BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF

PSYCHOLOGY

By: Honielyn B. Pantig

NEURON“THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM”

TYPES OF NEURON

SENSORY NEURON

MOTOR NEURON

ASSOCIATION NEURON

HOW NEURON FIRE

LIKE A GUN, NEURONS EITHER FIRE –THAT IS, TRANSMIT AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE ALONG THE AXON-OR DON’T FIRE.

ALL-OR NONE LAW-THE RULE THAT NEURONS ARE EITHER ON OR OFF.

RESTING STATE-THE STATE IN WHICH THERE IS A NEGATIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF ABOUT 270 MILLIVOLTS WITHIN A NEURON.

ACTION POTENTIAL-AN ELECTRIC NERVE IMPULSES THAT TRAVELS THROUGH A NEURON WHEN IT IS SET OFF A TRIGGER CHANGING THE NEURON’S CHARGE FROM NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE.

SYNAPES-THE SPACE BETWEEN TWO NEURONS WHERE THE AXON OF A SENDING NEURON COMMUNICATES WITH THE DENTRITES OF A RECEIVING NEURON BY USING CHEMICAL MESSAGES.

NEUROTRANSMITTERS-CHEMICALS THAT CARRY MESSAGES ACROSS THE SYNAPES TO DENTRITE AND SOME TIMES CELL BODY OF A RECEIVER NEURON.

NEUROTRANSMITTERSNAME LOCATION FUNCTION

ACETYLCHOLINE BRAIN,SPINAL CORD,PNS MUSCLE MOVEMENT,COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING(excitatory/inhibitory)

GLUTAMATE BRAIN,SPINAL CORD MEMORY(excitatory)

GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID

BRAIN,SPINAL CORD EATING,AGGRESSION,SLEEPING(inhibitory)

SEROTONIN BRAIN,SPINAL CORD SLEEPING,MOOD,PAINDEPRESSION(inhibitory)

DOPAMINE BRAIN MUSCLES DISORDER,MENTAL DISORDER,PARKINSON’S DISEASE(inhibitory/excitatory)

ENDORPHINS BRAIN,SPINAL CORD PAIN SUPPRESSION,PLEASURE FEELINGS,APPETITES(inhibitory)

BRAIN

FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

TO IDENTIFY

TO ORGANIZE

TO INTERPRET

TO RESPOND

MAJOR CORES OF THE BRAIN

FORE BRAIN MIDBRAIN HINDBRAIN

The anterior and largest portion of the brain; includes the cerebral hemispheres, the limbic system, the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the corpus callosum.

Function: to control cognitive, sensory and motor function, and regulate temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping and the display of emotions.

The midbrain is the smallest region of the brain that acts as relay station for auditory and visual information.Portions of the midbrain called the red nucleus and the substantia nigra are involved in the control of body movement.

The area of the brain comprising the pons, medulla and cerebellum. Function: to co-ordinate motor activity, posture, equilibrium and sleep patterns and regulate unconscious but essential functions, such as breathing and blood circulation.

CENTRAL CORE-THE OLD BRAIN WHICH CONTROLS BASIC FUNCTIONS SUCH AS EATING AND IS COMMON TO ALL VERTEBRATES.

CEREBRAL CORTEX- THE NEW BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOST SOPHISTICATED INFORMATION PROCESSING IN THE BRAIN.IT ALSO CONTAINS FOUR LOBES

LOBES OF THE BRAIN

Frontal

LIES IN THE MOTOR CORTEX,INVOLVES IN DECISION MAKING,PLANNING,AND CARRYING OUT BEHAVIOR,RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS.

DAMAGE: INABILITY OF GOOD CHOICES AND RECOGNIZED CONSEQUENCE

CAN CAUSE INCREASE IRRITABILITY.

CHANGE IN MOOD AND INABILTY TO REGULATE BEHAVIOR

INVOLVES IN PROCESSING SENSORY INFORMATION FROM THE BODY,SUCH AS TOUCHING,LOCATING POSITION OF LIMBS,FEELING TEMPERATURE AND PAIN.

DAMAGE:THE ABILITY TO MULTITASK IS REDUCE OR ELIMINATED,RECOGNITION OF RIGHT AND LEFT

DAMAGE NEGLECT

Parietal

Temporal

PRIMARY LOCATION OF AUDITORY AREA,INVOLVES IN APPRECIATION OF SOUNDS AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE.

RESPONSIBLE FOR LEARNING,MEMORY AND HEARING

DAMAGE:INABILITY TO PAY ATTENTION TO WHAT THEY SEE AND HEAR

INABILITY TO COMPREHEND LANGUAGE

IMPAIRED MEMEORY

EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE

PROSOPAGNOSIA

Occipital

INVOLVES IN PROCESSING VISUAL INFORMATION,WHICH INCLUDES SEEING COLORS AND PERCIEVING AND RECOGNIZING OBJECTS,ANIMALS AND PEOPLE.

DAMAGE:LOSE OF VISUAL CAPABILITY

INABILITY TO IDENTIFY COLOR

HALLUCINATION

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

HYPOTHALAMUS

THALAMUS

PITUTARY GLAND

RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING BASIC BIOLOGICAL NEEDS:HUNGER,THRIST,

TEMPERATURE CONTROL

RELAY CENTER FOR CORTEX,HANDLES INCOMING AND OUTGOING SIGNALS.

MASTER GLAND REGULATES OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS.

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

MEDULLA

PONS

CEREBELLUM

CORPUS CALLOSUM

RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATING UNCONSCIOUS FUNCTIONS SUCH AS BREATHING AND CIRCULATION.

INVOLVES IN SLEEP AND AROUSAL.

CONTROLS BODILY BALANCE.

BRIDGE OF FIBERS PASSING INFORMATIONBETWEEN THE TWO CEREBRAL HEMISPHRES

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION OF RIGHT AND LEFT CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES

LEFT HEMISPHERE

RIGHT HAND TOUCH SPEECH LANGUAGE WRITING LOGIC MATH SCIENCE

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

LEFT HAND TOUCH SPATIAL

CONSTRUCTION CREATIVE THINKING FANTASY ART AND MUSIC

APPRECIATION

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK THAT SENDS MESSAGES THOUGHOUT THE BODY VIA THE BLOOD STREAM.

HORMONES-CHEMICALS THAT CIRCULATE THROUGH THE BLOOD STREAM AND REGULATE THE FUNCTIONING OR GROWTH OF THE BODY.

PITUITARY GLAND-THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM WHICH SECRETES HORMONES THAT CONTROL GROWTH AND THE OTHER PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYTEM.

MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND ITS FUNCTIONS

HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY GLAND PARATHYROID GLAND THYROID GLAND THYMUS ADRENAL GLAND PANCREAS

OVARY TESTES

HOMEOSTASIS GROWTH METABOLIC RATE

IMMUNE SYSTEM

INSULIN AND GLUCAGON,CONTROLS SUGAR METABOLISM

PROMOTE MALE/FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS.

MAJOR PROCESSES CONTROLLED BY HORMONES

REPRODUCTION

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

MOBILIZING THE BODY AGAINST STRESSORS

MAINTAINING ELECTROLYTE,WATER,NUTRIENT BALANCE OF THE BLOOD

METABOLISM