biology: a guide to the natural world,...

TEST BANK

Biology: A Guide to the Natural World

FIFTH EDITION

David Krogh

Bert AtsmaUNION COUNTY COLLEGE

Steven Eisenberg

Richard L. Myers

Jennifer Yeh

Benjamin Cummings

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ISBN 10: 0-321-72377-5 ISBN 13: 978-0-321-72377-2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—SCI—14 13 12 11 10

Contents Chapter 1 Science as a Way of Learning: A Guide to the Natural World .................................. 1

Chapter 2 Fundamental Building Blocks: Chemistry, Water, and pH ...................................... 13

Chapter 3 Lifeʹs Components: Biological Molecules ................................................................... 30

Chapter 4 Lifeʹs Home: The Cell .................................................................................................... 46

Chapter 5 Lifeʹs Border: The Plasma Membrane ......................................................................... 62

Chapter 6 Lifeʹs Mainspring: An Introduction to Energy ........................................................... 80

Chapter 7 Vital Harvest: Deriving Energy from Food ................................................................ 99

Chapter 8 The Green Worldʹs Gift: Photosynthesis ................................................................... 115

Chapter 9 The Links in Lifeʹs Chain: Genetics and Cell Division ............................................ 132

Chapter 10 Preparing for Sexual Reproduction: Meiosis............................................................ 149

Chapter 11 The First Geneticist: Mendel and His Discoveries ................................................... 166

Chapter 12 Units of Heredity: Chromosomes and Inheritance ................................................. 185

Chapter 13 Passing on Lifeʹs Information: DNA Structure and Replication ............................ 202

Chapter 14 How Proteins Are Made: Genetic Transcription, Translation, and Regulation ............................................................................................................. 219

Chapter 15 The Future Isnʹt What It Used to Be: Biotechnology ............................................... 236

Chapter 16 An Introduction to Evolution: Charles Darwin, Evolutionary Thought, and the Evidence for Evolution .................................................................................. 252

Chapter 17 The Means of Evolution: Microevolution ................................................................. 268

Chapter 18 The Outcomes of Evolution: Macroevolution .......................................................... 286

Chapter 19 A Slow Unfolding: The History of Life on Earth ..................................................... 303

Chapter 20 Arriving Late, Traveling Far: The Evolution of Human Beings ............................ 320

Chapter 21 Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea, and Protists: The Diversity of Life 1 .......................... 332

Chapter 22 Fungi : The Diversity of Life 2 .................................................................................... 345

Chapter 23 Animals: The Diversity of Life 3 ................................................................................ 357

Chapter 24 Plants: The Diversity of Life 4 .................................................................................... 372

Chapter 25 The Angiosperms: Form and Function in Flowering Plants .................................. 384

Chapter 26 Body Support and Movement: The Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems ................................................................................................ 398

Chapter 27 Communication and Control 1: The Nervous System ............................................ 414

Chapter 28 Communication and Control 2: The Endocrine System ......................................... 430

Chapter 29 Defending the Body: The Immune System ............................................................... 442

Chapter 30 Transport and Exchange 1: Blood and Breath .......................................................... 458

Chapter 31 Transport and Exchange 2: Digestion, Nutrition, and Elimination ...................... 473

Chapter 32 An Amazingly Detailed Script: Animal Development ........................................... 489

Chapter 33 How the Baby Came to Be: Human Reproduction .................................................. 503

Chapter 34 An Interactive Living World 1: Populations in Ecology ......................................... 518

Chapter 35 An Interactive Living World 2: Communities in Ecology ...................................... 533

Chapter 36 An Interactive Living World 3: Ecosystems and Biomes ........................................ 549

Chapter 1 Science as a Way of Learning:A Guide to the Natural World

1) What invention by Bell Labs in 1947 brought about modern electronics?A) the invention of softwareB) the invention of the transistorC) the invention of the CDD) the invention of the computer

Answer: BTopic: Section 1.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

2) Science presents society with ________, about which society then makes decisions.A) valuesB) theoriesC) optionsD) worst-case scenarios

Answer: CTopic: Section 1.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

3) Because scientists are in the business of investigating nature, scientists function as:A) societyʹs eyes and ears on the natural world.B) political advisors.C) authorities on the natural world.D) protectors of the natural world.

Answer: ATopic: Section 1.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

4) Which of the following is at the root cause for all cancers?A) antibiotic resistanceB) obesityC) the normal cell division processD) a breakdown of the cell division process

Answer: DTopic: Section 1.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

5) Which of the following is true?A) A scientific theory is a hunch about a natural event.B) A scientific fact and a scientific theory carry the same weight in the scientific

community.C) A scientific theory explains what we know to this date about a natural event.D) A scientific theory is the final answer to a question about a natural event.

Answer: CTopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 Test Bank Biology: A Guide to the Natural World, 5/e

6) Choose the answer that best describes the sequence of the scientific method.A) experiment, observation, hypothesis, conclusionB) hypothesis, experiment, observation, conclusionC) guess, hypothesis, experiment, conclusionD) observation, hypothesis, experiment, absolute factE) observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

Answer: ETopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

7) The role of a control in an experiment is to:A) prove a hypothesis is correct.B) ensure the experiment can be repeated.C) prove that a hypothesis is correct and ensure repeatability.D) provide a basis of comparison to an experimental group.

Answer: DTopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

8) We use the scientific method every day. Imagine your car doesnʹt start one morning beforeschool. Which of these is a reasonable hypothesis regarding the problem?

A) Iʹm going to be late.B) Iʹm out of gas.C) Check to see whether your lights were left on all night.D) Add a quart of oil.

Answer: BTopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

9) A scientific explanation that is tentative and testable is termed a/an:A) hypothesis.B) theory.C) fact.D) control.E) observation.


10) Which of the following is a theory?A) There is molecular and biochemical evidence that all organisms are related.B) Many people believe echinacea cures their colds.C) A boy finds a chipped rock he believes is an arrowhead.D) Many people claim that the Earth is only 6,000 years old.

Answer: ATopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis


Chapter 1 Science as a Way of Learning: A Guide to the Natural World 3

11) The difference between a theory and a hypothesis is that a:A) theory must be proven beyond a shadow of a doubt.B) hypothesis must be proven beyond a shadow of a doubt.C) hypothesis must be supported by evidence.D) theory must be supported by evidence.


12) Which scientist disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?A) EinsteinB) WatsonC) PaulingD) CrickE) Pasteur

Answer: ETopic: Section 1.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

13) A scientific finding is believed to be true until new evidence arises. This view is referred toas:

A) provisional assent.B) immutable laws.C) a theory.D) a supernatural explanation.


14) A good hypothesis must:A) be falsifiable.B) be false.C) be theoretical.D) lead to a question.E) be true.


15) If you flip the light switch in your living room and nothing happens, what might be a goodhypothesis to explain the absence of light?

A) Electricity sometimes flows backward in a wire, preventing the light from shining.B) The circuit breaker for the living room might be the ʺoffʺ position.C) You might have made too many telephone calls this month, thereby reducing the

amount of electricity in your lines.D) The air conditioner is also running upstairs, and it might be using all of the electricity

available in your house at the moment.Answer: BTopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis



16) Which one of the following is true about scientific knowledge?A) Scientific knowledge is derived from careful thinking about the way things must

work based on application of a few fundamental principles.B) When based on many experiments, scientific knowledge is absolutely true.C) Scientific knowledge is acquired though teachings passed on by great scientists.D) Scientific knowledge is not absolute, because the possibility is always held open that

new experiments may one day prove it wrong.E) Scientific knowledge is derived from the strongest arguments made by the brightest

scientists.Answer: DTopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

17) When Pasteur tested the hypothesis of spontaneous generation, he compared the ability ofa sterilized growth medium (meat broth) to produce a population of bacteria in twodifferent types of flasks. One had a simple neck open to the outside, and the other had aʺgoose neckʺ bend that also was open to the environment. Pasteur expected that bacteriawould appear in the flask with the standard neck. In this experiment, the standard neckflask served as a/an:

A) observation.B) variable.C) control.D) statistic.E) hypothesis.


18) The questions that can be answered by science are:A) limited by religious doctrine.B) without limit.C) limited by what can be investigated using the scientific method.D) limited by what is found in the living world.E) limited only by imagination.


19) Which of the following is the most complex level of organization?A) a heartB) a water moleculeC) a rainforestD) the circulatory system




20) A tree in your backyard is home to robins, squirrels, beetles, and lichens. Together all theseorganisms compose a/an:

A) biosphere.B) organism.C) population.D) community.E) niche.


21) Living things inherit information from their parents encoded in:A) fats.B) atoms.C) proteins.D) DNA.


22) The liver releases glucose into the bloodstream if you donʹt eat for a long time. Thisrepresents an example of a characteristic possessed by all living things. Which is it?

A) being composed of cellsB) being able to reproduceC) possessing an inherited information baseD) maintaining a relatively constant internal environment


23) Which of the following is the correct order of complexity, going from least to mostcomplex?

A) atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organB) organ, tissue, cell, organelle, atom, moleculeC) organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atomD) molecule, atom, organ, tissue, cell, organelleE) atom, molecule, organelle, cell, organ, tissue


24) Organelles are:A) cells.B) organisms.C) a group of cells that serve a common function.D) like tiny organs within cells.E) proteins.




25) Tissues are grouped together in functional units called:A) organelles.B) cells.C) organisms.D) organs.


26) What is the difference between a tissue and an organ system?A) Tissues are composed of organ systems.B) Tissues are not composed of cells, but organ systems are composed of cells.C) A tissue cannot exist unless it is part of an organ system, but an organ system can

exist independently of tissues.D) An organ system includes tissues.


27) Which of the following is an example of how living things assimilate energy?A) blinking at a bright lightB) producing a new generation of offspringC) eating a mealD) solving a mathematics problem


28) Biology developed as a science later than physics because:A) biology is less complex than physics.B) it is more difficult to come up with ways of describing nature.C) biologists had to invent rules of the living world before they could describe the forms.D) the living world is tremendously diverse compared to the non-living world.




29) Imagine youʹre a biology instructor lecturing to a group of students interested in ecology,the branch of biology that studies interactions between organisms and their environments.The students complain bitterly that theyʹre not interested in atoms and molecules becausethese are irrelevant to their interests. As a responsible instructor aiming to provide acomplete and meaningful education, you would state:

A) ʺYou need to study atoms and molecules because the organization of life ishierarchical; this implies that, to understand the complex (ecology), you first need tounderstand the simpler underlying levels.ʺ

B) ʺYou need to study atoms and molecules because life exists at the level of the atom.ʺC) ʺYou need to study atoms and molecules because theyʹre important for many things.ʺD) ʺYou need to study atoms and molecules because all biologists, regardless of their

specific interests, should know about them.ʺE) ʺYou need to study atoms and molecules because itʹs in the book.ʺ


30) Evolution allows us to explain:A) only the origin of life.B) only the unity of life.C) only the diversity of life.D) both the diversity of life and how all living things are related.


31) Most U.S.-grown corn is genetically modified.Answer: TRUETopic: Section 1.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

32) Goats can be cloned to provide us with human medicines.Answer: TRUETopic: Section 1.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

33) It doesnʹt matter whether a hypothesis is correct when it is first stated.Answer: TRUETopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

34) Observation of a natural event by more than one human or scientific instrument is the basisof the scientific method.Answer: FALSETopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis



35) The experiments of Louis Pasteur to disprove spontaneous generation illustrate the processof the scientific method.Answer: TRUETopic: Section 1.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

36) A theory must be supported by evidence.Answer: TRUETopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

37) A hypothesis must be supported by evidence.Answer: FALSETopic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

38) All of the kinds of living things in a given area are called a ________.Answer: communityTopic: Section 1.3Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

39) In terms of the hierarchical organization of life, a bacterium is at the ________ level oforganization, and a human is at the ________ level of organization.Answer: cell; organismTopic: Section 1.3Skill: Application/Analysis

40) The scientist who demonstrated that the Earth moves around the sun was ________.Answer: CopernicusTopic: Section 1.4Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

41) A set of disciplines that focuses on varying aspects of the living world falls under thecategory of ________.Answer: life sciencesTopic: Section 1.4Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

42) A unifying principle of biology states that there is a gradual modification of populations ofliving things over time that sometimes results in new species. This principle is called________.Answer: evolutionTopic: Section 1.4Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension



Match column 1 with the items in column 2.43) All of the ecosystems of the

EarthTopic: Section 1.3Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

44) Communities interactingwith non-living elementsTopic: Section 1.3Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

45) The building blocks oforganellesTopic: Section 1.3Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

46) The first level oforganization that we can sayis aliveTopic: Section 1.3Skill: Application/Analysis

47) Members of the samespecies living in the sameareaTopic: Section 1.3Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

A) molecule

B) biosphere

C) ecosystem

D) population

E) cell

Answers: 43) B 44) C 45) A 46) E 47) D

48) Name three ways that science and technology enrich your life today.Answer: After reading the chapter, students should be familiar with some of the benefits of

science and technology and should be able to give many different examples.Examples could include the availability of modern medicines; electricity andelectronics, such as television and telephones; modern transportation; refrigeration.

Topic: Section 1.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

49) Discuss why it is important that the public be knowledgeable about science.Answer: After reading the chapter, students should be familiar with the reasons why it is

important for the public to understand science and how lack of science education canharm society. Being scientifically literate enables people to better understand howthe world around them works. Science allows people to understand the potentialinfluence of new discoveries and technologies on their lives. A scientifically literatepublic affects policy decisions by the government regarding a whole host of issues,such as environmental protection, food and drug regulation, and research funding.

Topic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis



50) What is meant by the statement ʺscience is measurementʺ?Answer: The tools of science typically require some sort of measurement or calculation. As

our tools become improved, our science becomes improved.Topic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

51) Using what you have learned in this chapter, explain how you would decide whethermultivitamins are beneficial to dogs.Answer: Use the scientific method to devise controlled experiments to subject two groups of

dogs to multivitamins.Topic: Section 1.2Skill: Application/Analysis

52) The European corn borer is an insect whose larvae eat corn crops, thus reducing the yield ofthe crops. Scientists have genetically modified corn in the hopes of making it more resistantto infestation by the European corn borer. Design an experiment to test whether thegenetically modified variety is more resistant to infestation than an unmodified variety.State your hypothesis, and identify your experimental group and your control.Answer: A hypothesis could be that the genetically modified corn is more resistant to

infestation than unmodified corn. The experimental group would be a field ofgenetically modified corn that is infested with the corn borer. The control groupwould be a field of unmodified corn infested with the same number of corn borers.The amount of corn produced by the experimental group would be compared to theamount produced by the control group.

Topic: Section 1.2Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation

53) What is the purpose of the ʺcontrolʺ in a controlled experiment?Answer: The control will have only one variable compared to the treatment group. The

control group provides a basis for comparison.Topic: Section 1.3Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

54) You are a part of the first scientific team to land on Mars. What steps would you take todetermine whether there is any life there? If you found something, how would you knowwhether it is a living thing?Answer: First, you would explore the landscape to discover anything that appeared to be

alive. Then, using the scientific method to devise controlled experiments, as well ascalling on your knowledge and definition of life on Earth, you would determinewhether the things you have discovered are alive.


55) Explain the difference between a theory and a hypothesis, and give an example of each.Answer: A hypothesis is a statement of fact yet to be proven, whereas a theory is based on

much work and compelling evidence. Student examples will vary. Theories couldinclude the Big Bang, evolution, atomic theory, relativity, etc.




56) Evaluate the statement ʺNothing in biology makes sense unless it is studied in the light ofevolution.ʺAnswer: Evolution is the chief unifying principle of biology that explains both the unity and

diversity of life. Evolution shows how all life is connected and, at the same time,explains why there are so many different kinds of living things.


Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.

57) What was the purpose in breaking off the dust trap or tilting the flask in Pasteurʹsexperiment?Answer: To provide a control to show that microbes need to enter the flask from the outside

for there to be growth.Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.




58) Which level of organization is the most inclusive? Which is the least inclusive?Answer: The biosphere is the most inclusive because it includes all the other levels. The level

of the atom is the least inclusive.Topic: Section 1.3Skill: Application/Analysis


Chapter 2 Fundamental Building Blocks:Chemistry, Water, and pH

1) A measure of the quantity of matter in an object is known as:A) atoms.B) density.C) mass.D) energy.


2) All the mass of an atom is considered to be in the:A) protons only.B) protons and neutrons.C) electrons only.D) protons, neutrons, and electrons.


3) If a neutral atom has an atomic number of 10, then we know that it has:A) 10 neutrons.B) 10 protons.C) 10 electrons.D) 10 protons and 10 electrons.E) 10 protons, 10 electrons, and 10 neutrons.


4) An atom whose atomic number is 10 has how many electrons in its outermost energy level?A) eightB) tenC) twoD) threeE) five


5) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in their:A) number of electrons.B) number of neutrons.C) number of protons.D) ionic charge.




6) All the atoms of the same element will have the same:A) number of protons.B) number of neutrons.C) number of protons and neutrons.D) mass.


7) From its atomic number of 10, you can predict that a neon atom:A) is not chemically reactive.B) has an unfilled outer shell.C) has 10 neutrons.D) can easily gain or lose electrons.


8) Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom?A) protonsB) neutronsC) electronsD) protons and neutronsE) protons, neutrons, and electrons


9) An element with 22 protons, 22 neutrons, and 22 electrons would have an atomic numberof:

A) 44.B) 22.C) 66.D) 11.


10) Chlorine has an atomic number of 17, and argon has an atomic number of 18. From thisinformation alone, you can predict that:

A) argon has more neutrons than chlorine.B) argon is more chemically reactive than chlorine.C) argon will more readily ionize than chlorine.D) chlorine is more chemically reactive than argon.E) chlorine has more neutrons than argon.



Chapter 2 Fundamental Building Blocks: Chemistry, Water, and pH 15

11) What is it about carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 that makes them all carbon?A) They all have the number of protons plus neutrons that is characteristic of carbon.B) They all have the number of protons that is characteristic of carbon.C) They all have the number of neutrons that is characteristic of carbon.D) They all are radioactive.E) They all are elements.


12) You have a substance and begin a set of experiments in which you break it down into othersubstances through chemical reactions. After a few successive reactions, you discover a setof products that canʹt be broken down further, no matter what type of chemical reactionyou attempt. These substances are:

A) protons.B) elements.C) neutrons.D) electrons.E) isotopes.


13) Atoms with eight electrons in their outer shells tend to:A) form covalent bonds.B) form ionic bonds.C) be chemically reactive.D) be stable and unreactive.


14) Which of the following results from the making of a bond?A) Atoms become more reactive.B) Molecules are broken down.C) Electrons are destroyed.D) Atoms become more stable.


15) For an atom to be considered an ion:A) protons can outnumber neutrons.B) protons can outnumber electrons.C) neutrons can outnumber protons.D) protons equal electrons.




16) As the difference in the electronegativity between atoms forming a chemical bondincreases, the:

A) less polar the molecule.B) more polar the molecule.C) more stable the molecule.D) more symmetrical the molecule.


17) A polar covalent bond results when:A) two atoms share electrons equally.B) two atoms of the same element are sharing electrons.C) one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom.D) two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative.


18) An atom will react with other atoms only until:A) it has completely filled its outermost energy level.B) it has less stability.C) all of its inner orbitals have been filled.D) it forms four covalent bonds


19) The naturally occurring helium atom is chemically inert because:A) its outermost shell is filled with electrons.B) its nucleus is filled with two neutrons.C) it has the most protons that it could ever carry.D) it has all of the shared electrons it could ever have.


20) Nonpolar molecules develop when:A) shared electrons are not shared equally.B) both atoms have similar electronegativity.C) one atom is much more electronegative than the other.D) electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.




21) The number of atoms coming out of a chemical reaction must equal the number of atomsgoing into a chemical reaction. This follows the principle of:

A) the law of conservation of energy.B) chemical bonding.C) atomic theory.D) the law of conservation of mass.


22) Which of the following is true of chemical bonds?A) Atoms can achieve a higher energy state and less stability by forming bonds.B) Electrons are always shared.C) Electrons can be shared or completely transferred.D) Chemical bonds cannot occur between two identical atoms.


23) Atoms form bonds to:A) fill their outer shells with neutrons.B) obtain an equal number of protons and electrons.C) fill their outer shells with electrons.D) fill their outer shells with protons.E) obtain an equal number of protons and neutrons.


24) Two hydrogen atoms (atomic number 1) form a covalent bond. Which of the following istrue?

A) Both hydrogen atoms now have two electrons in their outer shell.B) Both hydrogen atoms now have two protons in their outer shell.C) One hydrogen atom now has zero protons in its outer shell, and the other has two.D) One hydrogen atom now has zero electrons in its outer shell, and the other has two.E) Each hydrogen atom still has one electron in its outer shell.


25) Oxygen has six electrons in its second outer shell, and hydrogen has one. With how manyhydrogen atoms will oxygen form covalent bonds?

A) eightB) oneC) twoD) sixE) three




26) Which of the following would form the fewest covalent bonds?A) neon (eight electrons in the second shell)B) carbon (four electrons in the second shell)C) hydrogen (one electron in the first shell)D) oxygen (six electrons in the second shell)


27) Water is a polar molecule because:A) oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen.B) hydrogen has more neutrons than oxygen.C) oxygen has more electrons than hydrogen.D) oxygen has more neutrons than hydrogen.E) hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen.


28) What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond?A) In an ionic bond, one atom accepts electrons from the other; in a covalent bond, a pair

of atoms share electrons.B) In an ionic bond, one atom has more electronegativity than the other; in a covalent

bond, the atoms have the same electronegativity.C) Ionic bonding involves the inner electron shells; covalent bonding involves the

valence electron shell.D) Ionic bonds form between atoms of different elements; covalent bonds form between

atoms of the same element.Answer: ATopic: Section 2.3Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

29) The ionic bond of sodium chloride is formed as a result of:A) sodium and chlorine sharing electrons.B) both sodium and chlorine losing electrons.C) sodium gaining an electron from chlorine.D) sodium giving up an electron to chlorine.E) sodium giving up a proton to chlorine.


30) Potassium has one electron in its fourth shell, and chlorine has seven electrons in its thirdshell. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

A) Chlorine will give an electron to potassium to form an ionic bond.B) Potassium will give an electron to chlorine to form an ionic bond.C) The two atoms will share the electron unequally in a polar covalent bond.D) The two atoms will share an electron equally in a nonpolar covalent bond.




31) An atom becomes an ion when:A) it gains or loses neutrons.B) it forms a covalent bond.C) it gains or loses electrons.D) hydrogen ions are shared.E) it gains or loses protons.


32) Sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals (table salt) form as a result of:A) covalent bonding.B) hydrogen bonding.C) being chemically stable.D) the attraction of oppositely charged particles for each other.


33) Hydrogen bonds are very important in the functional shape of:A) proteins.B) sugars.C) fats.D) nucleic acids.E) proteins and nucleic acids.


34) In a bottle of water, hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen of one atom and a/an:A) hydrogen atom in the same molecule.B) oxygen atom in a different molecule.C) oxygen atom in the same water molecule.D) hydrogen atom in a different molecule.


35) In hydrogen bonding, hydrogen nearly always pairs with:A) another hydrogen.B) carbon.C) oxygen or nitrogen.D) sodium or chlorine.




36) In what ways are hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds similar?A) Both are based on attraction between atoms that carry differences in electrical charge.B) Both involve an even sharing of electrons between atoms.C) Both are based on attraction between two atoms where each carries a positive charge.D) Both are based on repulsion between atoms that carry differences in electrical charge.E) Both are based on attraction between two atoms where each carries a negative charge.


37) Molecules of water stick to each other because:A) hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and the oxygen

atom of another molecule.B) water molecules are nonpolar, and nonpolar molecules stick together.C) hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and a hydrogen

atom of another molecule.D) covalent bonds form between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and the oxygen

atom of another molecule.Answer: ATopic: Section 2.4Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

38) When sodium chloride dissolves in water, the sodium and chloride ions are pulled intosolution by:

A) ionic bonds that form between the ions and the water molecules.B) the attraction of the sodium ions to the negatively charged oxygen, and the attraction

of the chloride ions to the two positively charged hydrogens of the water molecules.C) the attraction of the sodium ions to the positively charged oxygen, and the attraction

of the chloride ions to the two negatively charged hydrogens of the water molecules.D) covalent bonds that form between the ions and the water molecules.


39) Hydrophobic molecules tend to be ________ by water.A) repelledB) absorbedC) mixedD) attracted




40) You mix sugar in water and stir until itʹs completely dissolved. In this system, the water isthe ________, the sugar is the ________, and the end result is a ________.

A) solute; solution; solventB) solute; solvent; solutionC) solvent; solution; soluteD) solution; solvent; soluteE) solvent; solute; solution


41) You shake up a bottle of vinegar and oil dressing to mix it each time you use it. The reasonyou need to do this is that:

A) oil is hydrophobic and wonʹt dissolve in vinegar, so the oil and vinegar separate uponstanding.

B) vinegar and oil are oppositely charged, and opposites attract.C) fat molecules are too large to dissolve in water.D) vinegar has an acidic pH and is neutralized when mixed with oil.


42) The high specific heat and surface tension of water are a result of:A) ionic bonds.B) covalent bonds within the water molecules.C) the size of water molecules.D) hydrogen bonding between water molecules.E) covalent bonds between water molecules.


43) As an acid mixes in water:A) the number of hydroxide ions will increase.B) the number of hydrogen ions will increase.C) the pH remains at 7.D) it becomes buffered.


44) Buffering systems work to maintain pH within normal limits by:A) adding hydrogen ions when conditions becomes too acidic.B) adding hydroxide ions when conditions become too basic.C) removing hydrogen ions when conditions become too acidic and adding hydrogen

ions when conditions become too basic.D) adding hydrogen ions when conditions become too acidic and removing hydrogen

ions when conditions become too basic.Answer: CTopic: Section 2.7Skill: Application/Analysis



45) An atom always contains the same number of protons as neutrons.Answer: FALSETopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

46) Neutrons are negatively charged.Answer: FALSETopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

47) Anything that occupies space and has mass is energy.Answer: FALSETopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

48) An element canʹt be broken down into another form of pure matter.Answer: TRUETopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

49) The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom gives it a unique chemical nature.Answer: FALSETopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

50) Isotopes differ from each other in the number of protons that they possess.Answer: FALSETopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

51) Atoms are electrically neutral.Answer: TRUETopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

52) The electrons of an atom contribute significantly to the mass of an atom.Answer: FALSETopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

53) Chemical reactions involve only the outermost electrons of an atom.Answer: TRUETopic: Section 2.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

54) Ionic bonds occur through a sharing of electrons.Answer: FALSETopic: Section 2.3Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension



55) Acids release hydrogen ions into aqueous solutions.Answer: TRUETopic: Section 2.7Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

Match column 1 with the items in column 2.56) Protons


57) NeutronsTopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

58) ElectronsTopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

59) Results from an unequalsharing of shared electronsTopic: Section 2.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

60) Results from an equalsharing of electronsTopic: Section 2.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

61) Are involved in chemicalreactionsTopic: Section 2.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

62) Results from electrons beingtransferred from one atomto anotherTopic: Section 2.3Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

63) Explains the attraction ofwater molecules for eachotherTopic: Section 2.4Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

A) negative charge

B) outer electrons

C) no electric charge

D) hydrogen bond

E) nonpolar covalent bond

F) ionic bond

G) polar covalent bond

H) positive charge

Answers: 56) H 57) C 58) A 59) G 60) E61) B 62) F 63) D



64) ________ orbit around the nucleus of an atom.Answer: ElectronsTopic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

65) A single covalent chemical bond represents a sharing of ________ electrons between twoatoms.Answer: twoTopic: Section 2.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

66) Water molecules are uncharged and ________.Answer: polarTopic: Section 2.2Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

67) Hydrogen bonds may form between oxygen of one water molecule and ________ ofanother water molecule.Answer: hydrogenTopic: Section 2.4Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

68) A signal molecule will ________ to a receptor if the moleculesʹ shapes match, similar to akey in a lock.Answer: bindTopic: Section 2.5Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

69) It takes more energy to raise the temperature of water than of alcohol because water has ahigher ________.Answer: specific heatTopic: Section 2.6Skill: Application/Analysis

70) A(n) ________ has a higher pH than a(n) ________.Answer: base; acidTopic: Section 2.7Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

71) Which elements make up the majority of the human body?Answer: Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen make up the majority of the human body.Topic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension

72) What are the three most important subatomic particles in an atom called? Which one isinvolved in forming chemical bonds?Answer: Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three most important subatomic particles.

Only electrons are involved in chemical bonding.Topic: Section 2.1Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension



73) What is chemical bonding? Explain the differences between covalent and ionic bonding.Answer: Atoms react if they need electrons to complete their outer orbitals. Covalent bonding

results from sharing of electrons between two atoms, whereas ionic bonding resultswhen one atom transfers electrons to the other atom.


74) Explain how a polar molecule, such as water, can have a difference in electrical charge butis also electrically neutral.Answer: Because the electronegativity of oxygen and hydrogen is so different, oxygen keeps

shared electrons more around its nucleus than does the hydrogen in water, creatingan electrical imbalance. Because each atom of the water molecule at some time has itsoutermost energy level full, the water molecule is electrically neutral.


75) How are ions formed? Why do ionic compounds readily dissolve in water?Answer: Ions are formed when one atom completely transfers one or more electrons to

another atom. Because ionic compounds are made up of oppositely charged ions,water molecules readily dissociate them from each other, dissolving the ioniccompound.


76) Temperatures on the Earth are moderated by the presence of so much water on the planet.Using your understanding of waterʹs temperature-moderating abilities, predict whatwould happen to temperatures in the tropical and temperate regions if the oceans weremade of alcohol instead of water. (Hint: Water has a higher specific heat than alcohol.)Answer: Waterʹs high specific heat means it is very effective at absorbing heat in hot regions

and releasing a lot of heat in cooler regions, thus preventing hot regions from gettingtoo hot and cooler regions from getting too cold. Alcohol could not absorb or releaseas much heat, so hot regions would be much hotter and cooler regions would bemuch colder.


77) Oil spills in the ocean are often treated with chemical dispersants. These materials aresimilar to detergents in that the molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobicportions. Based on this, predict what will happen when chemical dispersants are used totreat oil spills.Answer: The dispersant molecules have a hydrophobic portion that will dissolve in the oil

and a hydrophilic portion that will dissolve in the water. This will cause the oil to bebroken up into small droplets suspended in the water.




78) You have been having trouble with acid indigestion recently. You buy some milk ofmagnesia, an antacid, from the drug store to relieve your indigestion. Milk of magnesia is amixture of magnesium hydroxide in water. What makes milk of magnesia a good antacid?If you could chemically analyze your stomach fluids, what would you find before and aftertaking the antacid?Answer: Magnesium hydroxide provides hydroxide ions, which will neutralize the acidity by

removing hydrogen ions. Stomach fluids will have a low pH before taking theantacid and a higher pH afterward.



79) Hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium are considered the same element because:A) their mass is about the same.B) they can form ions easily.C) they have the same number of protons.





80) Which of the following molecules is most likely to bind to an ion, and why?A) Molecule A, because it has electrical charges that will attract an ionB) Molecule B, because it has four hydrogen atoms on the exterior of the moleculeC) Molecule A, because any molecule with oxygen is able to bind to an ionD) Molecule B, because it has a carbon at in the center of the molecule




81) You are working in a chemistry lab, and your lab partner knocks over a beaker ofhydrochloric acid. You alert your laboratory instructor, and he immediately pours anothersolution over the spill to neutralize the acid. Using the figure as a guide, what did yourinstructor pour onto the acid to neutralize it?

A) waterB) baking sodaC) lemon juiceD) coffee



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