1

Total score:-99/100 = 99% Total score adjusted by 0.0 Maximum possible score: 100 1.-gnw4k 11-7 -The D gene controls pea plant height. The DD and dd genotypes confer tall and dwarf phenotypes, respectively. What is the relationship between D and d?

A. -They are two possible heterozygous genotypes.--  - 

B. -They are two different genes on the same chromosome.--  - 

C. -They are two different plant chromosomes.--  - 

D. -They are alleles of the same gene.-100% -   - 

E. -They are two possible homozygous genotypes.--  - 

2.-gnw4k 11-52 -What is the basis of codominance?

A. -Each allele of a gene produces a protein that functions to create a trait.-100% -   - 

B. -One gene has many effects.--  - 

C. -There is only one allele for a gene.--  - 

D. -One gene has many alleles.--  - 

E. -One allele of a gene encodes a protein, and the other allele is nonfunctional.--  - 

3.-gnw4k 11-13 -A and a are dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, of the same gene. Which genotype(s) would result in an individual with the recessive phenotype?

A. -Aa only--  - 

B. -AA only--  - 

C. -Aa or aa--  - 

D. -aa only-100% -   - 

E. -AA or aa--  - 4.-gnw4k 11-22 -Dimpled cheeks are dominant to undimpled cheeks. If there exists a 50 percent chance that a child will have dimpled cheeks, the parental genotypes must be:

A. -Dd and Dd.--  - 

B. -DD and Dd.--  - 

C. -dd and dd.--  - 

D. -DD and dd.--  - 

E. -Dd and dd.-100% -   - 

5.-gnw4k 11-10 -Crossing red flowering snapdragons with white flowering snapdragons yields seeds that grow into snapdragons with pink flowers. This suggests that:

A. -incomplete dominance is occurring.-100% -   - 

B. -pink flower are dominant.--  - 

C. -red flowers are dominant.--  - 

D. -white flowers are dominant.--  - 

6.-gnw4k 11-2 -What is the term for an observable trait of an organism?

2

A. -phenotype-100% -   - 

B. -allele--  - 

C. -genotype--  - 

D. -pleiotropy--  - 

E. -element--  - 7.-gnw4k 11-15 -Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a recessive allele. A child has CF, even though neither of his parents has CF. This couple also has a child who does not have CF. What is the probability he or she is heterozygous?

A. -2/3--  - 

B. -1/3--  - 

C. -3/4--  - 

D. -1/4--  - 

E. -2/4-100% -   - 

8.-gnw4k 11-16 -Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a recessive allele. A child has CF, even though neither of his parents has CF. If this couple has another child, what is the probability he or she will not have CF?

A. -2/3--  - 

B. -1/4--  - 

C. -3/4-100% -   - 

D. -2/4--  - 

E. -1/3--  - 9.-gnw4k 11-19 -Widow's-peak hairline in humans is dominant to non-widow's-peak hairline. If a person has a widow's-peak hairline, what is his or her genotype?

A. -It must be heterozygous.--  - 

B. -It is either homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive.--  - 

C. -It is either heterozygous or homozygous dominant.-100% -   - 

D. -It must be homozygous recessive.--  - 

E. -It must be homozygous dominant.--  - 

10.-gnw4k 11-51 -A person with the genotype IA IB has type AB blood. This is an example of:

A. -pleiotropy.--  - 

B. -incomplete dominance.--  - 

C. -the effect of the environment on phenotype.--  - 

D. -codominance.-100% -   - 

E. -dihybridness.--  - 11.-gnw4k 11-50 -A, B, and O blood type in humans is controlled by a single gene with three alleles: IA, IB and i. Type O is the recessive trait. The i allele is recessive to both IA and IB. Which of the following could be possible genotypes of the parents of a person with type O blood?

 A. -IA IB and ii--  - 

B. -IAi and IA IA--  - 

C. -IA IB and IA IB--  - 

3

D. -IAi and IBi-100% -   - 

E. -both parents must be ii--  - 

12.-gnw4k 11-12 -A and a are dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, of the same gene. Which genotype(s) would result in an individual with the dominant phenotype?

A. -only Aa--  - 

B. -AA and aa--  - 

C. -AA and Aa-100% -   - 

D. -Aa and aa--  - 

E. -only AA--  - 13.-gnw4k 11-28 -What is the physical basis for the independent assortment observation that Mendel made?

A. -Male and female gametes are produced in separate organs in separate individuals.--  - 

B. -There are two chromosome divisions in meiosis.--  - 

C. -Sister chromatids do not separate until meiosis II.--  - 

D. -Homologous chromosomes are randomly separated during meiosis I.-100% -   - 

E. -Recombination (crossing over) occurs in meiosis.--  - 14.-gnw4k 11-18 -The genotype Ff is an example of:

A. -a dihybrid genotype.--  - 

B. -a monohybrid genotype.--  - 

C. -a trait controlled by multiple genes.--  - 

D. -a heterozygous genotype.-100% -   - 

E. -a homozygous genotype.--  - 15.-gnw4k 11-6 -Mendel postulated that individuals have "elements in pairs" that determine a single phenotype. What are the paired elements?

A. -two alleles of a gene on homologous chromosomes-100% -   - 

B. -pairs of sister chromatids--  - 

C. -pairs of centromeres--  - 

D. -a sperm and an egg--  - 

E. -two haploid sets of chromosomes--  - 16.-gnw4k 11-20 -In humans, "unattached" earlobes are dominant over "attached" earlobes. A woman and a man, both with unattached earlobes, have a child with attached earlobes. What is the probability their next child will have attached earlobes?

A. -1/4-100% -   - 

B. -4/4--  - 

C. -0--  - 

D. -3/4--  - 

E. -2/4--  - 

17.-gnw4k 11-53 -The phenotype of an organism can be influenced by:

A. -its genotype under some conditions and its environment under others.--  - 

B. -its genotype.--  - 

4

C. -neither genotype nor environment.--  - 

D. -its environment.--  - 

E. -both its environment and its genotype.-100% -   - 18.-gnw4k 11-48 -What is the significance of multiple alleles?

A. -They allow diversity of traits in the population.-100% -   - 

B. -It is possible to do dihybrid crosses only if a gene has more than two alleles.--  - 

C. -They are the reason one gene can affect more than one character.--  - 

D. -They are the reason the environment can affect characters.--  - 

E. -They make it possible for one person to have more than two alleles for a gene.--  - 

19.-gnw4k 11-29 -The Law of Independent Assortment states that:

A. -in meiosis, crossing over creates genetically diverse gametes.--  - 

B. -generation of male and female gametes must occur in separate organisms.--  - 

C. -in gamete formation, gene pairs are transmitted independently of each other.-100% -  

D. -in fertilization, the combining of sperm and eggs is random.--  - 

E. -in any dihybrid cross, it is possible to get any combination of phenotypes.--  - 20.-gnw4k 11-14 -Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a recessive allele. A child has CF, even though neither of his parents has CF. What can you conclude about the parents?

A. -One is homozygous recessive for the CF gene, and the other is heterozygous.--  - 

B. -One is homozygous dominant for the CF gene, and the other is heterozygous.--  - 

C. -They are both homozygous recessive for the CF gene.--  - 

D. -They are both homozygous dominant for the CF gene.--  - 

E. -They are both heterozygous for the CF gene.-100% -   - 21.-gnw4k 11-3 -Which type of allele, or allelic combination, can be present in an individual without affecting phenotype?

A. -homozygous dominant--  - 

B. -heterozygous dominant--  - 

C. -homozygous recessive--  - 

D. -dominant--  - 

E. -recessive-100% -   - 

22.-gnw4k 11-41 -When Mendel crossed heterozygotes for flower color and seed color, what proportion of the offspring had both dominant phenotypes?

A. -9/16-100% -   - 

B. -1/3--  - 

C. -3/16--  - 

D. -3/4--  - 

E. -1/16--  - 

23.-gnw4k 11-47 -Which type of inheritance is most likely to display a bell curve of phenotypes?

5

 -Student Response-Value-Correct Answer-Feedback

A. -monohybrid cross--  - 

B. -incomplete dominance--  - 

C. -multiple alleles--  - 

D. -codominance--  - 

E. -polygenic inheritance-100% -   - 24.-gnw4k 11-44 -What is the basis for incomplete dominance?

A. -Both alleles of a gene produce weakly functioning proteins.--  - 

B. -An individual has more than two alleles for a gene.--  - 

C. -One allele produces some functioning protein; the other allele is nonfunctional.-100% -   - 

D. -Crossing over has switched alleles for a gene on homologous chromosomes.--  - 

E. -One gene has many effects.--  - 25.-gnw4k 12-37 -If a zygote has the genotype XYY, how many total chromosomes were in the sperm before it fused with the egg?

A. -24-100% -   - 

B. -20--  - 

C. -21--  - 

D. -22--  - 

E. -23--  - 26.-gnw4k 12-22 -In a pedigree chart, a darkened square is trying to demonstrate:

A. -a diseased female.--  - 

B. -a normal male.--  - 

C. -a normal female.--  - 

D. -a diseased male.-100% -   - 

E. -none of the above.--  - 27.-gnw4k 12-10 -If a daughter expresses an X-linked recessive gene, she probably inherited the trait from:

A. -her grandmother.--  - 

B. -her father.--  - 

C. -neither parent.--  - 

D. -her mother.--  - 

E. -both parents.-100% -   - 

28.-gnw4k 12-51 -Cri-du-chat syndrome babies are mentally challenged and have an abnormal larynx that makes sounds like the cry of a cat. This is due to:

A. -inversion in chromosome 2.--  - 

B. -translocation between chromosome 9 and 22.--  - 

C. -trisomy 21.--  - 

D. -deletion in chromosome 5.-100% -   - 

E. -duplication in chromosome 7.--  - 29.-gnw4k 12-18

6

 -What condition is caused by a dominant allele of a single gene?

A. -sickle-cell anemia--  - 

B. -color blindness--  - 

C. -Down syndrome--  - 

D. -Huntington disease-100% -   - 

E. -Turner syndrome--  - 30.-gnw4k 12-25 -Much genetic information can be derived from pedigrees (family genetic histories). This is the primary method for obtaining genetic information for humans because:

A. -humans cannot be crossed experimentally.-100% -   - 

B. -humans have many chromosomes.--  - 

C. -other animals have long life spans.--  - 

D. -we know relatively little about human genetics.--  - 31.-gnw4k 12-27 -The state of having more than two sets of chromosomes is called:

A. -nondisjunction.--  - 

B. -polyploidy.-100% -   - 

C. -aneuploidy.--  - 

D. -autosomal.--  - 

E. -dominant.--  - 32.-gnw4k 12-42 -What single attribute determines that a human fetus is male?

A. -the absence of a Y chromosome.--  - 

B. -the absence of a second X chromosome.--  - 

C. -the presence of a Y chromosome.-100% -   - 

D. -the presence of two X chromosomes.--  - 33.-gnw4k 12-20 -What is the connection between sickle-cell anemia and malaria?

A. -Heterozygotes for sickle-cell anemia have some resistance to malaria.-100% -   - 

B. -Both are autosomal recessive.--  - 

C. -Both are dominant.--  - 

D. -Heterozygotes for malaria have some resistance to sickle-cell anemia.--  - 

E. -Both are X-linked.--  - 

34.-gnw4k 12-49 -Which of the following is NOT a type of chromosomal defect?

A. -translocation--  - 

B. -duplication--  - 

C. -inversion--  - 

D. -crossing over-100% -   - 

E. -deletion--  - 

35.-gnw4k 12-52 -A chromosome that has been broken and is lost:

A. -translocation--  - 

7

B. -aneuploidy--  - 

C. -deletion-100% -   - 

D. -inversion--  - 

E. -duplication--  - 36.-gnw4k 12-2 -A woman who does not carry the color-blindness allele has children with a man who is color blind. What proportion of their children will be color blind?

A. -all--  - 

B. -1/4--  - 

C. -3/4--  - 

D. -1/2--  - 

E. -none-100% -   - 37.-gnw4k 12-13 -An autosomal recessive disorder:

A. -will appear only in children of parents who both carry the gene.-100% -   - 

B. -displays its symptoms only in heterozygotes.--  - 

C. -is more frequent in males than females.--  - 

D. -requires that only one parent be a carrier.--  - 

E. -is dominant in females.--  - 38.-gnw4k 12-16 -A person who is heterozygous for the Huntington disease (HD) allele has offspring with someone who does not have HD. What proportion of their children will have HD?

A. -1/8--  - 

B. -1/2-100% -   - 

C. -1/16--  - 

D. -1/10--  - 

E. -1/4--  - 39.-gnw4k 12-12 -Color blindness is caused by an X-linked recessive gene. A color-blind man and a woman with normal vision whose father was color blind have a son. The probability that their son is color blind is:

A. -0.75 (or 75 percent).--  - 

B. -1.00 (or 100 percent).--  - 

C. -0.50 (or 50 percent).-100% -   - 

D. -0.25 (or 25 percent).--  - 

E. -none of these--  - 

40.-gnw4k 12-21 -If a disease is autosomal recessive like sickle-cell anemia, it is caused by:

A. -failure to inherit one of the autosomes.--  - 

B. -a gene on a chromosome other than an autosome.--  - 

C. -a gene on a chromosome other than X or Y.-100% -   - 

D. -failure to inherit one of the sex chromosomes.--  - 

E. -inheritance of an extra autosome.--  - 41.-gnw4k 12-29 -What is nondisjunction?

A. -failure of cells to divide by cytokinesis in meiosis--  - 

8

B. -failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate in meiosis-100% -   - 

C. -an extra duplication of the chromosomes before mitosis or meiosis--  - 

D. -failure of sperm and egg to fuse in fertilization--  - 

E. -failure of chromosomes to duplicate before mitosis or meiosis--  - 42.-gnw4k 12-1 -A woman who is a carrier for the hemophilia gene has a child with a man who does not have hemophilia. Which prediction is correct?

A. -Half of the sons and half of the daughters will have hemophilia.--  - 

B. -Half of the sons and none of the daughters will have hemophilia.-100% -   - 

C. -Half of the daughters and none of the sons will have hemophilia.--  - 

D. -All of the sons and none of the daughters will have hemophilia.--  - 

E. -All of the daughters and none of the sons will have hemophilia.--  - 43.-gnw4k 12-45 -Which condition is caused by a chromosomal deletion?

A. -sickle-cell anemia--  - 

B. -cri-du-chat syndrome-100% -   - 

C. -Turner syndrome--  - 

D. -Down syndrome--  - 

E. -Huntington disease--  - 44.-gnw4k 12-19 -Which disease is autosomal and results in misshapen cells that clog capillaries?

A. -Huntington disease--  - 

B. -sickle-cell anemia-100% -   - 

C. -malaria--  - 

D. -hemophilia--  - 

E. -Turner syndrome--  - 45.-gnw4k 12-15 -If a disease is caused by a dominant allele, it means that a person with the disease:

A. -will pass it on to one-fourth of their children.--  - 

B. -must be heterozygous for the allele.--  - 

C. -could be either homozygous or heterozygous for the allele.-100% -   - 

D. -will always pass it on to all their children.--  - 

E. -must be homozygous dominant for the allele.--  - 

46.-gnw4k 12-28 -What is one difference between polyploidy and aneuploidy?

A. -Polyploidy causes diseases and disorders in humans, aneuploidy does not.--  - 

B. -Humans can be viable as polyploids but not as aneuploids.--  - 

C. -Polyploidy is one extra chromosome; aneuploidy is one missing chromosome.--  - 

D. -Polyploidy is extra sex chromosomes; aneuploidy is extra autosomes.--  - 

E. -Polyploidy is extra sets of chromosomes; aneuploidy does not increase by a full set.-100%

47.-gnw4k 12-31 -A nondisjunction event creates a human egg with one extra chromosome. If it is fertilized by a normal sperm, what is the total number of chromosomes in the zygote?

A. -45--  - 

9

B. -47-100% -   - 

C. -22--  - 

D. -23--  - 

E. -46--  - 48.-gnw4k 12-7 -Who is a "carrier" of X-linked disorders, such as hemophilia and color blindness?

A. -a male carrying the nonfunctioning allele--  - 

B. -a heterozygous female who is normal but carries one nonfunctioning allele-100% -   - 

C. -a person who has the X-linked disorder--  - 

D. -a homozygous female who carries the normal alleles--  - 

E. -a male carrying the functioning allele--  - 49.-gnw4k 12-14 -What causes sickle-cell anemia?

A. -a defective hemoglobin that prevents the formation of blood clots--  - 

B. -a single-celled parasite transmitted by a mosquito--  - 

C. -an extra X chromosome that results in production of too much hemoglobin--  - 

D. -complete lack of hemoglobin--  - 

E. -a form of hemoglobin that is misshaped and thus distorts RBC-100% -   - 50.-gnw4k 12-46 -When a fragment breaks from a chromosome and rejoins it, in a flipped orientation, the result is called a(n):

A. -aneuploidy.--  - 

B. -inversion.-100% -   - 

C. -translocation.--  - 

D. -deletion.--  - 

E. -polyploidy.--  - 51.-gnw4k 13-16 -What is the relationship between any two strands of DNA?

A. -They are a pair of sister chromatids.--  - 

B. -An A base on one always pairs with a G base on the other.--  - 

C. -They are connected to each other by sugar-phosphate bonds.--  - 

D. -One was the template for the synthesis of the other.-100% -   - 

E. -They have identical base sequences.--  - 

52.-gnw4k 13-40 -Refer to the figure above and then answer the question that follows.

Which of the following choices is an example of a point mutation?

A. -failure of a chromosome to be replicated--  - 

B. -pairing of a G on one strand of DNA with a C on the other--  - 

C. -loss or gain of a chromosome--  - 

D. -pairing of a G on one strand of DNA with a T on the other-100% -   - 

E. -failure of a chromosome to complete replication--  - 53.-gnw4k 13-15 -What is the function of DNA polymerase?

10

A. -breaking sugar-phosphate bonds to release free nucleotides for DNA synthesis--  - 

B. -halting DNA replication if a cell becomes cancerous--  - 

C. -synthesizing nucleotides from free sugars, phosphates, and bases--  - 

D. -matching complementary bases on nucleotides during DNA replication-100% -   - 

E. -introducing mutations into DNA for evolutionary adaptation--  - 54.-gnw4k 13-24 -If the sequence TCGTA was used as a template in DNA replication, what would the sequence of bases be on the newly synthesized strand?

A. -TCGTA--  - 

B. -AGCAT-100% -   - 

C. -CTACG--  - 

D. -ATGCT--  - 

E. -GCATC--  - 55.-gnw4k 13-11 -What units are bonded together to make a strand of DNA?

A. -nucleotides-100% -   - 

B. -enzymes--  - 

C. -cells--  - 

D. -chromatids--  - 

E. -proteins--  - 56.-gnw4k 13-45 -What is the benefit of mutations?

A. -They create cancerous cells, which grow faster than others.--  - 

B. -They increase the amount of crossing over.--  - 

C. -They eliminate unneeded regions of chromosomes.--  - 

D. -They create new alleles of genes.-100% -   - 

E. -They slow DNA polymerase down so it doesn't replicate DNA too quickly.--  - 

57.-gnw4k 13-18 -What are the products of the replication of one DNA molecule?

 

A. -four identical double-stranded DNA molecules--  - 

B. -two strands joined into one double-stranded DNA molecule--  - 

C. -two identical double-stranded DNA molecules-100% -   - 

D. -a pair of homologous chromosomes--  - 

E. -a set of four sister chromatids--  - 58.-gnw4k 13-10 -What parts of a chromosome specify the amino acid sequence of a protein?

A. -the sequence of bases-100% -   - 

B. -the pattern of sugars--  - 

C. -the pattern of phosphates--  - 

D. -the types of bonds--  - 59.-gnw4k 13-47 -What happens if an incorrect nucleotide is not removed and replaced by the cell's DNA-correcting machinery?

11

A. -A point mutation has occurred.-100% -   - 

B. -The cell will become cancerous.--  - 

C. -The entire chromosome must be destroyed.--  - 

D. -The result is a chromosomal aberration.--  - 

E. -The effect will be lethal, and the cell will die.--  - 60.-gnw4k 13-49 -What is the relationship between mutations and cancer?

A. -Only a mutation can stop a cell once it becomes cancerous.--  - 

B. -Any point mutation will cause a cell to start proliferating without control.--  - 

C. -Cells do not require mutations to become cancerous but acquire them as they divide.--  - 

D. -Some mutations cause cells to lose control over cell division.-100% -   - 

E. -Cells lose the ability to mutate their DNA and evolve once they become cancerous.--  - 61.-gnw4k 13-21 -A base pair is a unit of DNA that consists of:

A. -one nucleotide.--  - 

B. -one sugar bonded to one phosphate.--  - 

C. -two identical chromosomes.--  - 

D. -a single chromosome.--  - 

E. -two nucleotides, one on each complementary strand of a DNA molecule.-100% -   - 62.-gnw4k 13-25 -What is the complementary sequence for a segment of DNA with the sequence ACGGCT?

A. -GTAATC--  - 

B. -ACGGCT--  - 

C. -TCGGCA--  - 

D. -AGCCGT--  - 

E. -TGCCGA-100% -   - 63.-gnw4k 13-28 -The three components of a DNA nucleotide are:

A. -bases, deoxyribose, and polymerases.--  - 

B. -genes, sugars, and bases.--  - 

C. -amino acids, phosphates, and deoxyribose.--  - 

D. -phosphates, sugars, and bases.-100% -   - 

E. -polymerases, ligases, and sugars.--  - 64.-gnw4k 13-27 -In DNA, A, C, G, and T stand for:

A. -the types of genes found on DNA chromosomes.--  - 

B. -the different types of phosphates on the nucleotides.--  - 

C. -the different types of sugars on the nucleotides.--  - 

D. -the different types of bonds that form between nucleotides.--  - 

E. -the different types of bases on the nucleotides.-100% -   - 65.-gnw4k 13-13 -What is one way that incorrect nucleotides are removed from a newly synthesized molecule of DNA?

A. -DNA ligases remove incorrect nucleotides for replacement by DNA polymerases.--  - 

12

B. -DNA polymerases remove incorrect nucleotides and replace them with correct ones.-100% -

  - 

C. -DNA ligases both remove and replace incorrectly positioned nucleotides.--  - 

D. -Crossing over replaces regions with DNA errors with new segments of DNA.--  - 

E. -Any DNA strand with an error is destroyed, and an entire new strand is synthesized.--  - 66.-gnw4k 13-35 -Cancer is a disease caused by mutations. Yet in most instances if one of your parents tragically died from cancer, this does not put you at greater risk than a person whose parents do not develop cancer. How can cancer be caused by mutations and yet not be heritable?

A. -Mutations caused by environmental agents such a tobacco smoke cannot be inherited.--  - 

B. -Cancer-causing mutations are repaired in offspring but not in parents.--  - 

C. -Most cancers arise from mutations in somatic cells.-100% -   - 

D. -The mutations that cause cancer are special and cannot be passed on regardless of what type of cell they occur in.--  - 

E. -Most cancers arise from mutations in germ line cells.--  - 67.-gnw4k 13-48 -What is the difference between whole-chromosome aberrations and point mutations?

A. -Point mutations are the loss of parts of chromosomes; aberrations are the loss of whole chromosomes.--  - 

B. -Point mutations affect a single location in the genome; aberrations affect a large section.-

100% -   - 

C. -Aberrations are not permanent changes in the DNA; point mutations are permanent.--  - 

D. -Point mutations are not permanent changes in the DNA; aberrations are permanent.--  - 68.-gnw4k 13-58 -The structure of DNA allows the molecule to store information.

True -100% -True69.-gnw4k 13-41 -What is a point mutation?

A. -a mutation in which one chromosome is lost--  - 

B. -a mutation that affects only one metabolic pathway--  - 

C. -a mutation found at a single location in the genome-100% -   - 

D. -an error in DNA that is caused by malfunctioning of DNA ligase--  - 

E. -a mutation that affects a single cell--  - 70.-gnw4k 13-46 -What is the cause of sickle-cell anemia?

A. -a somatic cell mutation that causes cells to proliferate without control--  - 

B. -a mutation that results in defective amino acid synthesis--  - 

C. -a mutation that results in defective DNA polymerase--  - 

D. -loss of the chromosome with the gene for a blood protein--  - 

E. -a point mutation in the gene for hemoglobin protein-100% -   - 71.-gnw4k 13-61 -Base-pairing rules apply across the helix, from one strand to another, but not along the sugar-phosphate "handrails"of a DNA strand.

True -100% -True72.-gnw4k 13-19

13

 -How many different types of bases are used to encode all the genetic information in a molecule of DNA?

A. -4-100% -   - 

B. -20--  - 

C. -10--  - 

D. -2--  - 

E. -5--  - 73.-gnw4k 13-43 -How do most mutations affect an organism?

A. -They create cancerous cells.--  - 

B. -They are beneficial and create a more adapted organism.--  - 

C. -They kill the organism.--  - 

D. -They affect a single cell but are not passed on to other cells.--  - 

E. -They have no effect or are harmful.-100% -   - 

74.-gnw4k 13-38 -Mutations that occur in somatic cells are:

A. -responsible for the appearance of human diseases like sickle-cell anemia.--  - 

B. -never harmful.--  - 

C. -passed on to successive generations when they are incorporated into gametes.--  - 

D. -always harmful.--  - 

E. -not passed on to future generations.-100% -   - 75.-gnw4k 13-33 -Given all the bad things that mutations do, it seems counterintuitive that a low rate of mutation is actually good. What good could possibly come of mutation?

A. -Mutation is needed if DNA is ever to be replicated.--  - 

B. -Mutation is needed for DNA to encode proteins.--  - 

C. -Mutation is essential to prevent cancer.--  - 

D. -Mutation is essential if populations are to evolve over time.-100% -   - 

E. -Mutation is needed when we are fighting an infection.--  - 76.-gnw4k 14-12 -Which process or processes occur in the nucleus?

A. -DNA replication only--  - 

B. -DNA replication and transcription-100% -   - 

C. -DNA replication, transcription, and translation--  - 

D. -transcription and translation of RNA--  - 

E. -transcription only--  - 77.-gnw4k 14-20 -Use this chart of an analysis of three molecules to answer the questions that follow.

Molecule A-Molecule B-Molecule C20% Cytosine -30% Cytosine-20% Cytosine20% Guanine-20% Guanine-20% Guanine30% Thymine-30% Thymine-30% Uracil30% Adenine -20% Adenine-30% Adenine

Which statement about the molecules above is TRUE in an eukaryotic cell?

A. -Molecule B would move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.--  - 

14

B. -Molecule C is a double-stranded molecule.--  - 

C. -Molecule C would move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.-100% -   - 

D. -Molecule A would be found in the cytoplasm of a cell.--  - 

E. -Molecules A and B are single-stranded molecules.--  - 78.-gnw4k 14-32 -Which of the following does NOT participate in translation?

A. -codon--  - 

B. -tRNA-0% -  - 

C. -intron--   - 

D. -mRNA--  - 

E. -ribosome--  - 79.-gnw4k 14-36 -If a codon has the sequence CAG, tRNA with which anticodon will bind to it?

A. -GUC-100% -   - 

B. -CTG--  - 

C. -UGA--  - 

D. -CAG--  - 

E. -GTC--  - 80.-gnw4k 14-23 -If a DNA sequence reads TTGCGATCG, what mRNA will it encode?

A. -UUCGCTUGC--  - 

B. -AACGCTAGC--  - 

C. -TTGCGUTCG--  - 

D. -TTGCGATCG--  - 

E. -AACGCUAGC-100% -   -  

81.-gnw4k 14-7 -________ is/are to proteins as nucleotides are to DNA.

A. -Genes--  - 

B. -Amino acids-100% -   - 

C. -RNA--  - 

D. -Codons--  - 

E. -Ribosomes--  - 

82.-gnw4k 14-2 -Proteins differ from one another because:

A. -the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.-100% -

  - 

B. -the tRNA attached to the protein differs from protein to protein.--  - 

C. -the bonds linking amino acids differ from protein to protein.--  - 

D. -of the length of the mRNA.--  - 

E. -the number of nucleotides found in each protein varies from molecule to molecule.--  - 83.-gnw4k 14-14 -What molecules are the products of transcription?

A. -nucleotides--  - 

15

B. -proteins--  - 

C. -DNA--  - 

D. -amino acids--  - 

E. -RNA-100% -   - 84.-gnw4k 14-70 -Genes from one organism can function in any other organism.

True -100% -True85.-gnw4k 14-62 -Proteins are polypeptide chains of amino acids, folded into specific three-dimensional shapes.

True -100% -True86.-gnw4k 14-5 -Transcription:

A. -occurs on the ribosome.--  - 

B. -occurs in the cytoplasm.--  - 

C. -is the final process in the assembly of a protein.--  - 

D. -is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.-100% -   - 

E. -is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.--  - 

87.-gnw4k 14-55 -What accounts for the fact that cells in different tissues and organisms have different functions and respond differently to their environments?

A. -They are expressing (using) different genes.-100% -   - 

B. -They use the same genes to make different proteins.--  - 

C. -They have different genes.--  - 

D. -Their DNA is different.--  - 

E. -They use different genetic codes.--  - 

88.-gnw4k 14-57 -How large is the human genome?

A. -3 million base pairs--  - 

B. -1 million base pairs--  - 

C. -3.2 billion base pairs-100% -   - 

D. -1 trillion base pairs--  - 

E. -10 billion base pairs--  - 89.-gnw4k 14-15Refer to the figure above and then answer the question that follows.Which of the following is involved in both transcription and translation?

A. -DNA--  - 

B. -amino acids--  - 

C. -ribosomes--  - 

D. -messenger RNA-100% -   - 90.-gnw4k 14-69 -The presence of the same genetic code in all organisms that have been examined indicates that all living things share a common ancestor.

True -100% -True91.-gnw4k 14-8 -If a DNA segment has the sequence GCTAA, what RNA sequence will be made from it?

A. -CGUTT--  - 

16

B. -GCTAA--  - 

C. -CGATT--  - 

D. -UGATT--  - 

E. -CGAUU-100% -   - 92.-gnw4k 14-45 -Which of the following is the best definition of a gene based on its chemical structure?

A. -a sequence of three base pairs that codes for an amino acid--  - 

B. -a segment of DNA that produces one enzyme--  - 

C. -a segment of DNA that produces an RNA-100% -   - 

D. -a segment of DNA that is functional in the nucleolus--  - 

E. -a length of DNA that codes for a regulatory protein--  - 93.-gnw4k 14-25 -Insulin is a protein that is made up of 51 amino acids. It would have been translated from an mRNA transcript that had at least:

A. -1530 nucleotides.--  - 

B. -153 nucleotides.-100% -   - 

C. -50 nucleotides.--  - 

D. -300 nucleotides.--  - 

E. -1153 nucleotides.--  - 94.-gnw4k 14-19 -If the cells in Sharon's liver began to have problems producing tRNAs, which process, specifically, would be inhibited?

A. -transcription--  - 

B. -translation-100% -   - 

C. -meiosis--  - 

D. -duplication--  - 

E. -replication--  - 95.-gnw4k 14-10 -Where do mRNA, tRNAs, and amino acids come together to make a protein in a eukaryotic cell?

A. -in the nucleus--  - 

B. -at the ribosomes--  - 

C. -in the cytoplasm--  - 

D. -A and B--  - 

E. -B and C-100% -   - .-gnw4k 14-66 -During translation, one mRNA can be translated by many ribosomes at once.

True -100% -True97.-gnw4k 14-6 -Which of the following are the components of the RNA nucleotide? A. -thymine--  - 

B. -glycine--  - 

C. -uracil-100% -   - 

D. -deoxyribose sugar--  - 98.-gnw4k 14-38 -Introns in genes are:

A. -regions where the RNA polymerase binds--  - 

B. -redundant codons.--  - 

17

C. -regulatory regions of the genome--  - 

D. -base sequences not required to make the protein-100% -   - 

E. -coding portions of the genome--  - 99.-gnw4k 14-40 -Transfer RNA (tRNA) differs from other types of RNA because it:

A. -carries an amino acid at one end of the molecule and binds with the mRNA with the

anticodon at the other end.-100% -   - 

B. -is made up of amino acids instead of nucleotides.--  - 

C. -carries the codons for amino acid sequence of a particular protein.--  - 

D. -transfers genetic instructions from cell nucleus to the cytoplasm.--  - 100.-gnw4k 14-18 -What is a codon?

A. -three genes in a bacterium that are all regulated together--  - 

B. -a sequence in DNA that is the binding site for RNA polymerase--  - 

C. -three amino acids in a row in a protein--  - 

D. -a three-base sequence of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid-100% -   - 

E. -a segment of a chromosome that encodes an RNA--  -