Biology Module 1: Cells

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1. What does cell theory say?

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things Every living thing is made of cells aLL cells come from other cells

2. Cell Organization Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

★ Do not have ___________________/ _____________

★ Have ___________________/ _____________

✓ __________________________ ✓ __________________________ ✓ Do not have ________________________

_____________ ___________________ ✓ Have __________________________

_____________ ___________________ ✓ Organisms are always _________________ ✓ Organisms can be _____________________

celled or __________________________ ✓ ________________ &

__________________________ ✓ __________________,

_______________, _______________ & __________________

3. Staying Alive What does a living thing need to do to stay alive?

✓ Use e__________ ✓ Store m___________ ✓ Take m___________ from the e_____________________

✓ Remove w____________ ✓ Move s______________ ✓ R_________________

✓ Cells divide for: 1) R_____________ 2) R____________ 3) G_____________

1. Reproduction Cells divide to create new __________________

Asexual Reproduction

✓ Offspring is genetically i __________________ to parent, only one parent is needed

✓ If the parent is a __________________ cell, it splits into two, producing two cells

o Ex. bacteria (__________________)

✓ If the parent is __________________, a piece can break off, and grow into another, separate

organism

o Ex.. blackworms (__________________)

✓ In certain species of snakes, birds, and sharks, females can produce live young without the need of a

male, through a process called ________________________

✓ All the cells in your body divide in two, to produce more cells. This is a form of asexual reproduction called

__________________. The daughter cells are, and must be, ______________ to the parent cell.

Diagram:

Biology Module 1: Cells

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Sexual Reproduction

✓ Offspring is genetically __________________ from parents, two parents are required

✓ Parents create ________________________, which are cells that have _________ the number of

________________________

✓ Two gametes come together, forming a cell (________________________) with the __________

set of chromosomes

✓ The zygote ________________________.

✓ Every cell of the organism comes from the zygote When the zygote divides, each new cell is

________________________ to the zygote

Diagram:

2. Repair Cells divide to __________________ other cells

✓ Cells continually wear out, and need to be ________________________

✓ Cells divide to make up for cells that have died

✓ Cell division is what causes __________________, putting new cells back in place of the damaged cells

3. Growth

An organism starts as a ___________ cell. The cells divide, making the organism grow.

✓ But why can’t cells just get bigger? Why must cells divide? ✓ Some definitions will help you to understand this part:

Definitions

i) Solute

✓ The thing that gets ________________________ ex. Koolaid is a solute, it gets ________________________

ii) Solvent

✓ The thing the solute gets dissolved in ex. Water is a ________________________, the Koolaid gets dissolved in water

iii) Concentration

✓ How much _______________ is in a _________________ ✓ The more of a substance that is dissolved, the ________________ the

concentration ✓ ex. Sweet, gooey Koolaid is more concentrated than watered down Koolaid,

because there is more powder (solute) in the water (solvent)

iv) Diffusion

✓ When chemicals and nutrients flow from an area of __________ concentration to an area of __________ concentration

✓ This is how chemicals travel across the _____________________ of a cell, and how they travel within the cell

✓ ex. when somebody sprays Axe in the hall, and soon it smells like Axe everywhere

v) Osmosis ✓ When water moves across a membrane to ____________________ a high concentration

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Why organisms grow by having cells divide:

✓ Chemicals for cell activity and growth travel across the cell membrane by ___________________

✓ Within the cell, chemicals move by ___________________, from areas of high concentration to areas

of low concentration

✓ Water moves into the cell by ____________, and waste moves out by ___________________

✓ Osmosis and diffusion are very ______________. If a cell is too big, there won’t be enough time for

the chemicals to get to where they are needed, and wastes may not be removed in time.

✓ Damage to the cell can occur from the presence of _______________ and lack of

______________________ to certain areas.

✓ If cells stay ________________, all the chemicals will get to where they are needed in time

✓ The three stages of a cell’s life: i______________, m___________, c_________________

Cell Division Overview:

✓ Interphase is the resting stage between divisions

✓ Cell Division involves:

o Mitosis: Splitting of the n____________ (eukaryotic cells only) o Cytokinesis: Division of c_______________, o_______________, cell membrane

Animal Cell Division in Detail

Remember IPMATC : Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

1) Interphase

✓ Usually l______________ stage

✓ _______ in long, thin, invisible strands

✓ Cell carries out life activities ex. growth, making e_________ ✓ The DNA d_________________ as the cell prepares for division ✓ More o____________ made ✓ C___________ form

2) Prophase

✓ DNA condense into c____________ ✓ Nuclear m___________ dissolves ✓ Each chromosome consists of two identical strands

called sister c_________________, held together by a c_________________.

✓ C_________________move apart

3) Metaphase

✓ Centrioles send out s_________________ f_______________, that attach to chromosomes and move them to the middle of the cell

✓ Chromosomes line up in m_________________ of cell

4) Anaphase

✓ Chromosomes pulled by spindle fibers to o_________________ parts of the cell

5) Telophase D)

✓ Chromosomes stretch out, become t____________, and are no longer v________

✓ New nuclear membrane forms around each group of d_________ c____________

✓ Cell appears to have two n_________________

6) Cytokinesis ✓ Cytoplasm divides producing two genetically i_________________ daughter cells. ✓ Cell membrane is p_________________ off in the centre (kind of like dough)

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1) Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle ✓ A signal is sent to the n_____________, preventing the cell from d________________, if any of

the following happen: signals from surrounding c___________ tell the cell not to divide

o there is not enough n_________________ to provide for cell growth

o the DNA within the nucleus has not been r_________________

o the DNA is d_________________

✓ What happens if the cell loses the signal to stop dividing? _____________________

2) Cancer Definitions Cancer

Tumor

Benign

Tumor

Malignant tumor

Metastasis

3) Features and Causes of Cancer ✓ DNA tells the cell what to do

✓ A change in DNA is called a ______________________________

✓ A m________________________ is something that causes a mutation and changes DNA

✓ Not all mutations are bad. Mutations have led to the development of opposable thumbs and a four-

chambered heart. However, some mutations can be negative

✓ C_____________________ are a special type of mutagen that can lead to cancer

✓ A carcinogen mutates the part of the DNA controlling how the cell divides, leading to

un_______________ cell d_______________

✓ There are many types of carcinogens:

o T_____________________ s_____________________

▪ Causes ________/10 cases of lung cancer

▪ Can cause mouth, throat, esophageal, bladder,

stomach, liver and kidney cancer

o R_________________ (UV rays in sunlight can lead to skin

cancer, x-rays)

o V_________________ (human papillomavirus can lead to

cervical cancer, hepatitis B can lead to liver cancer)

o C_________________ in p_________________ (BPA linked to testicular cancer)

o G_________________ (breast & colon cancer linked to genetic predisposition)

National institutes of health, ID2353 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24060584

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4) Cancer Screening

✓ Checking for cancer even if there are no s_________________

✓ Important if there is a f_________________ h_________________

o B_________________ & c_________________ cancer, retinoblastoma

✓ Can find cancer in early stages, and make it easier to treat

✓ Examples:

o B___________ self-examinations (not as effective as once thought)

o T_________________ self-examination

o PSA blood test, screens for p___________

cancer in men over 50

o Blood tests for c___________

c___________

o Skin checks for m___________

▪ ABCD (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter)

5) Cancer Treatments ✓ Surgery

o For a___________ and well-defined tumors

o For cancers contained in an area that can be removed

o Ex. Removing the entire colon because of colon cancer

✓ Chemotherapy (pain, pus and poison)

o Using c________________ substances to treat a cancer, often

c___________

o Target rapidly d____________________ cells, not just cancer cells

o Travels through body via bloodstream, reaching multiple cancer sites

o May shrink t___________ for later surgical removal

o Side effects: lower production of b___________ cells, i___________________ of digestive

tract, h___________ loss

✓ Radiation

o Damages DNA in cells, preventing c___________ d___________

o Can damage h__________________ cells, so precautionary measures are taken:

o Using f___________________ b___________________ to avoid healthy tissue o Implanting a

radioactive source into the t___________________

o May cause cancer in _________/1000 cases, __________-__________ years after exposure.

So why use it? ___________________________________________________________

1) Cell Specialization

✓ All cells have same ___________, but are not all alike.

✓ Multicellular organism: Collection of different types of cells doing specialized jobs.

✓ Cells develop in different ways to perform particular functions

2) Stem Cell

✓ An ______________________ cell

✓ Become specialized cells when exposed to proper _________________ ____________________

✓ Every cell in your body was originally a __________ ____________

✓ Can remain unspecialized and actively ______________________ for long periods.

✓ Controversial Need to ______________________ embryo to collect a large amount of cell

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3) Embryonic Stem Cells

✓ found in ______________________

✓ can become any cell type of the body & perform any function

✓ ______________________ Cells: Can form any cell, incl. body & placenta cells

✓ ______________________ Cells: Can form any cells of the body

4) Adult (Tissue) Stem Cells

✓ ie. _____________________ cells

✓ Exist in already ______________________ ______________________

✓ Differentiate into ______________________ amount of tissues

✓ Ex. stem cells in ___________ ____________________ & ____________________

____________ __________________ can become various blood cells

✓ used in treatment of ______________________

o Original stem cells in bone marrow are cancerous, producing nonfunctional white blood cells

o Original bone marrow must be removed with ______________________

o Replaced with stem cells from a matched ______________________

o cord blood can be ______________________ for later use