Biological Materials and Biomimicry

background image: http://nanogriptech.com/

Prof. Ed Palermo Materials Science & Engineering

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“Materials, of themselves, affect us little. It is how we use them which influences our lives”

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-  Epictetus (AD 50-100) Discourses, book 2, chap 5

One of the earliest tools, a chopper ~2 M years old, from the Olduvai Gorge

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Bronze Age (3500-1400 BC)

Materials Define Civilizations Stone Age Copper Age (5000-3200 BC)

Iron Age (1400-500 BC)

Metals Changed Humanity Forever

Smelting refers to melting processes that separate metals in fused form from nonmetallic materials. 5

(1350–1322 BC)

Iron age and the Hittite Empire

Plastics Age (1980s) Silicon Age (2000s)

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Who Defeated the Mongolian Empire?

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Yersina Pestis

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Bronze Age (3500-1400 BC)

Materials Define Civilizations Stone Age Copper Age (5000-3200 BC)

Iron Age (1400-500 BC)

What “age” is it today?

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The Silicon Age?

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The Carbon Age?

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What “age” will it be in 100 years?

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Silicon Forever?

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0.2 nm

DNA for data storage?

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DNA Origami

Hydrocarbons Forever?

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The Everything Age.

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What’s in a Material?

Metal Ceramic Polymer Glass

Why do their properties differ so much? just one word: structure

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Classification of Metals

simple crystal

structures

Classification of Ceramics Al2O3

ZnO

WC

ZrO2 SiC BaTiO3

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Classification of Glasses

“window glass”

SiO2 Na2O CaO MgO Al2O3

SiO2 B2O3 Na2O Al2O3

“borosilicate glass”

“lead oxide glass”

SiO2 PbO K2O Na2O ZnO Al2O3

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Classification of Polymers

polyethylene

polystyrene

poly(methyl methacrylate)

“Yourmaterialsarewhatrealmaterialscomewrappedin.”

Anonymous Metallurgist, 2014

Metallurgists’ View of Polymer Science

A Brief History of Polymer Science

Polysaccharides DNA

Protein

Who made the first polymer ever?

A Brief History of Polymer Science Using Natural Polymers: Vulcanized Rubber, 1844

A Brief History of Polymer Science Wallace Carothers: Nylon, 1937

Plastic Waste

Ocean Waste – Serious Problem

poly(styrene), PS

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“Polystyrene foam is a plague on the environment” - NYT Editorial Board

$1.00-1.03 /lb

$0.90-1.00 /lb

O

O CH3

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poly(lactic acid) PLA

High polymer prices make PLA an attractive alternative - NatureWorks

Marc Hillmyer “There Is a Great Future in Sustainable Polymers” Macromolecules 2017

Biological Materials

Water Polymers Ceramics

Composites

•  calcium phosphates •  silicates and carbonates

•  proteins •  polysaccharides

C and H with N, O, P, S

Ca, Si, Na, P, O, C

(very few native metals… why?)

Gases N2, O2, CO2

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spider silk

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spider silk

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Materials Science & Engineering

Physics Chemistry Biology

MechE Civil BME Aero

BiomedicalEngineering

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BiologicalMaterials

Biomimicry We Have Always Envied

Nature’s Design Principles

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Nature’s Design Principles

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(a) 15th century merchant ship (b) cross-linked filaments in a nerve cell

from Boal, “Mechanics of the Cell” (2002) Cambridge UK

Nature’s Design Principles

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(a) a hot-air balloon (b) network of spectrin fibers in human red blood cell membrane

from Boal, “Mechanics of the Cell” (2002) Cambridge UK

Nature’s Design Principles

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(a) map of Ghent, Belgium (1500s) (b) microtubules in a fibroblast

from Boal, “Mechanics of the Cell” (2002) Cambridge UK

Nature’s Design Principles

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(a) Tile pattern from a mosque, 1086 AD (b) Zeolite structure, 1976

from Smart and Moore, “Solid State Chemistry” (2005) Taylor & Francis: NY

FunctionalBiologicalMaterials

Serveapurposeotherthanpurelymechanical

Interlocking Velcro: Classic Biomimicry

“Biomimetic” NanoMaterials

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Gecko Feet Adhesion

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MimicryofGeckoFeet

Spider Silk

SpiderSilkisstrongerthanSteel??Bondtype Bondstrength(kJ/mol)Metallic ~100-900C-Ccovalentbond ~300amideH-bonding ~10

vs.

“…perhaps the confinement of hydrogen bonds into nanoscale elements is a universal biological

design paradigm that turns weakness to strength.”

Polymersarewhatreal

materialscomewrappedin.

Anonymous Metallurgist, 2014

Yourrustyoldmetalsareagoodplaceformycoolwebs. Anonymous

Spider, 2018

Super-hydrophobic Surfaces

SyntheticSuperomniphobicity

hyperbranched ZnO nanowire (NW) structures DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06463

Anish Tuteja and co-workers, ACS Nano 2017, 11, 478−489

Abalone(H.rufescens)

Abalone shell (Nacre)

Jackson AP, Vincent JFV, Turner RM. Proc Roy Soc London B 1988;B234:415 Meyers MA, Lin AYM, Chen PY, Muyco J. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2008;1:76-85.

Abalone shell (Nacre)

Asp-rich protein

Biomimicryofabalone

Biomimicryofabalone

•  Hexagonal plates of SiC or B4C •  Kevlar/thermoset laminate •  Connected by Velcro

Nature’sIngeniousDesignPrinciples

BothofthesematerialsaremadeofCaCO3

540 MPa in compression! Basically useless in compression!

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BiomimicryistheFutureofMSE!