biological control in glasshouses in the netherlands. hans muilerman pan-europe nic-wg paris,...
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Biological control in glasshouses in the
Netherlands.
Hans MuilermanPAN-Europe NIC-wg Paris, 8-12-09.
50.000 hectares of vegetables and flowers
No ‘green fingers’ anymore.
Production completely industrialized
High input type of production, and..
… also industrial type of recirculation, and….
… full scale energy production combining heat
and electricity
Big problems finding people ready to do the picking
Market segmentation forced by ‘Bild Zeitung’.
Resistance problems led to biological control in the 70-
es
Biological Control in glasshouses Biological Control in glasshouses increasing increasing
(Van Lenteren, 2006)(Van Lenteren, 2006)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Number of naturalenemiescommerciallyavailable forglasshouse crops
Hectares ofglasshouse cropsunder IPM (World)
Biological control Type 3 and 4 measures of IP.
IP hierarchy & Type of measures
1. Prevention
2. Technical measures for cultivation
3. Systems for early warning and deciding
4. Non-synthetic chemical crop protection
5. Chemical crop protection and application techniques
6. Emission reduction
Potential for BC almost unlimited
Predators (vertebrates) Microbials Pheromones Sterile flies Natural substances Biological soil treatment ….., even sound
Use of pesticides still major problem,
especially in flower crops
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Use ofpesticidesin kg/ha,CBS, 2000.
Zero-tolerance policy also doesn’t help
Challenges
Getting BC (and IPM) rewarded in the market
Change unfair EU approval system and turn it around to giving BC an advantage
Remove and substitute chemicals harming BC-systems
Keep chemical industry from buying up BC-companies
More challenges: arable crops!
Campaigning helps