biological sciences7
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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
By:
MARIA KRISIA FAE DELOS REYES DE ASIS, BSN-RN
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM-Function: SECRETION-Often lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium-A gland may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
> Endocrine Glands-Diffuse substances directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct-Secretions are called hormones, which regulate chemical reactions in the body
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
> Exocrine Glands-Secrete their substances into ducts that empty onto a surface such as skin or lumen-Examples of substances: sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, enzymes
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
CONNECTIVE TISSUE-ranges in consistency from the gel-like softness of areolar connective tissue to the hardness of bone-Blood is also a connective tissue-Connective tissue (CT) forms an extensive compartment in the body and can be considered as the "glue" that holds the body together
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
Types of Connective Tissue:
1. Fibroblasts – are large, flat cells with branching processes. They are usually the most numerous. They migrate through the connective tissue, secreting the fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
2. Macrophages – are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis
Fixed macrophages- reside in specific tissues
Wandering macrophages- can move throughout the
tissues where inflammation and infection are located
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
3. Plasma cells – small cells that develop from immune cells called B-lymphocytes. They secrete antibodies.
4. Mast cells – abundant alongside the blood vessels that supply connective tissue. They produce histamine, a chemical that influences inflammatory response. They can also engulf bacteria.
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
5. Adipocytes – also called fat cells or adipose cells. They store triglycerides as a reserve source of energy
6. White blood cells – they migrate from blood into the connective tissue during infection or allergic reactions.
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Mesenchyme- composed of irregularly
shaped cells, a semifluid ground substance, and delicate reticular fibers.
- Function: forms all other types of connective tissue
- present in the embryo
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
Mucous connective tissue- found mainly in the
umbilical cord of the fetus- Function: supports the 2
arteries and 1 vein in the umbilical cord
- also called Wharton’s jelly
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
MATURE CONNECTIVE TISSUELOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE- Loosely intertwined between cells1. Areolar- Most widely distributed- All types of fibers (collagen,
elastic, reticular) are arranged randomly throughout the tissue
- Combined with adipose tissue, they form the SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER of the skin
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
2. Adipose- Contain adipocytes- Good insulator that reduces heat
loss through the skin- Protection for various organ- Energy reserve White Adipose Tissue- usually found in adults Brown Adipose Tissue- Has very rich blood supply
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
3. Reticular- Forms the stroma (supporting
tissue) of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
- Helps bind together smooth muscle cells
- Also removes worn out cells and bacteria
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE- More numerous thicker and denser fibers, but fewer cells1. Dense Regular- Bundles of collagen are regularly
arranged in parallel patterns to provide great strength to tissues
- Fibroblasts appear in rows between the fibers
- Tissues are silvery white and tough. Ex. Tendons, ligaments
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
2. Dense Irregular- Contains collagen fibers that are
packed more tightly together and irregularly arranged
- Found in parts of the body where pulling forces are exerted in various directions
- Ex. Dermis of the skin, pericardium of the heart
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TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
3. Elastic- Contains branching elastic fibers
that gives the tissue a yellow color
- Fibroblasts are present between the fibers
- Very strong and recoils to original shape after being stretched
- Ex. Lungs, arteries
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Please bring out any piece of paper and prepare for a quiz..
GOOD LUCK!
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QUESTION:
1. This type of connective tissue is found mainly on the umbilical cord
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QUESTION:
2. How many arteries are found in the umbilical cord?
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QUESTION:
3. What is the primary function of glandular epithelium?
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QUESTION:
4. It may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood.
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QUESTION:
5. These are also called fat cells or adipose cells.
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QUESTION:
6. Connective tissues which have bundles of collagen are regularly arranged in parallel patterns to provide great strength to tissues.
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QUESTION:
7. Connective tissues which is very strong and recoils to original shape after being stretched.
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QUESTION:
8. What are the substances secreted by endocrine glands?
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QUESTION:
9. Combined with adipose tissue, they form the SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER of the skin.
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QUESTION:
10. Connective tissues which are loosely intertwined between cells.
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QUESTION:
11. This is a good insulator that reduces heat loss through the skin.
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QUESTION:
12. Connective tissues which form all other types of connective tissue
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QUESTION:
13. These are macrophages that can move throughout the tissues where inflammation and infection are located
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QUESTION:
14. These are usually the most numerous type of connective tissue.
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QUESTION:
15. These are cells that secrete antibodies.