biology unit 1-stahl · o the male seahorse carries the offspring ... biology unit 1-stahl 2017 8...

Biology Unit 1-Stahl 2017

1 Stahl: Unit 1 notes- Intro to Biology, Characteristics of Life, and the Scientific Process

Intro to Biology, Characteristics of Living Things & the Scientific Process Notes

Term or Concept Meaning Example

Biosphere

Biodiversity

Species Group of organisms so similar that they can

breed and produce fertile offspring.

Biology

Organism

Cell Unicellular or multicellular-

> bacteria to a blue whale.

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

Metabolism



Term or Concept Meaning Example

DNA

System

An organized group of related parts that work

together to form a whole.

All of your organ systems

work together so that you

can function.

Ecosystem

Homeostasis

Evolution

Adaptation An inherited trait that gives an organism an

advantage and is passed to future generations.

Can be physical or behavioral

Autotrophs

Chemoautotrophs Make their own food through chemosynthesis

(ATP is synthesized by using chemicals instead

of sunlight).

Deep sea hydrothermal

vents ecosystems- hydrogen

sulfide.



Use Quizlet or Index Cards to help you prepare for vocabulary tests!

Heterotrophs

Abiotic

Biotic

Sexual

Reproduction

Asexual

Reproduction

Budding A small projection grows on the surface of a

parent organism, forming a separate individual.

Fragmentation

Binary Fission Asexual reproduction of a single celled organism

by division into two roughly equal parts.



Insert Levels of

Biological Organization Graphic Organizer Here!

The Characteristics of Living Things

1. _______________________________ 6.__________________________________

2. _______________________________ 7.__________________________________

3. _______________________________ 8.__________________________________

4. _______________________________ 9.__________________________________

5. _______________________________

1. Cells:

___________________________________________.

Chemical factory.

__________________ – ____________________, many celled like us.

__________________- _____________________, one celled, such as bacteria.

Can be found in dead matter like a tree stump.

Can be ____________________ or _______________________.

In order to be considered a

living organism, it must

have all of the required

characteristics.

Life is organized into many

levels.

Each level builds on the

next.



Different cells have specialized functions. For example, your muscle cells contract and relax, while your stomach cells secrete digestive juices.

2. Metabolism:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Every cell needs energy in order to survive.

Obtained by eating food, sunlight, or chemicals.

__________________- makes their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants.

__________________- makes their own food through chemicals / chemosynthesis.

__________________- relies on others for food.

Where do we get our energy from? ______________ from _________________ and __________ from ______________________________, in the form of _________- Adenosine Triphosphate

3. Stimulus:

______________________________________________________________

Organisms react to different factors.

_____________- nonliving, such as rocks, temperature, nutrients, pH, etc

_____________- living things, such as plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc.

The relationship between abiotic and biotic factors _____________ are made up of both living and nonliving things. The abiotic factors ____________________ the biotic factors. For example, if the temperature of the bay drastically drops, many

of the fish may die because they can’t regulate their body temperature.

4. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid:

Let’s see how much

you can recall

about

photosynthesis and

cellular respiration.

Let’s look at the

graphic organizer!



____________________________________________________________

Made up of ___________ (4 nitrogenous base pairs-AGCT), sugars, and phosphates.

Adenine (A) pairs up with Thymine (T)

Guanine (G) pairs up with Cytosine (C)

The sequence of the bases is what codes for the order of amino acids in the protein

sequence (amino acids).

5. Evolution:

____________________________________________________________

Process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors.

Examples of evidence- fossil record, embryology, comparative anatomy, biogeography,

and molecular DNA.

___________________- an inherited trait or gene that helps some individuals of a

species survive and reproduce more successfully than others. The ones that don’t adapt

will die off.

o Sometimes different populations of the same species live in different

environments. Therefore, they have different needs and adapt differently,

evolving into different species.

6. Reproduction:



Goal=

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

Two types- sexual and asexual

o ___________________- two parents are required, exchange of gametes (sex

cells), and the ___________________________________________.

o _____________________- requires only one parent and the

___________________________________________to the parent (ex-

sea star).

Budding

Fragmentation

Binary Fission

Fun Examples: o Jawfish male holds unhatched eggs in his mouth. The male churns the eggs by

spitting them out and sucking them back in. This allows the male to remove debris, aerate the eggs, and rotate eggs for proper development.

o The male seahorse carries the offspring o Elephant gestation is 22 months o Killer whale gestation is 16 months o Human gestation is 9 months

7. Homeostasis:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Controlled by ________________ and the ___________________________

Body temp. is ______ or ___________

Important because cells function best within a certain range of conditions. Temperature, glucose, water, pH, gases, nutrients, salt, etc. must be maintained / balanced or it can be fatal.

Negative and Positive feedback loops.

Negative Feedback Loop Positive Feedback Loop A control system responds when conditions change from the

ideal or set point. Continuous cycle Example- Blood glucose concentrations rise after a meal (the

stimulus), and insulin causes glucose to be removed from the bloodstream (the response), which decreases blood glucose.

Exercise creates metabolic heat, which raises body temperature (the stimulus) and vasodilation and sweating (the response) cools the body.

Control system in which sensory information causes the body to increase the rate of change away from homeostasis.

Ex- cut your finger; positive feedback mechanisms increase the rate of change in clotting factors in the blood until the wound is sealed.

Ex- hormones during puberty. The body needs specific levels to accomplish the changes that need to take place.

Ex-when a baby first suckles its mother's nipple, a small amount of breast milk is released (the stimulus) and a hormone is released which increases milk production (the response).



8. Grow and Develop

All organisms have a ___________________ that they go through from _________

(when the sperm fertilizes the egg = fertilization) to __________________.

Changes in size, shape, and differentiation in structures.

Unicellular = simple

Multicellular= complex.

__________________________- many organisms have similar early stages of

development and are hard to tell apart.

9. Chemical Uniqueness

Complex molecular organization.

Carbon backbone.

Macromolecules- Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids

Ex- lactose intolerance

The Scientific Process

Term Definition Example Observation

Darwin drew pictures of finches in a journal before he made any scientific gain.

Hypothesis

Plants need many types of nutrients to grow. Fertilizer adds those nutrients to the soil, thus allowing plants to grow more.

Prediction

If fertilizer is added to the soil of some tomato seedlings, but not others, then the seedlings that got fertilizer will grow taller and have more leaves than the non-fertilized ones.

Experiment

Testing if fertilizer affects plant growth.

Variable

A factor, trait, or condition that can be changed.

Independent Variable



Dependent Variable

Control / Control Group

Not manipulated. Not given any special treatment.

Constant

Condition that is controlled so that it does not change during an experiment.

The same size pot or the same amount of water.

Experimental Group

Data

Quantitative- numbers Qualitative- descriptions

Correlation

Statistics

Collection and classification of data that are in the form of numbers.

Standard deviation, Chi- Square, T- score

Mean

Distribution

Probability



Sample

Group of individuals or events selected to represent the population.

The scientists researched the same pod of 100 whales every summer for 10 years.

Theory

Law

Describes what nature does under certain conditions. Explains what will happen.

Scientists observe the natural world in a few ways:

1.

2.

3.


Intro to Biology, Characteristics of Living Things, and Scientific Method Notes- Biology, Mrs. Stahl

Hypotheses are used to write predictions

Typically use _________________________ format (organizational purposes).

____________________ are used to design experiments.

_______________: A testable idea or explanation that leads to a scientific investigation. o Based off of many observations. o Tentative, testable, falsifiable.

Prediction: a logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct.

A _______________ is meant to _______________________________ in a specific situation (experiment).

Example

Question- Do fertilizers make a plant grow bigger?

Hypothesis-Plants need many types of nutrients to grow. Fertilizer adds those nutrients to the soil, thus allowing plants to grow more.

Prediction: If fertilizer is added to the soil of some tomato seedlings, but not others, then the seedlings that got fertilizer will grow taller and have more leaves than the non-fertilized ones.

General Rules

Do ______ use the words it, best, or better in your hypothesis! Try to be as specific as possible.

Try to avoid ______________________ such as: you, me, we, I, etc.

Choose _____________ of the items you are changing, and be clear on how it will compare with the other choices.

If- ________

Then- _______

Practice Directions: Write a hypothesis for the question and predict why you think that will happen. Question 1- How does the amount of sunlight affect the growth of a plant?

Hypothesis-_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Prediction-____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Setting up an Experiment

_________________- procedure designed to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions.

Designed to pinpoint ____________________________.

You want to have two variables: ____________________________________________.

The ________________ =__________________, YOU control it, YOU manipulate it. Who

controls it? I DO!

Example: measure the height of the plants.

In order to study one variable, scientists usually study two groups at one time: the one _____ are

_____________, and the one that ______________________.

The ____________________________: the group that receives the experimental treatment.

o Example: the plants that receive the fertilizer.

The ________________________ (variable): does not receive any experimental treatment.

o Example: the plants that do not receive fertilizer.

The ___________________________= ________________________, it depends on

the IV. Dependent =________.

o Example- Plant height or number of leaves.



Practice! Identify the variable!

a. Different rose bushes are grown in a greenhouse for two months and one was placed outside in normal conditions. The number of flowers on each bush is counted at the end of the experiment.

IV= _______________________ DV=_______________________ CG/ CV=_______________________

b. Pea plant clones are given different amounts of water for a three-week period. First pea plant receives 400 milliliters a day. The second pea plant receives 200 milliliters a day. The third pea plant receives 100 milliliters a day. The fourth pea plant does not receive any extra water; the plant only receives natural ways of receiving water. The height of the pea plant is recorded daily.

IV= _______________________ DV=_______________________ CG / CV=_______________________



Results / Data Collection

Keeping careful and accurate results is extremely important.

Data: __________________________________________________

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

- Quality

- Descriptions

- Quantity

- Amounts

- Numbers

Organized into ________ and _______________. Scientists also use the

____________________ when collecting and converting data.

__________________________ allows scientists to explain the data clearly to others.

_________________ allow scientists to display

____________________________________________, as well as ___________

__________________ drawn from an experiment: bar, line, and circle graphs are the

most commonly used.

Analysis and Conclusion

Scientists do not publish their results right away; they look for a large amount of supporting

evidence.

Supporting evidence is achieved via ________________________.

Duplication means that they are ___________________________ their experiment

several times. The more an experiment is repeated, not only by the lead scientist, but also by

others around the world, ________________________________.

Why is duplication important?

Catch and fix mistakes.

Double check results- make sure they obtain the same answer.

Adds validity.

Once the experiment has been duplicated and the results are deemed important, the scientist can then

publish their results in a scientific journal.



How do scientific experiments become theories and laws?

Other Research Methods

This section is just a class discussion. We are going to explore a few other research

methods in the presentation. Feel free to take notes if you would like

biology unit 1-stahl · o the male seahorse carries the offspring ... biology unit 1-stahl 2017 8...

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