biology - ovd bricks€¦ · content 3 2 animals 5 2.1 different kinds of animals 6 2.2 swim, walk,...

TEXTBOOK• vmbo • volume 1

BIOLOGY

Colofon

Eerste druk

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© Copyright 2011 OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij bv

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Auteurs: Deborah Wüst Onno Rook

Redactie: Sally Hill, Scientific Translations, Zwolle, Judy Bepple, JLB English Works, Empel

Vormgeving: Thimo Dirkse, OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij

Illustraties: Gemma Stekelenburg, Gemm’Art, Huizen

Grafieken: Thimo Dirkse, OVD Educatie Uitgeverij

Eindredactie: OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij

Foto omslag: Stock.XCHNG

Foto’s: www.rokon.nl, John Mason, Nicole Duplaix, Mark Carwardine, Charles Krebs, Christian Testanière, Peter Rear, Maia C. David Marolla, Onderwatervereniging “de Guppen”, de3Torens, Houston Zoo, Roy Johnson, Steven Round, Callie Bowdish, Hans Brinkel

Beeldverwerving: OVD Educatieve Uitgeverij

Met dank aan: Joop van Hout

Content

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2 Animals 5

2.1 Differentkindsofanimals 62.2 Swim,walk,fly! 82.3 Feedingtime 112.4 Breathing 142.5 Sensingtheenvironment 162.6 Growthanddevelopment 19

Content

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How

tousethisbook

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18

Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

2.4 Breathing

Every living organism uses oxygen to respire. This oxygen is present in air and in water. Most animals have specialised organs to take oxygen out of air or water.

Breathing under waterFish use gills to breathe. The gills are found at the back of a fish’s head. The gills are covered by a gill cover. Only bony fish like pike and salmon have gill covers.

The gills are made up of gill arches and gillfilaments. The gill filaments are attached to the gill arches.

When the gill cover is closed and the mouth is opened water flows into the mouth. The fish then closes its mouth pushing the water over the gills and out under the gill cover (see figure 2.18).

Warm or polluted water has less oxygen so fish find it harder to breathe in this water.

water

water

water taken in water forced out

mouth open mouth closed

gill cover closed

gill coveropen

gill filament

Not only fish breathe through gills. One example is the mayfly nymph. The gills of the mayfly nymph stick out on the sides of its body. These gills vibrate to help water flow over them. This vibration can be seen with the naked eye.

Fig.2.19 Mayfly nymph. Look at the external gills on the abdomen

Fig.2.18 Breathing in fish

gillsgill cover

gill archesgill filaments

oxygen

Breathing airMammals, birds, reptiles and most amphibians breathe through lungs.

Insects use tracheae to breathe. Tracheae are tubes that run through the body of an insect. Small holes in the side of an insect’s abdomen allow contact between the tracheae and the air outside its body. These holes are called spiracles.

spiracles

trachea

Fig. 2.20 Tracheae and spiracles in an insect

If an insect is small the air can flow freely in and out the tracheae through the spiracles. For large insects like wasps and bees this is not enough. They must make a pumping movement to refresh the air in the tracheae.

KEYWORDSGillsGill archGill cover Gill filament

LungOxygen Spiracle Trachea

Complete questions 21 - 23 in your workbook

lungs

tracheae

spiracles

GlossaryIntroduction

2.1 Different kinds of animals2.2 Swim, walk, fly!2.3 Feeding time2.4 Breathing2.5 Sensing the environment2.6 Growth and development

Introduction

2 Animals

Animals can live almost anywhere on the planet. From the poles to the deserts. Animals

have to deal with circumstances like heat, drought and availability of food and water. In

this chapter you will discover the ways in which animals are adapted. Why are there dif-

ferences between the teeth of meat eaters and the teeth of plant eaters? How is it possible

for fish to breathe under water? How do animals use their senses? You will find the answers

to these and other questions in this chapter.

HowtousethisbookBiology is fun. In Biology you learn about life and things to do with life. BRICKS Biology is especially written for students following bilingual education. This book is the first of two volumes. You can work with BRICKS on your own or with your classmates. Besides this textbook you will need your workbook and an answer key. Sometimes you will be directed to the internet site (www.ovdbricks.nl).

TextbookEach chapter starts with an introduction page. On this page you can read about the chapter’s topic and what you can expect. Some chapters have paragraphs on the internet site. This is clearly shown in that chapter’s content.

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Chapter 2

19

Chapter 2

2.4 Breathing


Breathing under waterFish use gills to breathe. The gills are found at the back of a fish’s head. The gills are covered by a gill cover. Only bony fish like pike and salmon have gill covers.




water

water



gill cover closed

gill coveropen

gill filament




gillsgill cover

gill archesgill filaments

oxygen

Breathing airMammals, birds, reptiles and most amphibians breathe through lungs.


spiracles

trachea





Complete questions 21 - 23 in your workbook

lungs

tracheae

spiracles

Each paragraph ends with a keyword box. At a glance you can see what the important words are. You can also find these keywords in the margin. The text and figures provide information about the topic.

How

tousethisbook

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11

10. Below you see some skeletons of several animals. Write down if theanimal is a plantigrade, digitigrade or unguligrade.

Gorilla Polar bear

American bison Tiger

Source: natuurinformatie.nl

Gorilla

Polar bear

American bison

Tiger

11.What is the curved shape of a bird’s wing called?

Throughoutthebookyouwillfindseveralboxes

ExtensionboxThese boxes give you extra information about a topic that is sometimes a bit more difficult.

At the end of each paragraph you are directed to the workbook for the questions and exercises that go with the paragraph.

Completequestions1-7inyourworkbook

A lot of the exercises also practise your English. Most of the time you will not even know that you are doing so. Some exercises require you to work with a classmate. At the end of each chapter you will find a glossary puzzle. This exercise helps you to practise the keywords.

You can check your answers with the answer key.

WorkbookAnswer the questions and do the practical exercises. When you are finished with the questions belonging to a paragraph you return to your textbook.

Questions

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18. Carnivores do not eat as often as herbivores. Why do you think this isso? Choose the best answer.

A. Carnivores have longer intestines than herbivores so the food staysin their body longer.

B. Carnivores have problems digesting meat. C. Carnivores get more energy out of meat than herbivores get out of

plants.

19. You will look at several skulls of different animals to find out whatkind of food they eat. This experiment will be done in groups of two orthree.

What do you need?• Three or more different skulls

What do you have to do?1. Look carefully at the skulls and teeth of the animal.

2. Write down what you think the animals are based on what they eat.Use the words herbivore / carnivore / omnivore.

3. Write down which clues you used to give your answer.

Skull 1 is from a(n) ________________ because,



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2.5 Sensing the environment

24. What is the main reason that organisms must sense theirenvironment?

25.Read the sentences below and choose the best answer.

a. Birds of prey depend on sight/hearing while hunting. b. A mile is the same/a different distance as a kilometre.

c. You are/a kestrel is able to see this sentence at a range of 23metres.

26. Go to the site www.ovdbricks.nl. Look under Biology, vmbo, chapter 2,sources, for the clip ‘Triumph of life: Bats and Moths.’ Watch the clipand answer the questions.

a. What do most bats use to locate a prey such as a moth?

b. How does the frequency of the sound change when a bat approachesa moth?

Sticky notes offer you fun facts about a topic.

LanguageboxYou will find information about English in these boxes. It will help you to understand the text better. Major differences between Dutch and English are explained.

How

tousethisbook

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Theworkbookusesthefollowingpictograms:

you need the computer or internet to do this exercise

this is a practical exercise

you will do this exercise in a group

the glossary exercise that also summarises the chapter

pay attention, this is an important message

Websitewww.ovdbricks.nl

The website contains the sources you need to do some of the exercises. You will also find useful links and a practise test for each chapter.

So, now you know how to work with BRICKS Biology. Have fun discovering biology.

The authors of BRICKS Biology

GlossaryIntroduction

2.1 Differentkindsofanimals2.2 Swim,walk,fly!2.3 Feedingtime2.4 Breathing2.5 Sensingtheenvironment2.6 Growthanddevelopment

Introduction

2 Animals

Animals can live almost anywhere on the planet. From the poles to the deserts. Animals

have to deal with circumstances like heat, drought and availability of food and water. In this

chapter you will discover the ways in which animals are adapted. Why are there differences

between the teeth of meat eaters and the teeth of plant eaters? How is it possible for fish

to breathe under water? How do animals use their senses? You will find the answers to these

and other questions in this chapter.

10

Chapter2

2.1 Differentkindsofanimals

Animals live in almost every environment on the planet. To do so, they must adapt to the place where they live. These adaptations result in many different body shapes. Animals can vary from simple animals, made out of one cell, to very complex animals made of billions of cells.

Single-celledanimalsAn animal that is made of one cell is called a single-celledanimal. These animals do not have tissues, organs or organ systems. Instead they have small, specialised cell organelles (see chapter one) that perform the functions for life. An example of a single-celled animal is the Paramecium in chapter one (see figure 1.2). The amoeba is another example of a single-celled animal. Most single-celled animals can only be seen with a microscope.

Fig. 2.1 An amoeba

Like other cells, everything that happens in a single-celled animal is controlled by the nucleus. All single-celled animals live in watery environments such as ponds or ditches.

Two-layeredanimalsSome animals are formed by groups of different types of specialised cells that act together as a single organism. The organism itself is only two cell layers thick. These animals do not need special organs and organ systems. Like single-celled animals they live in watery environments. Hydra is an example of a two-layeredanimal. Hydra do not have specialised organs for reproduction. They simply grow a new hydra which is then released.

Fig. 2.2 Hydra

single-celledanimal

two-layeredanimal

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Chapter2ComplexanimalsMost animals you know are complex animals such as birds, reptiles and mammals. Complexanimals have specialised organs to perform the functions for life. You are also a complex animal. For example, you have organs for digesting your food, for breathing in and out and for excreting waste products from your body. You also have groups of cells that work together. Your cells which are part of organs work together in organ systems.

Fig. 2.3 Examples of complex animals. Clockwise: plaice, sparrow, garden spider, peacock butterfly, common hamster

KEYWORDSSingle-celled animalTwo-layered animal

Complex animal


complexanimals

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Chapter2

WalkingWhile humans walk on two legs, most other mammals walk on four legs. Not all animals use their whole foot for walking, like humans do. Animals that walk on their whole foot are called plantigrades. Mice, bears and squirrels are other examples of plantigrade animals.

Most carnivores are digitigrades. This means that they walk on their toes. Dogs, cats and foxes are examples of digitigrades. The legs of digitigrades are longer than those of plantigrades. Digitigrades move faster and more silently than other animals.

2.2 Swim,walk,fly!

Animals have several ways of moving. You probably know that animals may walk, swim or fly. In order to find food an animal has to move. To avoid being eaten an animal must be able to run, swim or fly away.

Figure 2.4 A cheetah chasing its prey

Fig. 2.5 The feet of a polar bear, a typical plantigrade

MovementandlocomotionBoth words mean the same thing: changing position. But there is a difference. All animals are able to move, but not all animals are able to perform locomotion. Locomotion means that somebody or something has the ability to move from one place to another. For example, you are able to move from one side of the room to the other. This is locomotion. A sea anemone has tentacles that move to catch food but it cannot move from one place to another. This is movement.

plantigrades

digitigrades

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Chapter2Horses, rhinos, deer and cows are examples of hoofed animals. Hoofed animals or unguligrades walk on the tips of their toes. For protection the tips of the toes are usually hoofed. Like digitigrades, unguligrades are fast movers.

squirrel

plantigrade

deer

unguligradedigitigrade

dog

Fig. 2.6 Various ways of walking

FlyingBirds are adapted for flight. They have hollow bones. The forelegs of birds have developed into wings.

Feathers are very important for flying. Birds have long stiff flightfeathers. The feathers must be kept smooth and flat. Birds must maintain their feathers carefully. You can often see them preening their feathers (figure 2.7). They let the feathers run through their beak, ‘zipping’ them together.

Fig. 2.7 Brown pelican preening

In some species of bird their air-filled skeleton is so light-weight that the feathers weigh more than the bird’s entire skeleton.

hoofedanimalsunguligrades

wings

flightfeathers

1�

Chapter2

HowdoesawingworkThe wing has a special curved shape that is called an aerofoil. As you can see in figure 2.8 the wing is more strongly curved on the upper surface than the lower surface. The air travelling over the top of the wings travels faster than the air moving underneath. The slower moving air pushes harder on the wing than the faster air above it. The wing is pushed up. This is known as lift. Humans have copied the shape of wings of birds and use them in aircrafts.

Fig. 2.8 The aerofoil wing of a bird

wing bones flight feather

air flow

airofoil

fast moving airslow moving air

SwimmingFish use their fins to move forward, up, down and even backwards. They move forward using their tailfin. This fin ‘pushes’ against the water. The other fins on the side of the fish make it possible for the fish to move up and down and backwards.

Fish have a torpedo shaped body to help them glide through water. When a fish stops swimming, you would expect it to sink. But they don’t! Most fish have a gas filled sac called the swimbladder. The swim bladder keeps fish afloat in the water. Some fish, like sharks and rays do not have a swim bladder. These fish sink when they stop swimming.

KEYWORDSDigitigradePlantigrade UnguligradeHoofed animal Wing

Flight feathers AerofoilLiftTail finSwim bladder


Fig. 2.10 A pike, the fins and torpedo shaped body are clearly shown

aerofoil

tailfin

swimbladder

lift

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Chapter22.3 Feedingtime

Animals must eat. Food is needed to keep the body working. Feeding is one of the seven characteristics of life.

HerbivoresHerbivores eat plants; their molars are built for grinding the cell walls of plant cells. The ridged tops of their molars work like a shredder.

Fig. 2.10 A herbivore

Because plant material is tough and takes a long time to digest herbivores have relatively long intestines when compared to their body size. Most herbivores ruminate (see sticky note) to grind up their food even more. In general, herbivores eat more often than other animals. They also eat greater amounts of food. This is because plants do not have as much energy as other types of food (for example meat).

CarnivoresAnimals that eat meat are called carnivores. Their teeth are made for eating meat. Carnivores have large canines for holding their prey. The canines and incisors are used to kill the prey. The sharp molars, called carnassials, tear the meat off. Carnassials work like a pair of scissors. The intestines of a meat eater are short when compared with those of herbivores. This is because meat is easily digested. Animal flesh supplies more energy than plants. Carnivores do not need to eat as much or as often as herbivores. Most carnivores capture and kill other animals for food. But some carnivores, called scavengers, eat only the carcasses of other animals.

Fig. 2.11 A carnivore Fig. 2.12 A tiger’s canines

When animals such as cows ruminate, they bring food back into their mouths from their stomachs and chew it again.

Serous damage of the carnassial teeth in a wild carnivore (e.g. wolves, lions) may result in the animal dying of starvation.

caninesincisors,carnassials

herbivores, molars

carnivores

16

Chapter2

OmnivoresWhen you look at what you eat, you probably eat both plants, like lettuce, and meat. Organisms that eat both plants and meat are called omnivores. So you are an omnivore. Raccoons, bears and pigs are other examples of omnivores. An omnivore’s teeth are equipped for cutting, grinding and shredding plant material and meat. The length of an omnivore’s intestines lies in between those of herbivores and carnivores.

Fig. 2.13 Omnivores

incisors

carnassials

canine

molars

molars

Fig. 2.14 The jaws of a herbivore, a carnivore and an omnivore

omnivores

17

Chapter2

SpecialistsSome animals are real food specialists. Their bodies are especially built for one type of food. Two examples are the giant anteater and the Aye-aye.

GiantanteaterThe giant anteater lives in South America. It only eats ants and termites. It opens the insects’ nests with its sharp claws. The anteater’s nose is very long and narrow so that it can stick it very deep into the nests. With its long and sticky tongue it collects the eggs, larvae and adults. The anteater can eat 35,000 ants and termites a day. The ants’ nests are never destroyed, so the anteater can return for another feast.

Fig. 2.15

Aye-ayeThe Aye-aye lives only on Madagascar. It feeds on insect larvae and fruit. It has a particular method of finding the larvae. An Aye-aye’s middle finger is up to three times longer than the other fingers. Using its middle finger the Aye-aye taps on the bark of a tree. This tapping helps it to find the larvae. When it has found larvae it bites a small hole in the bark with its teeth. The Aye-aye then uses its middle finger to pull the larvae out.

It feeds the same way on fruit like coconuts. It bites a hole in the nut and scoops out the flesh of the fruit with its middle fingers.

KEYWORDSCanineCarnassialCarnivore Herbivore

Omnivore IncisorMolar


Fig. 2.16

18

Chapter2

2.4 Breathing


BreathingunderwaterFish use gills to breathe. The gills are found at the back of a fish’s head. The gills are covered by a gillcover. Only bony fish like pike and salmon have gill covers.




water

water



gill cover closed

gill coveropen

gill filament




gillsgillcover

gillarchesgillfilaments

oxygen

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Chapter2BreathingairMammals, birds, reptiles and most amphibians breathe through lungs.


spiracles

trachea






lungs

tracheae

spiracles

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Chapter2

2.5 Sensingtheenvironment

You are aware of your environment. You can smell the scent of perfume, feel the surface of objects you touch, hear sounds, taste food etc, etc. Every living organism is aware of its surroundings. In order to stay alive, organisms must sense the place where they live and react to changes in their environment.

SightMany animals depend on sight. If you think that you have good eyesight, you are wrong! Birds of prey, like kestrels, are able to see up to eight times better than you can. If a kestrel could read, it would be able to read this text at a range of 23 metres.

Fig. 2.22 A kestrel

HearingAs with your eyesight, you probably think your hearing is good, but again humans are not champions. There are a lot of animals that can hear sounds we are not able to hear. Bats use sound with a high frequency, called ultrasound,which has such a high pitch that you are not able to hear. A bat makes this sound to identify where its prey is. When the sound hits an object, for example a moth, the sound is ‘bounced’ back to the bat. The bat can hear where the moth is. This is called echolocation You can say that bats are able to see with their ears! Bats are not alone in using echolocation. Dolphins, for example, are also capable of ‘seeing with sound’. Figure 2.23 shows how echolocation works.

Metre,yard,kilometreandmileIn the United States and Great Britain people use the yard as a unit of length. In most of the world the metre is used. One yard is about 0.91 metres. The same goes for miles and kilometres. The British use the mile and most others use the kilometre. One mile is about 1.6 kilometres.

ultrasound

echolocation

21

Chapter2

SmellYou use your nose for checking if your food is spoiled and not edible anymore. But like a lot of other animals you also use your smell for communication. The scents used for communication are barely noticeable but they are always there.

Animals use scent to mark their territories, to find a mate, find food and find their way. To mark their territory, animals use urine and a substance that is produced by special organs on the animal’s head or anus. By sniffing such territorial scentmarks an animal, for example a cat or dog, knows who has left the mark but also if the animal who left the mark is healthy or not. If the mark has been left by a female, males can tell whether the female is ready for mating.

Fig. 2.23 How does echolocation work

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4

2

5

area sound travels

echo from prey

1. Bat sends out high frequency sound2. Sound bounces off the insect and returns to the bat3. Bat may change its course and keeps on making sound�. Bat uses the sound to find out how close the insect is5. Bat finds its prey and enjoys its meal

Fig. 2.24 Lion leaving a territorial scent mark by spraying urine

territorialscentmarks

22

Chapter2

Scent is also used to warn fellow members of the same species. Reindeer and impala use a warning scent when a predator is spotted. The scent spreads through the herd and warns the others. As soon as the scent is smelled the animals flee.

SmellchampionsThe turkey vulture is said to have the best ability to smell of all animals. Even in dense woods a turkey vulture is able to find a freshly killed animal over a distance of many kilometres. Polar bears are able to smell a newborn seal that is hidden in a snow burrow over a metre deep.

Fig 2.25 Turkey vulture feeding on a dead skunk

Insects such as termites and ants use smell to find their way. Scouts search for possible food sources. When a food source is found the scouts leave a scent trail from the nest to the food source. Worker ants and termites follow the scent trail and collect the food.

KEYWORDSEcholocation Ultrasound

Territorial scent mark


23

Chapter22.6 Growthanddevelopment

Animals can reproduce in many different ways. They may lay eggs or give birth to live young. Reproduction is making offspring. Young animals have to grow and develop to become adults.

Growth means that an organism gets bigger and heavier. Development is how we describe the changes in how an organism looks or how it lives. In figure 2.26 you see an adult duck with her offspring. The young ducks are smaller than their mother and they look different, eventually they will develop to look the same as their mother.

Fig. 2.26 Adult duck with her offspring

Some animals, like amphibians and insects, have offspring that do not have any resemblance to the adults. The young of insects and amphibians are called larvae. The larvae undergo metamorphosis. During metamorphosis changes happen in the way the animal looks and how it lives.

MetamorphosisAmphibiansMost amphibians lay eggs. These eggs are laid in water. The eggs of amphibians do not have a shell like the eggs of birds or reptiles. The outside of an amphibian egg is a jelly-like substance. After hatching, the larvae stay in the water. The larvae of frogs and toads are called tadpoles.

Fig. 2.27 Frog eggs Fig. 2.28 Tadpole

eggs

tadpoles

larvae, metamorphosis

reproduction, offspring

growth, development

2�

Chapter2

Tadpoles and larvae of newts breathe through gills and through their skin. The skin of amphibians is so thin that oxygen is easily taken in, or absorbed. Both adult frogs and adult newts breathe through lungs. When the lungs have developed the young amphibian has to change its environment from water to land. In frogs the hind legs of tadpoles develop first. The front legs develop at a later stage. After twelve weeks young frogs already resemble adults. Tadpoles eat small algae and change their diet to insects as they grow up. Both newt larvae and the adult newts eat small insects and worms. As you can see in figure 2.29 there are several stages in de lifecycle of a frog.

3

1

4

2

5

6

1. Adult frogs lay their eggs in water2. The eggs hatch into small tadpoles, it breathes through gills3. The tadpole grows and feeds on algae�. The tadpole starts its metamorphosis, first developing its hind legs5. The front legs have also developed. The tail starts to shrink. The gills

are replaced by lungs. It already looks like a frog 6. An adult frog it feeds on insects and it can reproduce

Fig. 2.29 An example of a life cycle of a frog

NewtversussalamanderIn Dutch when we talk about a ‘salamander’ we mean both the species that live part of their lives in the water and the species that live most of their lives on land. In English there is a big difference. Newts live for a large part of their lives in the water while salamanders live mostly on land.

lifecycle

25

Chapter2InsectsSome insects undergo complete metamorphosis. This means that the larvae do not show any resemblance to the adults. Insects with complete metamorphosis have four stages of development. Every insect starts its life as an egg. After hatching, the larvae spend most of their time eating to get bigger and heavier. When the larvae have reached their maximum size they pupate. Inside the pupae the larvae develop into adults. Examples of insects that have complete metamorphosis are the common house fly, butterflies and the ladybird. Figure 2.30 shows the life cycle of a ladybird. Figure 2.31 shows the life cycle of a butterfly.

larval stages

pupa

adult

eggs

Fig. 2.30 The four stages in the life cycle of a ladybird

completemetamorphosis

pupae

26

Chapter2

1 2 3 �

Fig. 2.31 Metamorphosis in a butterfly. (1) The larva is fully grown and starts making its pupa. (2) Inside the pupa the larva changes into an adult. (3) The butterfly emerges out of the pupa. (4) The adult.

Grasshoppers have incompletemetamorphosis (figure 2.32). The young, called nymphs, resemble the adults but are smaller. The nymph goes through several moults. After each moult the nymph looks more and more like an adult, until it reaches its full size.

Fig. 2.35 Incomplete metamorphosis in a grasshopper

incompletemetamorphosisnymphsmoults

27

Chapter2KEYWORDSComplete metamorphosisDevelopmentEgg Growth Incomplete metamorphosisMetamorphosisLarvae

Life cycleMoultingNymph OffspringPupaeReproductionTadpole


28

Glossary

aerofoil gebogenvleugelvorm 10canines hoektanden 11carnassials knipkiezen 11carnivores vleeseter 11completemetamorphosis volledigemetamorfose 21complexanimals complexdier 7development ontwikkeling 19digitigrades teenganger 8echolocation echolocatie 16eggs eieren 19flightfeathers vliegveren 9gillarches kieuwboog 14gillcover kieuwdeksel 14gillfilaments kieuwplaatje 14gills kieuwen 14growth groeien 19herbivores planteneter 11hoofedanimals hoefganger 9incisors snijtand 11incompletemetamorphosis onvolledigemetamorfose 22larvae larven 19lifecycle levensloop 20lift lift/stijging 10lungs long 15metamorphosis metamorfose 19molars kies 11moults vervellen 22nymphs nimf 22offspring nakomelingen/jongen 19omnivores alleseter 12oxygen zuurstof 14plantigrades zoolganger 8pupae pop 21reproduction voortplanting 19single-celledanimal eencelligdier 6spiracles stigma 15swimbladder zwemblaas 10tadpoles kikkervisje 19tailfin staartvin 10territorialscentmarks territoriummarkering 17tracheae adembuisje 15two-layeredanimal diermettweelagen 6ultrasound ultrageluid 16unguligrades hoefganger 9wings vleugel 9

biology - ovd bricks€¦ · content 3 2 animals 5 2.1 different kinds of animals 6 2.2 swim, walk,...

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