biology exam iv for dec 9-2013 monday
TRANSCRIPT
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Biology Exam IV
Final: Monday, 12/975% new material
25% old
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Gram-negative
• meningococcal menintus
• Thin cell wall• outer wall (OM): toxic
to humans• sensitive to osmotic
pressure• antibiotic tolerant• thin peptidoglycan layer
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Gram-positive
• THICK peptidoglycan layer
• resistant to osmotic pressure
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Classify bacteria by habitat
1. halophile2. coliform: your
digestive tract3. thermophile4. acidophile
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v photoautotroph
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• M. tuber 1. obligate aerobe: require O2
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• Cl. tetanic 2. anaerobe
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• E. coli (facultative) 1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
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Classify bacteria by metabolic pathway
• cyanobacteria (photoautotroph)
1. obligate aerobe: require O2
2. anaerobe: O2 kills anaerobes
3. facultative aerobe: can live with O2 and not
4. heterotroph v photoautotroph
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capsule: sugar material that covers cell wall
• Strep pyroxenes, H. influenza
• protect against phagocytosis
• protect against desiccation
• allow adherence
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fimbriae & pile: attachment purpose structures
• pile: used for conjugation (sexual reproduction)
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slime layer: sticky matrix of polysaccharides that protects the bacteria
• Streptococcus mutans cause tooth decays
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taxis: movement toward or away from stimulus
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internal/genome structure of bacteria
• one chromosome (DNA)• no organelles• plasma membrane
carries out metabolic processes
• Some bacteria have additional genomes, circular DNA, plasmids
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binary fission: similar to mitosis
• one bacteria splits to two
• mitosis: split nucleus
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endospore
• anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
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endospore
• botulism
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endospore
• tetanus
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endospore
• gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringen)
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classify bacteria via nutritional intake
1. photoautotrophy2. chemoautotrophy3. photoheterotrophy4. chemoheterotrophy
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photoautotrophy
• energy from sunlight• carob from CO2
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chemoautotrophy
• energy from inorganic molecules like sulfur
• carbon from CO2
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photoheterotrophy
• carbon from organic sources (other organisms)
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chemoheterotrophy
• energy and CO2 from organic sources
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eubacteria aka “bacteria”
• cell wall made of peptidoglycan
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Archae
• cell wall made of pseudomurein
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methanogen
• anaerobic Archae• remove excess
hydrogen, O2
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symbiotic categories
1. mutualism2. commensalism3. parasitism
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Genus of bacterial diseases!
1. Borelia2. Treponema3. Staphylococcus4. Mycobacterium5. Yersinia6. Neisseria
1. Lyme2. syphilis3. toxic shock (MRSA)4. tuberculosis5. plague6. gonorrhea
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Lyme
• Borelia
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syphilis
• Treponema
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MRSA
• Staphylococcus
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tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium
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plague
1. Bubonic2. pneumonic
• Yersinia
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gonorrhea
• Neisseria
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exotoxin
• G positive
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botulin
• exotoxin• Gram positive
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tetanus
• exotoxin• Gram positive
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endotoxin
• Gram negative• you get more sick• bacteria has outer
membrane
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Gram-positive
• EXOtoxin
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Gram-negative
• ENDOtoxin• have outer membrane
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Gram
• exotoxin– made of G positive– botulin and tetanin are
examples– can elicit immune
response – can be vaccinated
against
• endotoxin– made of G-negative– made of outer
membrane (OM)– are released when
bacteria die– does NOT elicit an
immune response – you get more sick – vaccination is difficult
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Chlamydomonas
• eyespot• pyrenoid• protist
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Diatom
• protist
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Algae
• photosynthetic protist
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Protists
• Lecture: Thursday 11/21 • Cercozoans• Forams• Radiolarians• Amoeba– 4 clades
• Rhodophyta (red algae)• Chlorophyta (green
algae)• Lab 26: slime molds
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Cerocozoans
• Amoeba-looking cells• Clade foraminiferans
(“forams”)• Feed by pseudopodia
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Phylum: Forams
• shrimp • Porous, multi-chambered calcium carbonate shells called tests
• Pseudopodia extend through the pores
• ocean pH environmental problem: acidity dissolves tests
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Forams (importance)
• layers of foram tests in marine sediments from limestone and oil deposits– Egyptian pyramids
• act as carbon reservoir• used by geologists to
locate oil reserves (oil explorer)
• used to determine age of rocks and pas climate
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forams
• limestone cliff in Dover England
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Kingdom: radiolarians
• have silica tests fused into one piece (like diatoms)
• pseudopodia are called axopodia, which radiate from central body
• only ONE clade
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Kingdom: amoeba
• have lobe-shaped pseudopodia (false feet) rather than threadlike
• do not have tests and have no shape
• The Blob (film)
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Four Clades of Amoeba
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
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Gymnanoebas
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• free living (not disease causing)
• found in damp, environmental conditions (in your guts, soil, bottom of lakes)
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Entaamoeba
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• generally parasitic – ex. Entaamoeba histolytica:
causes dysentery and organ damage
– Naegleria: cause fatal encephalitis• found in warm fresh waters in
southern states• infections occur via nose and in
summer months• very rare: you’re more likely to
win the lottery
– E. histolyta in stool: cyst, trophozoite
– N. fowleri in brain
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plasmodial slime mold
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime
mold4. cellular slime mold
• spend most life cycle as a unicellular plasmodium
• made up of thousands of cells that fuse to ONE giant cell with many nuclei
• When stressed, plasmodium develop to sporangia and produce spores.
• Spores germinate into biflagellated cells, which act as gametes or as amoeboid cells.
• Syngamy of gametes produce new plasmodium.
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plasmodial slime mold
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• Life cycle1. fruiting body2. spores released3. signal: cells come
together and fuse4. form plasmodium
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cellular slime mold
1. Gymnanoebas2. Entaamoeba3. plasmodial slime mold4. cellular slime mold
• cells do NOT fuse; but they act as one organism
• spends most life cycle as feeding individual protist cells
• form pseudopodia (slug) when food is depleted
• slug develops to fruiting body to produce spores
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cellular slime mold
• life cycle– fruiting bodies– amoebas– signal: cells aggregate
and form plasmodium slime mold; they do NOT fuse
– they move as one
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kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• phycoerythrin (red pigment) which allowed Rhodophyta to live in deeper waters
• Most are large and multi-cellular
• store sugar as floridean starch (glycogen) like humans
• found in tropical waters
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kingdom: Rhodophyta (red algae)
• Uses– eaten as food – agar: food, petri dish– coralline algae secrete
shells of calcium carbonate, which form coral reefs. Algae are NOT coral. They are part of the ecosystem that supports corals.
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kingdom: chlorophyta (green algae)
1. chlorophylls 2. charophyceans
• have chloroplasts– chlorophyll a and b– store sugar in the form
of starch– have accessory pigments
and stacked thylakoids
– ex. Volva– ulva (sea lettuce)– calberna (sea feather)
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Slides: slime mold
1. endamoeba histolytica2. foraminisera3. trypanosome
gambienso nasco4. paramecium5. plasmodium6. radiolarian ooze
tropical pacific