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Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876). German biologist and scientific explorer.One of the founders of embryology, von Baer discovered the notochord andthe embryonic blastula.

David Baltimore (1938-). American biologist. Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine with Howard Temin and Renato Dulbecco for theirdiscovery of reverse transcriptase.

George Beadle (1909-1975). American geneticist. By means of x-rayirradiation of the mold Neurospora crassaand screening of the resultingmutants, Beadle showed, with Edward Tatum, that mutations induced in

genes corresponded to alterations in specific enzymes. This finding led tothe acceptance of the one gene/one enzyme hypothesis. Shared with Tatumhalf the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Niles Eldredge (1943-). American paleontologist, who, along with StephenJay Gould, revived the saltationist tradition in biology by pointing out that

the typical fossil form comes into being rapidly and remains largely the samethereafter, right up to the time of extinction ("punctuated equilibrium")

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Erwin Chargaff (1905-2002). Austro-Hungarian-born American biochemistwhose experiments provided crucial information allowing Watson, Crick, andWilkins to elucidate the double-helix structure ofDNA.

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832). French naturalist and zoologist. Founder ofthe fields of vertebrate paleontology and comparative anatomy. One of themost prolific authors of scientific literature in the history of biology.

Raymond Dart (1893-1988). Pioneering paleoanthropologist. Discoverer ofthe Taung Child, he was the first scientist to provide hard evidence thathumans first evolved in Africa.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882). English naturalist. One of the most importantfigures in the history of biology. His book, On the Origin of Species,convinced many of the reality of evolution. Remembered for the theory ofnatural selection, the credit for which he had to share with Alfred Wallace,who formulated it independently.

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Hugo de Vries (1848-1935). The most influential post-Darwiniansaltationist up to the time ofEldredge and Gould, de Vries dominatedevolutionary thought during the the early twentieth century.

Renato Dulbecco (1914-). Italian virologist. Shared the 1975 Nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine with Howard Temin and David Baltimore for theirdiscovery of reverse transcriptase.

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