Ps

pbfx/0fLo sfo{ (Production potentiality of fungus based bio-

pesticides) v'd|] sL/fsf nfef{x? -aRrf_ sf] z/L/df ljiffQm u/fpg] Ps vfn] xl/of] s0f ePsf 9';L h;sf] cu+|]hL gfd Metarhizium anisopliae xf] . ljsl;t b]zdf o;nfO{ ljleGg gfdn] lrlgG5 h:t}M Green Muscle, Fight grub OToflb . l:j; ;/sf/sf] k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]udf x]Ne]6f; lgof]un] s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg, /fdk'/ lrtjgsf] sL6 lj1fg ljefudf sfo{/t Pshgf pk–k|fWofkssf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg cg';f/ g]kfndf klg of] h}ljs k|ljlw ;+ej 5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf] 5 . of] cWoog ;g\ @))) b]lv @))& ;Dd /x\of] / ;f/+zdf o;n] v'd|] sL/fsf] Joj:yfkg ;Dej 5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft u¥of] .

of] cWoogaf6 v'd|] sL/fdf g]kfndf *) eGbf a9L k|hflt /x]sf], g]kfns} df6f]df 9';LhGo hLjf0f' pknAw ePsf] tyf ltgnfO{ s[lqd vfgf x'Fb} hf} / cGo sfjf]{xfO8]«6o'Qm vfgdf pTkfbg u/L ds} / sf]bf]df Iflt ug]{ nfef{sf] ;+Vof @%–#)∞ ;Dd sd ug{ ;lsg] s'/f l;4 ePsf] 5 . of] k|ljlw xfn /fdk'/ SofDk;df dfq ;Lldt g/fvL k|fOe]6 ;+3;+:yf / pTkfbgstf{ aLr uO{;s]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnon] Pu|Ls]o/ lrtjg;Fu w"nf]sf] ?kdf of] h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] o; af/] /fd|f] rf;f] lbPdf sfnGt/df df6f]df k|of]u eO{/x]sf 3fts ljiffbLx?sf] ljsNkdf cr"s j}slNks pkfo x'g] b]lvG5 . of] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePdf b]zdf ljiffbL v/Lbsf nflu nufgL eO{\/x]sf] wg/fzL art ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fd'vL k|fËfl/s v]tL ug{ ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 .


#=!)=!# h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ ;fwgx¿ (Tools for use of bio-

pesticides);fdfGotof h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ cGo ljiffbLx? h:t} k|of]u ul/g] :k|]o/ / dfWodaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 t/ klg k|of]u ljlw logLx?sf] ljGof; / pknAw ePsf] ?ksf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . h}ljs ljiffbLx? d'Votof t/n ?kdf pknAw x'G5g\ / s]xL w"nf]df t s]xL bfgfbf/ ?kdf . t/n ?kdf pknAw x'g] h}ljs ljiffbLx? dWo] efO/; tyf jg:kltdf cfwfl/t emf]nx? Pj+ 9';Ldf cfwfl/t emf]nx?nfO{ xft] :k|]o/, d?t :k|]o/sf] dfWodaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsl;t /fi6«x?df lognfO{ 7"nf] d]l;gx? (Foot Sprayer) tyf x]lnsf]K6/ jf l8«nLË d]l;g jf 6«foS6/af6 ;d]t k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{G5 . xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf eg] pQm k|ljlw gf}nf] nfUg' :jefjLs} xf] . t;y{ emf]n ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ ;–;fgf xft] :k|]o/b]lv d?t :k|]o/n] af]6sf] ;a} efudf /x]sf sL/fsf] ;a} z/L/df kg]{ u/L 5g'{ kb{5 .

To:t} w"nf] ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLx? dWo] s'g}–s'g} k|hfltsf 9';L jf AofS6]/LofnfO{ klg kfgLdf w"nfO{ :k|]o/x?sf] dfWodaf6 k|of]u ug'{sf cnfjf xftåf/f hldg vghf]t ubf{ jf hldgdf aLp 5bf{ jf /f]Kbf ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . w"nf] ?kdf pknAw h}ljs ljiffbLnfO{ w"nf]df g} pknAw /f;folgs ljiffbL h:tf] 8:6/sf] ;xoftfaf6 k|of]u ul/Fb}g sf/0f w"nf]nfO{ kfgLdf w'nfP/ o;df ePsf s0fx? sL/fsf] z/L/df ;fg{ ;lsG5, olb w"nf]df g} k|of]u u/]df o;df ePsf s0fx? sL/fsf] z/L/;Dd k'Ub}gg\ .

g]df6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u eg] cGo h}ljs ljiffbLsf] t'ngfdf km/s 5 sf/0f oL ;"Id hLjf0f'x? cToGt} ;fgf ePsfn] @=% X !)( hLjf0f' k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] x'g] u/L l;FrfO lbFbf jf cToGt} ;fgf Kjfn ePsf gf]hnaf6 k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . h}ljs ljiffbLx?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;fdfGotof w]/} dxFuf ;fdfgx?sf] cfjZostf kb}{g a? 9';L, AofS6]l/of h:tf kbfy{nfO{ v]tL ug]{ ;dodf xftn] ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .


;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿

G.C. Yubak Dhoj (2067). Scarabs of Nepal & their microbial control, LAP

LAMBERT Publication, Germany

G. C. Yubak Dhoj & Keller Siegfried (2003). Towards Microbial Control of

White Grubs in Nepal with Entomophathogenic Fungi.

yfkf, /]zd axfb'/= o'js Wjh lh=;L=, e[u' C[lif b'jf8L, a'lå/Tg v8\uL -@)%*_ ;Dkfbs sflnbf; ;'j]bL, lji0f' s'df/ lwtfn, df6f]sf xflgsf/s sL/f tyf /f]u Joj:yfkg k'l:tsf, k|sfzs, lbuf] e"Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd,av'G8f]n, nlntk'/, P;=P;= Pd=lk= 8s'd]G6 ^! .

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km0fLGb| k|;fb Gof}kfg] -@)%*_ t/sf/L afnLx?df nfUg] sL/fx?sf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkg Integrated Management of Vegetable Insects) hubDaf k|];, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ .

o'js Wjh hL=;L= -@)^*_ h}ljs ljlwåf/f /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f, g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, s[lif ljefu, afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ .

o'js Wjh hL=;L= -@)^*_ afln pkrf/ lalw df]8"on -! / @ g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, s[lif ljefu, afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ .

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