biology staar review. # 1 - ecology the producers: autotrophs an autotroph or producer is an...

BIOLOGYSTAAR REVIEW

# 1 - Ecology

The Producers: Autotrophs

• An autotroph or producer is an organism that uses energy from light (sun) or other chemicals to produce its own food (ex – Glucose).

http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/garden/photosynthesis.aspx

http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/garden/photosynthesis.aspx


• Examples: trees, grasses, shrubs, aquatic plants, etc.


• Many organisms on the planet rely on autotrophs for nutrients and energy.

The Consumers: Heterotrophs

• Heterotrophs (consumers) - cannot produce their own food. They must obtain nutrients by eating other organisms.

• Examples: Tigers, Birds, Fish, Insects, etc.

1. Food Chain & Food Web Practice

Producers1.2.

Primary Consumer(1st order)

1.2.3.4.

Secondary Consumers(2nd order)

1.2.3.4.

Tertiary(3rd order)

What is not shown in this food web?


Producers1. Plant 12. Plant 2


1. 2.3.4.


1.2.3.4.

Tertiary(3rd order)





1. Mouse2. Grasshopper3. Rabbit4. Squirrel


1.2.3.4.

Tertiary(3rd order)




Primary Consumer(1st order) 1°


Secondary Consumers(2nd order) 2°

1. Mouse ***2. Fox3. Frog4. Snake

Tertiary(3rd order) 3°







1. Mouse2. Fox3. Frog4. Snake

Tertiary(3rd order)

Owl, Fox,Snake







1. Mouse2. Fox3. Frog4. Snake

Tertiary(3rd order)

Owl


The Sun - our energy source, & Decomposers

2. Biological Pyramids

• Biological Pyramids – As you go UP the food chain, the number of organisms, amount of energy and mass decrease.

2. Biological Pyramids

2. Biological PyramidsAs food chain goes to each level, the energy level decreases.

90% is given off through heat and activity. Only 10% of energy is passed on.

For Example:

The grass = 100% energy. Grasshopper = 10% energy of the grass. Frog = 10% energy of the grasshopper.

3. Symbiosis

• Symbiosis – The relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species.

3. Symbiosis3 Types of Symbiosis: Definition Example

Mutualism+/+

A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.

A flower and a bee The flower gets pollinated and bee gets food.


Commensalism

+/0

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefits.

Barnacles on whales Barnacles are carried to different areas to reproduce and whales are not affected.


Parasitism+/-

A symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species benefits and the other species is harmed.

Tapeworm in a humanThe tapeworm lives in the intestines and takes nutrients from the human.

Predator/Prey Relationships:

• A relationship that involves one organism capturing and eating another organism.

• _________ - “Hunter”

• _________ - “Hunted”

Predator/Prey Relationships:

• A relationship that involves one organism capturing and eating another organism.

• Predator - “Hunter”

• Prey - “Hunted”

SAMPLE QUESTIONS - ECOLOGY

1


1

B. Because Peccaries are Omnivores


2. Energy used by producers in a

Grassland food web is provided by:

A. Sunlight

B. Photosynthesis

C. Oxygen

D. Carbon Dioxide


3


Plants Aphids Spiders Sparrows

4. In the food chain above, the spiders are:

A. Producers

B. Primary Consumers

C. Competitors

D. Secondary consumers


5.


6.


7.

# 2 - Cells

Cells

Remember:

Animal cell = round shape

And NO cell wall!

Cells

Remember:

Plant cell = square or rectangle shape

And has a cell wall!

1. Important Organelles:

• Nucleus – site of DNA, control center, contains blueprints for life


• Mitochondria – ENERGY – “powerhouse” of the cell


• Plasma Membrane (a.k.a. - cell membrane) – Outer protective layer that allows water and small molecules to move in and out of the cell.


• Ribosome – site of protein synthesis. **Remember – the directions for what proteins will be made is in the DNA


• Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis (autotrophs only)


• Lysosome - “Lysol”, the cleaner, recycler the garbage man.

• Not seen as an answer, but used as a distracter in the answer choices.

Directions: Use the words on the left to fill in the Venn Diagram

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

Round shape, Cell wall, Chloroplast, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Square shape, Mitochondria, Eukaryotic

Round shapeCell Wall

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Cell Membrane

Square ShapeMitochondria

Eukaryotic

2. Diffusion and Osmosis:

• Diffusion – movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

The red molecules are moving from HIGH to LOW concentrations across the membrane.


• Osmosis – movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

In diffusion, we only care about what WATER molecules are doing!


• Remember – water can move in or out of the cell freely and can change the volume of the cell depending on what type of solution you put it in.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS1. When a sea urchin egg is removed

from the ocean and placed in

freshwater, the egg swells and bursts.

Which of these causes water to enter

the egg?

A. Coagulation

B. Sodium pump

C. Active transport

D. Osmosis

WATER is the key!

SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS2.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS

3.

Cells that need a lot of energy (to do a lot of work) need MORE mitochondria than most cells.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS - CELLS4.


5.


6.

Generating heat requires energy!

# 3 - Genetics

1. Biochemistry

• Biochemistry – The sequence of DNA bases give you your traits.

DNA Replication

DNA Bases: • A – Adenine• T – Thymine • C – Cytosine• G - Guanine

DNA bases that pair together: _____ & _____

and _____ & _____

A TC G

DNA Replication

• DNA Replication: DNA makes a copy of itself for mitosis.

During replication, if the DNA template strand is: A T G G T C A A T G G C T T A

then the complementary DNA strand would be:

__________________________T A C C A G T T A C C G A A T

Protein Synthesis: Translation & Transcription

Making a protein STEP #1: Transcription: the DNA code is copied by the

mRNA, which brings it from the nucleus to cytoplasm.

Translation & Transcription

RNA Bases: • A – Adenine• U – Uracil • C – Cytosine• G - Guanine

RNA bases that pair together: _____ & _____

and _____ & _____

A UC G

During transcription, if the DNA template strand is: A T G G T C A A T G G C T T A

then the complementary RNA strand would be:

_____ _____ _____ _____ _____

Translation

U A C C A G U U A C C G A A U

Protein Synthesis: Translation & Transcription

• Making a protein STEP #2: • Translation: with help from ribosome, the

tRNA uses the mRNA sequence to assemble the amino acids in the correct order to make the proteins, as originally directed by the DNA.

• The mRNA strand made during transcription was : _____ _____ _____ _____ _____

• So, during Translation, the tRNAand the ribosome would assemble the following strandof amino acids: (use the codon chart)

_____ , ____ , ____ , ____ , _____

Translation

U A C C A G U U A C C G A A U

Tyr Gln Leu Pro Asn

2. Mutations

• Mutation – a change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

2. Mutations

• Mutations that show up on gametes can be passed to offspring.

2. Mutations

• Mutations in body cells affect only the individual organisms and will NOT be passed on to offspring.

Mutations of skin cells by the sun are not passed on

2. Mutations

• Do not always have serious effects on organisms.

Remember – mutations can be the source for evolution

3. Punnett Squares

• Punnett Squares – used to predict the chances that offspring will inherit an allele for a trait.

Tt Tt

tt tt

Try this one…

3. Punnett Squares

Genetic terms

• Homozygous – alleles are the _________, also known as _________. Ex. FF, ff

• Heterozygous – alleles are ____________, also known as _______. Ex. Ff

samepurebred

differenthybrid

3. Punnett Squares

Genetic terms

• Phenotype – “Physical” _____________.

• Genotype – Genetic _______________, represented by letters.

appearance

Make-up

• Fill in the Punnett square and answer the following questions:

• What is the probability of having a child that is homozygous dominant for this trait (alleles: ______ )? ______%

• What is the probability of having a child that is homozygous recessive for this trait (alleles: ______ )? ______%

• What is the probability of having a child that is heterozygous for the trait (alleles: ______)? ______%

3. Punnett Squares

TT

T t

T t

Tt

Tt

tt

TT 25

tt 25

Tt 50

4. Karyotypes

• Karyotypes – used to show genetic mutations on a chromosome number. A normal human karyotype has 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Normal Karyotype

A

4. Karyotypes

Abnormal Karyotypes

B C

What chromosome # has the mistake? B = _______ C = _______#21 #23

4. Karyotypes

Abnormal Karyotypes

A B

What genetic disorder is represented on Karyotype B? _____________________Down’s Syndrome

SAMPLE QUESTIONS - GENETICS

1.

5-carbon sugar

A T

T A

C G

G C


2.


3.


4.


5.


6.


7.


8.


9.


10.


11.


12.


13.

# 4 - Evolution

Evolution

• Evolution – change in an organism over time due to its specific need for adaptation.

Evolution

• Adaptation –a structure, behavior, or internal process that gives an organism a better chance for survival in its environment.

REMEMBER –Organisms that are best adapted are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes to offspring

Evolution

• Camouflage – an adaptation that allows species to blend in with their surroundings.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS - EVOLUTION

1. Because of this animal’s adaptations, it would be most successful at

A Competing with birds

B. Making it own food

C. Hiding from predators

D Running very rapidly


2. The table shows an amino acid comparison of Cytochrome C, a protein involved in cellular respiration in aerobic organisms. The two organisms in the table that are least genetically related are the –


3.


4.


5.

# 5 - Taxonomy

1. Taxonomy

• Taxonomy – classification of living things. Organisms are placed in groups based on similar characteristics.

Levels of Classification

• The 7 levels of classification:Broad

Specific

KingdomPhylum

ClassOrder

FamilyGenus

Species

Levels of ClassificationBroad

Specific

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

FamilyGenus

Species

• Write out your own mnemonic device to remember the levels of organization of life:

King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

Scientific Names

• Scientific Names – Made up of the Genus and species name. – Ex. Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

• First word is capitalized and second word is lower case

• Both words are underlined or italicized

Important differences in living things

Characteristic Term

Cell Type_____________________

Smaller, simple cell; no true nucleus

_______________________Larger, more complex cell; has a true nucleus and other organelles

Complexity_____________________

Made of one cell_______________________Made of more than one cell

How they get nutrition

_____________________Can make their own food

_______________________Cannot make their own food

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Unicellular Multicellular

Autotrophs Heterotrophs

The 6 Kingdoms

1. Archaebacteria

“Extremists”

Most simple kingdoms

Prokaryotic

Unicellular

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

How bacteria are helpful…Live in digestive system to aid in digestion.DECOMPOSERS!

How bacteria are helpful…Cause Strep throat and food poisoning

2. Eubacteria“True Bacteria”

harmful

The 6 Kingdoms

3. Protists

Eukaryotic

Unicellular and Multicellular

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Many live in ponds and other water sources

Many contain structure to aid in movement

__________ : short hair-like structures (ex - paramecium)

__________ : long whip-like structure used for movement (ex - euglena)

_____________ : extension of the cytoplasm (ex – amoeba)

Cilia

Flagella

Pseudopod

The 6 Kingdoms

4. Fungi

Unicellular/Multicellular (mostly multicellular!)

ONLY Eukaryotic.

ONLY Heterotrophs.

Sessile - cannot move from place to place

Examples- Mushrooms, mildew, mold.

How FUNGI are helpful…

Decomposers break down dead organic material.

Yeast are used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages.

The 6 Kingdoms

5. Plants

•Eukaryotic

•ONLY Multicellular.

•ONLY Autotrophs - can make their own food through Photosynthesis

•Sessile •Reproduction

• Some plants produce Cones or Seeds.

• Seeds are used by many plants for reproduction

• Dispersal by wind, water, and animals

3 main parts of a plant

• Stem - transports nutrients throughout the plant.

• Leaf - traps the sunlight used for Photosynthesis

•contains stomata used for gas exchange.

•Root - absorbs nutrients from the soil

The 6 Kingdoms

6. Animals

Eukaryotic, ONLY Heterotrophic, ONLY Multicellular.

Invertebrate - no backbone presento Porifera - spongeso Cnidaria - jellyfish, sea anemoneso Platyhelminthes - flatwormso Nematoda- roundwormso Mollusca - snails, octopus, clamso Annelida - segmented wormso Echinodermata- starfisho Arthropoda – spiders, insects, crustaceans

Vertebrate – backbone presento Birds - dove, robino Reptiles- snake, lizardo Amphibians- frogs, salamanderso Fish - sharks, salmon, tunao Mammals - have fur, and includes dogs, cats, humans

# 6 – Human Organ

Systems

Human Organ Systems

• Organ Systems – each has a specific job to carry out in order to live. Many times, systems work together to accomplish body functions.

Human Organ Systems __________________ - includes

teeth, esophagus, small intestine, large intestineo breaks down nutrients to be

absorbed by the body

________________ - includes brain, spinal cordo Sensory systemo Internal and External stimuli

Digestive System Nervous System

Human Organ Systems ___________________o works with the brain and

reproductive organs to keep a study balance of HORMONES in your system

___________________- hearto circulates blood throughout the

body

Endocrine System Circulatory System

Human Organ Systems ________________________ o Skin, used to protect the body

from getting foreign objects in the other systems

___________________________ o moves the bones and is contain in

most body systems (cardiac muscles)

Integumentary System Muscular System

Human Organ Systems ____________________________o Used to produce offspringo Males and Females

_________________ - lymph o Helps to fight infections and

foreign bodies that enter the body.

Reproductive System Immune System

Human Organ Systems _____________________- lungso Used to breatheo Inhale Oxygen and exhale

Carbon Dioxide

_________________ - boneso Support system that contains all

the bones

Respiratory System Skeletal System

Human Organ Systems _____________________- kidneyso Waste productsExcretory System

SAMPLE QUESTIONSHUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

1.


2.


3. Because chewing begins the breakdown of food before it is swallowed, digestion starts in the mouth and throat. Which of the following systems aids most in this early stage of digestion?

A Immune SystemB Excretory system C Muscular System D Respiratory System

NOTE – THIS QUESTION DID NOT COPY PROPERLY. IT IS LOCATED AT THE TOP OF PAGE 15.


4.


5


7.


8.

# 7 – Plants

#7 – Plants

Plant Adaptations to their Environment• Stomata – pores in the epidermis, that allow gas exchange

during photosynthesis.

#7 – Plants

Plant Adaptations to their Environment• Cuticle – protects leaf from drying out; found in areas where

water loss is high. Waxy leaves have a thick cuticle.

#7 – Plants

Plant Adaptations to their Environment• Guard Cell – controls the opening and closing of stomata

#7 – Plants

Plant Adaptations to their Environment• Roots – support, anchor, absorption of water and minerals

• Leaves - primary photosynthetic organs of plants. Cacti leaves are modified as spines.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS - PLANTS

2.


3.

This is the Stomata!


4.


5.Remember that arid means dry so there will be more water loss, so the plant will have very small leaf blades. Larger leaf blades will lose a lot of water!


6.

Having waxy leaves is an adaptation for trying to conserve water in an arid environment!


7.

The thicker (more waxy) the cuticle, the more a plant is adapted to conserve water!

This is the Cuticle!

# 8 – Viruses and Bacteria

#8 – Viruses and Bacteria

1. Viruses – Not living so they don’t fit into a kingdom!

Non-livingo Must have host cell to

replicate.o HIV and many STDs are

viruseso HIV affects the T- cells in your

body

2 main partso Capsid- protein coato Nucleic Acid- DNA or

RNA


Diseases caused by VIRUSES1. HIV2. Common Cold3. Warts4. Influenza5. Small Pox


2. Bacteria – important characteristics

1. Prokaryotic

2. 3 Shapes

3. Beneficial and Harmful

Bacillus, Coccus, Spirillium


Beneficial Bacteria• E. coli – source of Vitamin K, helps in digestion.• Lactobacillus – helps in Digestion of milk and dairy products.


Harmful Bacteria – diseases they cause

1. Tooth Decay 2. Tuberculosis 3. Cholera

SAMPLE QUESTIONS VIRUSES & BACTERIA

1.


2.

Remember, Nucleic Acid = DNA or RNA


3.


4.


5.


6.

THE END!

Good Luck on your Biology STAAR Test!

biology staar review. # 1 - ecology the producers: autotrophs an autotroph or producer is an...

Documents

food ex glucose

primary consumer1st

energy source

species benefits

organisms of different

energy level decreases

symbiotic relationship

tertiary3rd orderwhat