biology y11 paper 2 - lord williams's school

9-1 GCSE Combined ScienceKnowledge Organiser

Biology Y11 paper 2Topic 5-Homeostasis and Response pg 106-122

Topic 6 -Inheritance and evolution pg 125-154

Topic 7 – Ecology pg 155-176

Can you explain what negative feedback is?(pg 106)

(Pg 106)

Explain what homeostasis is maintaining?

Name 2 automatic control systems in your body that regulate your internal environment?

What do these 2 systems maintain (try and keep the same)?

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 5-homeostasis and response

Receptors and Effectors (pg 107)

1. What do receptors do?

2. Name at least 2 receptors?

3. Name the organs the receptors belong too?

4. Name 2 effectors?

The nervous system (p107)Draw a human body and label the different parts of

the nervous system.

Describe briefly what each part does?

GCSE Biology Revision –Topic 5-homeostasis and response

Looking at the diagram above can you give an example of a stimulus leading to a response? (pg108)

Draw and explain what a synapse is? (pg 108)

WHAT IS A REFLEX? (pg109)

Give an example of a reflex?

What is the passage of information in a reflex called?


Label the diagram above-the green parts are the

different neurones. (pg109)

Bullet point below what

happens when our receptors

in our skin feel the stimulus

of a bee sting? (pg109)

The Endocrine system (pg 112 and 113)

1. What are hormones?

2. How are they carried around the body?

3. Where are they produced?

4. Complete the table opposite.

5. List 3 differences between hormones and Nerves?

6. How can you tell that a hormonal response lasts for a longer time than the nervous response?

7. Why does the nervous response need to be quick?

1. How can you measure how long it takes to respond to stimuli? (page 110)

2. Why is a computer better at measuring this?


Gland Location Function

(Pg 114)

What 2 hormones control Blood sugar levels?

How does glucose get into our blood from the gut?

Where does glucose get stored?

Is glucose stored as glucose?

What organ monitors and controls the level of glucose?

What is this cycle called?

Explain, with drawings what happens when Glucoses levels are too high and too low….


Too High

Too Low

Diabetes (pg115)

What is diabetes?

In the table below, write down 5 facts about each type of diabetes…


Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes


The Menstrual Cycle (pg 117-118)

Explain using bullet points, what happens between

day 1 and 28?

What happens after day 28?

Hormones… (pg 117-118)

1. What is the main reproductive hormone in men?

2. What is this hormones job?

3. List the 4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle

in women and explain what their role is…(use

table below)

Hormone… It’s role…


Controlling fertility…(pg 119)How can Oestrogen and progesterone help in

reducing fertility.. (hint they are used in the pill)

What are the following?

•The contraceptive patch?

•The contraceptive implant

•The contraceptive injection?

•The intrauterine device?


Controlling fertility (pg120)

Barriers….explain what the barrier

method is and give 3 examples?

Sterilisation…. What does this

involve?

Natural method….What does this

method mean, and why might it not be

effective?

Abstinence…How does this method

work?

Increasing Fertility (pg 120)

1. How can the hormones

FSH and LH increase

fertility?

2. What are the pros for this?

3. What are the cons for this?


Controlling fertility (pg121)

Write down the 6 steps involved in

IVF?

Fertility (pg 121)

1. List at least 3 downsides

to IVF?

2. How have advances in

technology improved IVF?

3. Why would some people

be against IVF?

STEPS

1

2

3

4

5

6

Thyroxine (pg 122)

1. Where is Thyroxine released from?

2. What does it regulate?

3. What is it released in response to?

4. Explain using this hormone what a

negative feedback system is?


ADRENALINE (pg 122)

1. Where is adrenaline

released from?

2. Why is it released?

3. What does it get the

body ready for?

9-1 GCSE Combined Science

BiologyTopic 6 – Inheritance and evolution

pg 125-154

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6 Inheritance – DNA= reproduction (pg 125-127)

Genomes (pg 126)

A genome is…

State three important uses of determining the sequence of the human genome

• 1

• 2

• 3

Genes code for p______.

Proteins are made up of a sequence of a_______ a______. The gene determines the s_______ of these amino acids. Each three b_____ of DNA codes for ___ amino acid.

Label the diagram: (pg 25)

A gene is a section of D____. It controls a c____________ of

your body. You have ___ chromosomes in the n______ of your

b_______ cells. Arranged in _____ pairs. One of each pair is

inherited from your m________ and one from your f_________.

Your sex cells or g_________ only have _____ chromosomes.

Pg 126

In sexual reproduction there is…

Asexual reproduction involves…

Pg 127

Sex chromosomes pg 129-130

There are ____ pairs of chromosomes in every cell. We get one set from…..

and the second set from….

22 pairs are…

The 23rd pair are called ____ chromosomes

_ _ = a boy and _ _ = a girl

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Inheritance- Meiosis and X/Y chromosomes pg 128-130

Complete the genetic cross diagram to show how sex is determined

Meiosis – number the diagrams and explain what is happening at each stage (pg 128)

Key Word Definition

Cell division that produces identical cells – for growth, repair and asexual reproduction

A sex cell containing HALF the number of chromosomes

Cell division that produces GAMETES

A process where GAMETES fuse to form a ZYGOTE

A fertilised egg cell

Zygote, fertilisation, gamete, meiosis, mitosis

Unicorn Genetics: H= horse (dominant) h= unicorn (recessive)

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Inheritance – genetic Crosses (pg 132-135)

Q1) Complete the genetic cross diagram to show how two heterozygous horses can have a unicorn foal

Genotype = HH (_______ zygous _________)

Phenotype= horse

Genotype = __ __ (homozygous ___________)

Phenotype= unicorn

Genotype = __ __ (heterozygous)

Phenotype = ________

Hh

Word Definition (pg 132)

Homozygous An allele that has to be inherited from both parents to

lead to the development of a particular characteristic

Heterozygous An individual who has the same alleles in a pair

controlling a particular characteristic (e.g. BB or bb)

Allele The genes possessed by an individual (e.g. BB, Bb or

bb)

Genotype Different forms of a gene

Phenotype An alleles that only has to be inherited from one parent

to lead to the development of a particular characteristic

Dominant The characteristic that results from the genes inherited

(e.g. brown eyes or blue eyes)

Recessive An individual who has different alleles in a pair

controlling a particular characteristic (e.g. Bb)

__ __

H

__ ____ ____ __ __ __

Q2) Draw a punnet square to show how a horse and a unicorn can have unicorn offspring. What are the ratios?

A) The ratio is…

__ __ hh

Hh -unicorn

H

h

Identify the phenotype (horse/unicorn) and state the ratios

Q3) If you had a horse,

how could you work out

whether it was

homozygous dominant

(HH) or heterozygous?

(Hh)

A) By breeding it with a

unicorn you would find

out:

i) if the offspring were…

the horse would be…

ii) If the offspring were

…

the horse would be…

Cystic Fibrosis pg 136

Describe how the disease affects the body

The cystic fibrosis allele is (dominant/recessive)which means that…

Draw a genetic cross to show how two carrier parents can have a child with CF

Polydactyly pg 136

Describe how the disease affects the body

The polydactyly allele is ____________ which means that….

Draw a genetic cross to show how a dad with 6 fingers and a mum with 5 fingers can have a mixture of children, some with and some without polydactyly

Complete the family tree above using this information

Jane’s dad is called Nic

Peter’s daughter is called Liz

Jon has PKU

Jane’s sons are called Paul and Phil

Paul’s grandma is called Rebecca

Liz’s cousin is called Claire

Q1) Is PKU caused by a dominant or recessive allele?

Q2) How can you tell?

Q3) Name the three people with PKU

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Inheritance- Genetic Diagrams and disorders pg 135-137

Genetic screening is (pg 137)…

Screening can be performed before pregnancy by…

A disadvantage of this is…

Screening can occur during pregnancy by…

A disadvantage of this is…

Reasons for genetic screening are…

Reasons against genetic screening are…

Explain the following terms:

Genotype

Allele

Phenotype

Gene

Explain why not all members of the same species are identical

Explain how mutations affect phenotype (pg 141)

Selective Breeding (pg 145)Explain how you would go about selectively breeding sheep that had long/thick wool

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Variation (pg 140-141) and selective breeding (pg 145)

Genetic EnvironmentBody mass

Ability to roll tongue

Blood group

Number of fingers

Favourite pizzatopping

Hair colour

Cause of variation (pg 140) Provide other examples of

Variation due to genetics:

Variation due to the

environment

Variation due to both

genes and the

environment Gene Pool (pg 145)What is meant by a gene pool?

What is the problem of selective breeding?

Natural selection pg 142 Explain how antibiotic resistance occurs (pg 150)

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Evolution (pg 142) and antibiotic resistance (pg 150)

Darwin’s theory pg 142)

Explain why Darwin’s theory wasn’t accepted at first

What evidence has now come to light to support his theory?

• 1)

• 2)

• 3)

Stage Explanation Example (match to the

stage)1) Variation The short rooted cacti can’t get

enough water and so die

2) Survival of the

fittest

Some cacti have long roots

and some have short roots

3) Passing on

successful alleles

Over time, all the cacti have

long roots

4) Death The long rooted cacti survive

in the desert

5) Useful features

become more

frequent

The cacti flower and make

seeds

List factors that encourage the problem of antibiotic resistance

How is antibiotic resistance evidence for natural selection?

Controversies of growing GM crops (pg 147)

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Genetic engineering (pg 146-147)

Genetically engineered human insulin pg 146

Word Match the explanation (pg 146)

Gene therapy These are used like small pairs of scissors to cut DNA

Plasmid Small micro-organisms that are easily genetically

modified

Enzymes A protein hormone that lowers blood sugar; one of the

first examples of genetic modification

Genetic

modification

A circular loop of DNA found in bacteria that can act as

a vector

Bacteria A process of transferring genes from one organism to

another

Insulin Curing a genetic disease by inserting healthy genes

into patients

Provide two other examples of GM-

Advantage DisadvantageModifying crops to be resistant to weed killers/insecticides could reduce biodiversityGM crops might cause health concerns

GM crops have a higher yield (can feed more people for the same amount of land)Transplanted genes could spread in the natural environmentCrops could be engineered to be more nutritious

Evaluation Overall I think that developing GM crops is a _______ idea

Because…

Sequence the following steps to explain how GM human insulin is made

The bacteria can now make GM human insulin

The insulin gene is cut out from human DNA using the same

enzyme

A plasmid is obtained from bacteria and cut open with an enzyme

The engineered plasmid is inserted into a target cell (bacterium)

The human insulin gene is stuck into the plasmid

What is a fossil? Pg 149

Explain how fossils can be formed

Hard parts

No decay

Traces

Replacement

What is extinction? Pg

143

Why is the fossil record not

complete?Organism dies and falls to the ground

Extinction caused by

environmental changes

Extinction caused by living organisms:

•New predators:

•New diseases

Successful competition:

What is mass extinction:

Dinosaurs extinction theories:

Sexual reproduction and mutation

Population with a wide range of alleles

As a result the features of the isolated population will slowly change

Natural selection

Geographical isolation

Speciation

SPECIATION

Geographical isolation:

Endemic:

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Fossils speciation and extinction (pg 143, 149)

Pg 143

Linnaean system (pg 151)

Keep - Kingdom

Ponds – P______

Clean- C_____

Or – O______

Frogs- F______

Get – G______

Sick- S_______

Who was Carl Linnaeus?

How many kingdoms can you list?

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 6– Classification (pg 151-152)

Binomial system (pg 152)

This is an (Italian/International/English) method of

naming organisms

It is called binomial because all the names have

(one/two/three) parts

The first part is the g________ (written with a

______ letter) and the second part is the

s_______ (written in ____________)

The words need to be either written in i________

or u___________

Humans are known as _________ ____________

Three domain system (pg 151)

Who came up with this?

When?

Why?

What are the three domains?

• 1

• 2

• 3

1) Birds are most closely related to

_________

2) The cat and the human are both

m_________

3) Add where the last common

ancestor of birds and cats existed

4) Amphibia (frogs) are most closely

related to __________

5) Place in order sequence of

common ancestors: birds with

Fish ___, reptiles____, frogs____,

cats ____

Evolutionary Trees – pg 152

Key words- mix and match (pg 155)

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 7 Ecology- competition, biotic and abiotic factors (pg 155-157)

Biotic factors (pg 156)

Biotic factors are…

List four examples and explain how they affect the number of organisms within an ecosystem

1)

2)

3)

4)

Abiotic Factors (pg 156) Abiotic factors are…

Name four things that plants compete for

1) 2) 3) 4)

Name four things that animals compete for

1) 2) 3) 4)

Explain the term interdependence and give an example

Word Definition Example

Habitat All of the organisms of different populations that live within a habitat

All of the daisies within the meadow

Population Where an organism lives Whether there are rabbits eating the plants, fungal diseases

Ecosystem A non-biological (non-living) factor that determines the survival of an organism

A meadow

Community The total number of organisms of a particular species in a particular habitat

The amount of sunlight, rain, the minerals in the soil

Biotic A biological factor that determines the survival of anorganism

All of the daisies, the buttercups, the grass, the plantain and the clover

Abiotic All of the living organisms and how they interact with the abiotic factors within their environment

All of the different plants, the soil, the animals, the water, the stones

Abiotic factor Explanation

Moisture level In the desert, an increase in precipitation will lead to more plant growth

t

C_________d_________ level

Soil _________________________

O__________level

L__________i___________

Wind __________

Define the term adaptation and state three ways that organisms can be adapted

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 7 Ecology- adaptations and food chains (pg 158-159)

Arguments against the use of stem cells

Draw a predator:prey cycle – annotate it

Food chains, webs and interdependence (pg 155+159

1) Name the producers

2) Name an omnivore

3) Name a primary consumer

4) What “trophic level” do foxes occupy

5) If the mice died out due to disease – what would happen to the number of grasshoppers? Why?

6) What do the arrows represent?

Label the adaptations of the elephant

Label the adaptations of the cactus

Extremophiles are…

Water cycle

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 7 Ecology- Field work and Water/Carbon Cycles pg 161-164

Carbon Cycle

What is an organ system?

The digestive system’s function is

Label the diagram> For each organ describe the function it performs

Explain the term transpiration

How are we making increase demands on our environment? Pg 168

Summarise the waste (pg 168):

a) In water

b) On land

c) In the air

What is biodiversity?

Why is it important?

Why is it under threat?

Sketch the population growth over the last 1000 years

Why has this happened?

GCSE Biology Revision – Topic 7 Ecology- Biodiversity and Waste management (pg 167-174)

Forests and peat bogs (pg 171-172)

1) Why are these known as “carbon sinks”

2) Describe how peat bogs are formed

3) Why does farming and land use threaten peat bogs?

4) How does this contribute to the greenhouse effect?

5) What is deforestation and why does it happen?

6) What are three of the problems of deforestation?

Draw a diagram to explain about the greenhouse effect (pg 169)

State four consequences of global warming (pg 170)1)

2)

3)

4)

Maintaining ecosystems and biodiversity (pg 173-174)

Describe four programmes that protect ecosystems and biodiversity

1)

2)

3)

4)

Describe the 4 conflicting pressures

1)

2)

3)

4)

biology y11 paper 2 - lord williams's school

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