Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise

chapter

4General

Myology

Musculoskeletal System

• Skeleton – Muscles function by pulling against bones that rotate about joints

and transmit force through the skin to the environment.– The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the

appendicular skeleton.

• Skeletal Musculature – A system of muscles enables the skeleton to move. – Origin = proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment– Insertion = distal (away from the center of the body) attach-ment

Figure 4.1

Key Terms

• agonist: The muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement; also called the prime mover.

• antagonist: A muscle that can slow down or stop the movement.

Muscles of

Facial Expression

•

Muscles of facial Expression

Masticatory muscles

• The masseter

• The temporalis (the sphenomandibularis is considered a part of the temporalis by some sources, and a distinct muscle by others)

• The medial pterygoid

• The lateral pterygoid

Masticatory muscles Each of these

primary muscles of mastication is paired, with each side of the mandible possessing one of the four

Pectoralis Major

Pectoralis Minor

Upper limbmusculature

Figure 4.5

Posterior view of upper limb

Lower limbmusculature

• Iliac crest.b) Anterior superior iliac spine.c) Genu of the lateral condyle (femur and tibia).d) Tibia.e) Patella.f) Tarsal cruciate ligament.g) Retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius.h) Retinaculum musculorum flexorum.

• m. tensor fascia lata. • fascia lata. • m. gluteus medius. • m. gluteus maximus. • m. sartorius. • m. rectus femoris. • m. vastus lateralis. • m. biceps femoris (long head). • m. biceps femoris (short head). • m. tibialis anterior. • m. extensor digitorum (communis) longus. • m. extensor hallucis longus. • m. peroneus tertius (s. parvus). • m. peroneus longus (s. primus). • m. peroneus brevis (s. secundus). • vagina (sheath) of the retinaculum of the

peroneal (fibular) muscles retaining the tendons of peroneus longus and brevis as they cross the lateral malleolus of the ankle.

• m. soleus. • m. gastrocnemius. • m. tendon of Achilles (s. calcaneal tendon). • m. extensor digitorum (communis) brevis. • m. abductor digiti minimi.

Aponeuroses of abdominal muscles

21. External Obliques

22. Rectus Abdominus

23. Sheath of the straight muscle of the abdomen

31. Sartorius

32. Rectus Femoris

33. Pectineus

35. Adductor Longus

Psoas Major

A fusiform B unipennate C bipennate muscles

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The groups, layers of bodily musclesThe groups, layers of bodily muscles

Synovial

Bursae

Synovial Bursae

Synovial tendon sheath

39. Gastrocnemius

40. Soleous

45. Fibularis Longus

41. Calcaneal Tendon

46. Inferior Retinaculum of the Extensor Muscles

44. Extensor Digitorum Brevis

What is the Synovial tendon sheath?

• Where the tendons cross joints, they are sheathed in thin membranes known as synovium, which provide lubrication to decrease friction

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The groups, layers of bodily musclesThe groups, layers of bodily muscles

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Section 2 The Muscles of Trunk . The muscles of back trapezius, latissimus, levattor scapulae, rhomboid muscles erector spinae (sacrospinelis) thoracolumbar fascia. The muscles of thorax 1) The extrinsic muscles pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior 2) The intrinsic muscles intercostales extrerni, intercostales interni . The diaphragm . The muscles of abdomen

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Section 3 The Muscles of Head and Neck. The muscles of head 1. The facial muscles 2. The masticatory muscles

. The muscles of neck 1. The superficial group plytama, sternocleidomastoid 2. The hyoid muscle 1) The suprahyoid muscles digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid 2) The infrahyoid muscles sternohyoid, omohyoid; sternothyoid, thyrohyoid

Section 3 The Muscles of Head and Neck. The muscles of head 1. The facial muscles 2. The masticatory muscles

. The muscles of neck 1. The superficial group plytama, sternocleidomastoid 2. The hyoid muscle 1) The suprahyoid muscles digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid 2) The infrahyoid muscles sternohyoid, omohyoid; sternothyoid, thyrohyoid

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Section 4 The Muscles of Upper Limb

Section 4 The Muscles of Upper Limb

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Section 5 The Muscles of lower Limb

Section 5 The Muscles of lower Limb

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