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Complementary  Nutri6on:  Func6onal  Foods  and  Dietary  

Supplements  BIOL  103,  Chapter  3  

Today’s  Topics  •  Func6onal  Foods  

–  Phytochemicals  •  Food  Addi6ves  

–  Types  &  Regula6ons  •  Dietary  Supplements:  

–  Vitamins  and  Minerals  –  Natural  Health  Products  –  Regula6ons  and  Claims  

•  Complementary  and  Alterna6ve  Medicine  

Func6onal  Foods  

•  What  is  it?  – Func%onal  foods:  a  food  that  may  provide  a  health  benefit  ________________  basic  nutri6on.  

•  Foods  can  be  classified  as  func6onal  foods  if  they  contain:  – naturally-­‐occurring  phytochemicals  – “vitamins,  ________________,  _______________,  etc.”  -­‐  for6fica6on  

Phytochemicals  

•  Phytochemicals  are  substances  that  have  health  benefits,  but  they  may  not  be  essen6al  to  life  – makes  food  func6onal  – act  as  ____________________________  

•  Neutralize  free  radicals  •  Reduce  heart  disease  and  cancer  risk  

– Found  naturally  in  fruits,  vegetable,  whole  grain,  legumes,  and  wine  

 

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Examples  and  Benefits  of  Phytochemicals  

•  Table  3.1:  Examples  of  Func6onal  Components  1.   Lycopene  (prostate  health)  2.   Omega-­‐3  fa>y  acids  (heart,  mental  and  visual  

func6on)  3.   Isoflavones/soy  products  (bone,  brain,  immune  

system,  menopause)  4.   Probio%cs  (gut  health,  immune  system)  5.   Flavonoids  (cellular  an6oxidants  defenses)    

Foods  Enhanced  with  Func6onal  Ingredients  

•  Foods  can  be  enhanced  with  func6onal  ingredients  during  ___________________  

What  is  a  free  radical  and    what  does  it  do?  

–  While  the  body  metabolizes  oxygen,  1-­‐2%  of  cells  will  get  damaged  in  the  process  à  turn  into  ________________________  (“ac6ve  oxidants”)  

–  Normally,  free  radicals  oxidize/damage;  this  may  lead  to  chronic  diseases:  

•  DNA,  cell  structures  à  cancer  and  cell  aging  •  Lipids  à  heart  disease  

     

Forma%on  of  Free  Radicals  

•  Cellular  and  environmental  factors  can  cause  free  radicals  to  form  

•  Free  radicals  can  DNA  damage  

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How  do  phytochemicals  work  to  prevent  chronic  disease?  

•  Phytochemicals  such  as  flavonoids  are  an6oxidants  that  can  ___________________  free  radicals.  

 

How  do  phytochemicals  work  to  prevent  chronic  disease?  

Phytoestrogens  either  modify  estrogen  metabolism  or  block  effect  of  estrogen  on  cell  growth    

Regulatory  Issues  for  Func6onal  Foods  

•  To  monitor  the  products,  FDA  categorizes  into  the  following:  

1.   [Conven%onal]  Food  include:    1.  the  product  that  we  eat/drink  2.  components  that  make  up  the  product.  

2.   Drug:  substance  intended  to  diagnose,  cure,  mi6gate,  treat,  prevent  disease  

3.   Dietary  Supplements:  products  meant  to  supplement  a  diet,  but  are  not  conven6onal  foods.  

4.   “Food  Addi%ves”  

 

Food  Addi6ves  

•  Addi%ves:  substances  added  to  food  for  various  func6ons  

•  2  types  of  addi6ves:  1.   Direct    2.   Indirect    

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 5  Purposes  of  Direct  Addi6ves  

1.  Maintain  product  consistency    

2.  Improve  or  __________  nutri6onal  value    

3.  Keep  food  appe6zing  and  wholesome    

4.  Provide  leavening  or  control  acidity  and  alkalinity  

5.  Enhance  flavor  or  _____________  

Vitamins  as  Food  Addi6ves  in  Alcohol?  

Alcohol  Metabolism  

Regula6on  of  Food  Addi6ves  by  the  FDA    

•   Addi6ves  fall  into  4  Regulatory  Categories:  1.  Food  Addi6ves  2.  Color  Addi6ves  3.  Generally  Recognized  as  Safe  (GRAS)  substances  4.  Prior-­‐sanc6oned  substances  

Regula6on  of  Food  Addi6ves    by  the  FDA    

1.  Food  Addi6ves  •  Must  have  FDA  approval  •  ________________________  must  prove  safety      

2.   Color  Addi%ves:  any  dye/pigment  or  other  substance  that  can  impact  color  when  added  to  a  food,  drug,  cosme6c,  or  to  a  human  body.  

•  Cer6fied  color  addi6ves  used  in  foods  are  man-­‐made.  

 

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Who  loves  Orange  Juice?   Regula6on  of  Food  Addi6ves  by  the  FDA    

3.  Generally  Recognized  as  Safe  (GRAS):  substances  that  can  be  added  to  foods  by  manufacturers  without  establishing  rigorous  scien6fic  tests.  

   

 4.  Prior-­‐sanc6oned  Substances:  substances  that  FDA  and/or  USDA  determined  were  safe  to  use  in  specific  foods  before  Sept  1958.  

 

MSG   Delaney  Clause  

•  Delaney  Clause:  food  and  color  addi6ves  cannot  be  approved  if  they  cause  cancer  in  humans  or  animals.  – Agree or Disagree?

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Strategies  for  Func6onal  Food  Use  

•  S6ck  with  science  – Eat  fruit  and  vegetables  – Eat  nutri6on-­‐for6fied  products  as  needed  – Read,  read,  read  (scien6fic  ar6cles)  – Be  cri6cal  of  adver6sing  and  hype  

•  “if  it  sounds  too  good  to  be  true,  it  probably  is!”    

Dietary  Supplements:  Vitamins  and  Minerals  

•  Various  forms  of  dietary  supplements:  –  Examples:  vitamins,  minerals,  amino  acids,  herbs,  glandular  extracts,  enzymes,  etc.  

•  2  levels  of  vitamin  and  mineral  supplementa6on:  1.   Moderate  doses:  ___________  the  range  of  the  

Daily  Values  (DVs)  2.   Megadoses:  high  levels  _________________  DVs  

Who  should  seek  moderate  supplementa6on?  

•  Those  with  increased  nutrient  needs  and/or  poor  intake  include:  1.  Women  of  childbearing  

age  who  may  become  pregnant  

2.  Pregnant  and  breasneeding  women  

3.  Women  with  heavy  menstrual  losses  

4.  Children  (picky  eaters)  

Who  should  seek  moderate  supplementa6on?  

 6.  People  with  severe  food  restric6on    

7.  Strict  vegetarians  who  do  not  eat  animal  foods  and  dairy  products  

8.  Elderly  

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When  looking  for  moderate  supplementa6on…  

•  If  you  are  looking  for  moderate  supplementa6on:  1.  Look  for  brands  that  

contain  at  least  _______  vitamins  and  minerals  

2.  No  more  than  ______%  of  your  DV  

Megadoses  in  Conven6onal  Medical  Management  

•  Situa6ons  in  which  doctors  are  likely  to  prescribe  megadoses:  – Treatment  of  severe  deficiencies  – Malabsorp%on  syndromes:  when  individual  cannot  absorb  enough  nutrients  in  their  gut.  

– Drug  interac6ons  •  A  vitamin  at  megadose  levels  can  have  “drug-­‐like  effects,”  thus,  pa6ents  may  suffer  serious  side-­‐effects.    

Megadosing  Beyond  Conven6onal  Medicine:  Orthomolecular  Nutri6on  

•  Orthomolecular  medicine:  the  preven6ve  or  therapeu6c  use  of  high-­‐dose  vitamins  to  treat  a  disease.  –  Linus  Pauling,  1968  

•  Q:  Does  consuming  a  lot  of  Vitamin  C  prevent  cold?  

Drawbacks  of  Megadoses  

1.  Can  act  as  a  drug    2.  Can  create  deficits  of  other  nutrients  by  

interfering  with  absorp6on  of  others    3.  Can  interfere  with  func6ons  of  other  nutrients  

•  In  general,  more  dangerous  to  megadose  with  minerals  than  vitamins  

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Dietary  Supplements:  Natural  Health  Products  

•  Natural  health  products  – Used  in  Herbal  therapy  (phytotherapy)  –  Liqle  scien6fic  evidence  of  efficacy,  safety  

•  All  foods  are  made  up  of  _________  components  – Adver6sements  use  “100%  Natural”    –  The  general  American  consumer  believes  that  natural  foods  are  more  “wholesome,  nutri6ous,  and  healthy.”  

•  Tradi6onal  Herbalists  vs.  Conven6onal  Medicine    

Helpful  Herbs,  Harmful  Herbs  •  NCCAM  and  NIH  mission:  to  inves6gate  using  science  to  make  sure  herbs,  herbal  therapy  and  related  prac6ces  are  safe  and  healthy  

•  Main  idea:  “if  strong  enough  to  help,  strong  enough  to  ____________”  1.  Not  all  herbs  are  good  for  you    2.  Poor  quality    3.  Too  much  herbs  may  cause  nega6ve  effects  4.  Herbs  may  interact  with  doctor  prescribed  

medicines  •  Table  3.5  Herb-­‐Drug  Interac6ons  

Dietary  Supplement  in  the  Marketplace  

•  Manufacturers  have  freedom  of  speech  and  press.    •  Thus,  they  are  allowed  to  to  a  wide  variety  of  claims  for  product  effects  without  having  to  provide  scien6fic  evidence  to  support  those  claims.  

 

FTC  and  Supplement  Adver6sing  

•  FTC  (Federal  Trade  Commission)  is  responsible  for  ensuring  that  adver6sements  and  commercials  are  truthful  and  do  not  mislead.  – Depends  on  and  encourages  self-­‐monitoring  by  the  supplement  industry  

•  FTC’s  “Opera%on  and  Cure  All”  –  online  version  

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FDA  and  Supplement  Regula6on  

•  FDA  has  primary  responsibility  for  regula6ng  labeling  and  content  of  dietary  supplements  under  1994  Dietary  Supplement  Health  and  Educa%on  Act  (DSHEA)  

•  So  how  do  you  know  if  it’s  a  dietary  supplement?  

 

The  FDA  and  Supplement  Regula6on  

•  Dietary  supplements  and  their  ingredients  are  NOT  drugs  and  are  NOT  addi6ves.  – Drugs  require  _____________  tests  for  safety,  effec6veness,  dosing,  etc.,  BEFORE  and  AFTER  marke6ng.  

– Food  addi6ves  also  require  approval  BEFORE  marke6ng  

•  Supplement  approval  by  FDA  is  not  required  – Thus,  FDA  must  prove  it  isn’t  safe  AFTER  it  is  on  the  market…  

Supplement  Labels  •  Mandatory  requirements  

are:  1.  Name  of  Dietary  

Supplement  2.  Amount  of  dietary  

supplement  3.  Nutri6on  Labeling  4.  The  Ingredient  List  5.  Name  and  place  of  

business  of  the  manufacturer,  packer,  or  distributor.  

 

Dietary  Supplements  and  Claims  

1.  Health  claims  (associated  with  disease/health  condi6on)  

 2.  Structure/func6onal  claims  

– Must  have  “disclaimer”  statement  on  label:  “this  statement  has  not  been  evaluated  by  the  FDA.”  

 3.  Nutrient  content  claims  

–  Consistent  with  defini6ons  approved  for  foods  

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Choosing  Dietary  Supplements  

•  Ask  the  following  ques6ons:  –  Is  the  quan6ty  enough  to  have  an  effect?    –  Is  the  product  new  to  you?  

– What  is  its  bioavailability?  •  There  is  liqle  data  on  bioavailability  of  herbal  prepara6ons  and  other  types  of  non-­‐nutrient  supplements.    

Choosing  Dietary  Supplements  

•  Ask  the  following  ques6ons  (cont.):  – Can  it  interact  with  any  prescrip6on  or  other  medica6ons  you  are  taking?  

– Does  the  product  promise  too  much?  

– Who  is  selling  the  product?  • Mul%level  marke%ng:  system  of  selling  in  which  each  salesperson  recruits  assistants  who  then  recruit  others  to  help  them.  The  person  at  each  level  collects  a  commission  on  sales  made  by  later  recruits.  

Choosing  Dietary  Supplement  •  U.S.  Pharmacopea  (USP)  

is  a  verifica6on  mark  that  verifies:  1.  Contains  ingredients  

declared  on  the  label  2.  Contains  the  amount  or  

strength  of  ingredients  declared  on  the  label  

3.  Meets  requirements  for  limits  on  poten6al  contaminants  

4.  Has  been  manufactured  properly  by  complying  with  USP  and  FDA  manufacturing  standards  

Fraudulent  Products  

•  ~_____  of  herbal  supplements  on  the  market  may  be  outright  fraudulent.  

•  Remember,  dietary  supplements,  unlike  foods  and  drugs,  are  not  reviewed/tested  to  be  effec6ve  by  the  FDA.  

 •  Examples  of  poten6al  warning  signs:  

–  Claim  to  be  alterna6ves  to  FDA-­‐approved  drugs  –  Claim  to  be  legal  alterna6ve  to  steroids  – Marketed  primarily  in  a  foreign  language/mass  emails  

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Complementary  and  Alterna6ve  Medicine  (CAM)  

•  Complementary  and  Alterna6ve  Medicine  (CAM):  therapies  and  treatment  outside  the  medical  mainstream.  – Alterna6ve  à  prac6ces  used  in  ___________  of  conven6onal  medicine.  

– Complementary  à  prac6ces  used  in  ___________  to  conven6onal  medicine.  

•  40%  adults  and  12%  children  in  America  use  some  form  of  CAM  therapy.  

CAM  and  Nutri6on  •  Alterna6ve  nutri6on  prac6ces  

include  diets  to  prevent  and  treat  diseases  not  shown  to  be  ___________-­‐related  

•  Usually  alterna6ve  nutri6on  prac6ces  are:  –  Overly  restric6ve  –  Depart  from  established  

guidelines  (My  Plate)  –  Lack  rigorous  scien6fic  evidence  –  Reliance  on  raw  foods,  herbal/

botanical  supplements,  megadoses  of  vitamin/mineral  supplements  

CAM  and  Nutri6on  

•  Nutri6on  in  CAM  1.  Vegetarian  diets  (alterna6ve)  

• When  individual  go  “meatless”  to  treat  a  disease  

2.   Macrobio%cs  diet  (alterna6ve)  •  Emphasizes  fresh  and  unprocessed  food,  low-­‐fat,  whole  grains,  vegetables,  and  less  fluids.    

Food  Restric6on  and  Food  Prescrip6ons  

•  Many  socie6es  use  dietary  changes  to  treat  or  prevent  illness  – The  treatments  are  ________________  à  diets  are  based  on  cultural  factors  than  science.  

•  Fad  diets  most  oven  eventually  fail  because  they  do  not  work.    – The  few  that  prove  effec6ve  and  have  a  scien6fic  basis  become  integrated  into  conven6onal  nutri6on  and  diet  therapy.