biology: exploring life understand your world make informed decisions self family medical diet...
TRANSCRIPT
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Biology: Exploring Life
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Understand your world Make informed decisions
SelfFamilyMedicalDiet
Make informed votes Understand significance of
accomplishments
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Bios = life ology = study of
Biology = study of life
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AtomCarbon
MoleculeLipid
OrganelleMitochondrion
CellEye receptor
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TissueNervous
OrganEye (multiple
tissues) Organ system
Visual system (multiple organs: eye, tear ducts, eyelids, brain, etc.)
Multicelled organismSparrow
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PopulationAll sparrows in a
forest Community
All living things in the same forest
EcosystemAll living &
nonliving (soil, water, etc.) things in a geographical area
BiosphereEverything on
Earth that supports life
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Producers—provide food for ecosystemPlantsPhotosynthesis
Consumers—eat/ingest othersEat plantsEat other animals
Decomposers—break down dead Producers & ConsumersRecycle chemical nutrientsFungi
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Cycle in ecosystem
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CellBasic functional unit of lifeProkaryotic
Small, very simple Bacteria
Eukaryotic Complex Organelles with membranes Plants, animals, fungi
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Shared by all living things regardless of the form or complexity of life
OrderOrganization
RegulationMaintain internal environment
Growth & DevelopmentChange with age during lifetime
Energy ProcessingMetabolismTake in energy, transform to maintain life
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Response to EnvironmentEnvironmental stimuli affect organismSweating, chills
ReproductionMethod to pass on genetic informationSexual, asexual
AdaptationTraits that aid survival are passed to next
generation
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In summary, living organisms must….Have organizationRegulate themselvesGrowMetabolizeRespondReproduceAdapt
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Taxonomy—ID and organize into logical groups
Nomenclature—name organismsBinomial nomenclature (Genus, species)Homo sapiens (human)Canis lupus (wolf)Felis concolor (cougar)
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Group Level Example Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Lepidoptera Family Danaidae Genus Danaus Species plexippus
Monarch Butterfly
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BacteriaMultiple kingdomsProkaryotes
ArchaeaMultiple kingdomsProkaryotes
EukaryaEukaryotesProtists (multiple kingdoms)Kingdom FungiKingdom PlantaeKingdom Animalia
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Charles DarwinOn the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection, 1859
“Descent with modification”—evolution of ancestors into current species
Proposed to occur through natural selection
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Observations #1—Individuals in a population vary in
heritable traits #2—Some individuals survive better than
others due to these traits #3—Over time and generations, more
individuals will have these beneficial traits “Survival of the fittest”
Individuals with traits that aid in survival and/or reproduction will be more likely to pass on those traits to the next generation.
Mutations Changes in DNA can lead to variations in
traits
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Gather information about the world Do it objectively Explain the natural world using rules or
patterns in the natural world Explanations that are testable Can use information for prediction No conclusion drawn in science is final!
However, can say many things with high probability
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Observation Hypothesis Test Analyze & Interpret Repeat Theory
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Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
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Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Test prediction Test prediction
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Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Test prediction Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis
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Control GroupStandard of Comparison Identical to testing group other than the
variable being tested Sampling Error
Certain amount of error in any studyTry to minimize by taking large sample
sizes
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Can we use viruses that attack bacteria (bacteriophages) to fight infections?
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Hypothesis - Bacteriophages can protect mice against infectious bacteria
Prediction - Mice injected with bacteriophages will not die as a result of bacterial injection
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Experimental group Inject with bacteria and bacteriophage
Control group Inject with bacteria and saline
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Experimental group All mice lived
Control groupAll mice died
Conclusion - Bacteriophage injections protect mice against bacterial infections
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Prediction - Bacteriophage injections will be more effective treatment than single dose of the antibiotic streptomycin
Test - Mice injected with bacteria, then with saline, streptomycin, or bacteriophage
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With 2nd injection:Bacteriophage - 11 of 12 mice lived60 mg/gm streptomycin - 5 of 12 lived100 mg/gm streptomycin - 3 of 12 livedSaline - all mice died
Conclusion - Bacteriophage treatment can be as good or better than antibiotic
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Limited to our knowledge and understanding of the natural world
Cannot answer philosophical, moral, or ethical questions
Limited by man’s fallibility