biogas:production, conditioning, upgrading,...
TRANSCRIPT
Biogas:Production, Conditioning, Upgrading, Injection
Martin Seifert Swiss Gas and Water Association
Biogas: Many sources – one product !?!
2 Martin Seifert
Content of my Speech
3 Speaker name
Conditioning
Upgrading
Injection
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Biogas-It is a question of Origin and Age
Biogas: The Confusion
Biogas: A methane based energy gas?
Biogas or Biomethane?
Biomethane: Source dependent definition?
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6 Speaker name
The Definitions All but Clear!
Biomethane: Green Natural Gas Substitute
More than one road to Biomethane
Biomethane from anaerobic digestion (1. Generation)
Biomethane from wood gasification (2. Generation)
Biomethane from tailor made algae (3. Generation)
Biomethane from Power to Gas biological conversion (xx.Generation)
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Energy Policy Targets
More and more political quotas for renewable gases in the grid
Overestimation of allocatable educt ressources
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Most recent Literature
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Overview: Biogas Plants and Injection
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Biogas Plants and Injection into the gas Grid in Switzerland
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Biogas Plants and Injection into the gas Grid in the Netherlands
12 Martin Seifert
The Biogas Chain: Anaerobic From Biomass to End user: The big link: The Gas Grid as an Enabler and Carrier
Biomass: Ecological value critical:
- Biomass from energy crops
- Biomass from waste
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Energy crops
Biowaste
Algae
Conditioning
Digestion Processes Wet digestion - up to 15 % dry solid content
Dry digestion -in the range of 25 - 35 % dry solid content
Waste water treatment plants Sewage sludge treatment
- Compost processes -Installations for energy crop digestion
Process temperature conditions: Mesophilic (30 - 35 oC) or thermophilic (50 - 60 oC))
Roppen, Österreich Martinique, Karibik (F) Kyoto, Japan
Rioja, Spanien Lustenau, Österreich
• >30 installations in Europe • >50 installations in the planningphase
Industrial biomass fermentation...
General processes in industrial digestion
Intermediate Storage
Biomass delivery
Magnetic separation
Separation
Digestion Water retrieval Post digestion
Industrial Digestion of Household Wastes and wastes from food industry
Mixing, conveying in the biogas reactor
The plant 10‘000 t/year
Hydaulic drive
Biogas from waste water treatment plants Gasometer Digester
Biogas from waste water plants: >100‘000 Inhabitants Biogasproduction: 1 - 2 Mio. m3 biogas Advantages of water treatment plants:
- Good biogas quality (>60%methane content) - low sulphur content
Cogeneration
Injection
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H2S cleaning
Dryer THT-
Odorisation
Odo
risat
ion
Quality requirements: Distribution: - Methane content: > 96 Vol. % - CO2-content: < 0.5 Vol % - Moisture: prevent condensation - H2S-Content: < 5 mg/Nm3 - Gasodorisation: 15-20 mg THT/Nm3
Bio
met
hane
Quality requirements: Transport Pipeline -Methane content > 60 Vol. % -O2-content: < 5 Vol % - Moisture: prevent condensation - H2S - Content: < 5 mg/Nm3 - Gasodorisation: 15-20 mg THT/Nm3
Bio
gas
(ca.
60%
Met
han,
40%
CO
2)
• Polyglykol Wash • Amine Scrubbing • Water Wash • Pressure Swing Adsorption • Membrane Separation
Des
ulfu
rizat
ion
with
ca
ltaly
tic fi
lter
Dyr
ing
of b
ioga
s
Com
pres
sor
Biogas Conditioning and upgrading
upgrading / CO2 Elimination
Biogas Conditioning
Main purpose: Separation of trace components and drying of the biogas/Pressurizing
- Separation of water/drying
- Desulphurisation/Reduction of total sulphur
- Removal of: Organic Silicon Components
Ammonia
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Biogas Upgrading
Processes and Systems
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Liquefaction: Facilitates transport from Remote biogas plants
Chemical absorption and Membrane upgrading: Good scalability! Easily adapted to different flow rates And compositional changes!
Biogas - Upgrading
Pressure Swing - Molecular sieves on carbon basis as adsorbent for CO2 (8-10 bar) Adsorption of CO2 at 8-10 bar, Desorption at 0.05 bar CH4 > 96 Vol. % Biogas Input 30 - 2000 m3/h Water Scrubbing - Water scrubbing under pressure (6-8 bar), CH4 > 96 Vol. % Biogas input normally > 300 m3/h Amine Scrubbing - pressureless or pressurized scrubbing
Amine-blend as absorbing liquid
Upgrading 99 Vol. % CH4
Biogasinput 30 - 100 m3/h Membrane Separation - Separation by non-porous polymer membranes
CH4 > 96 Vol. %
in pilotphase
Polyglycol Scrubbing - Upgrading by washing process under pressure (6-8 bar)
CH4>96%
Situation Schwitzerland
Upgrading Method Process
• Mainly used for upgrading • Two providers
Not applicable in Switzerland
7 plants in operation
Method in test phase Also small scale 2 Installations in operation
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Upgrading Technologies: The look‘s
Amine scrubbing
Washing tower
Heat managment Cooling
Washing tower
Glycole scrubbing
Pressure swing adsorption
Membrane separation
Biogas-Upgrading Technologies
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PSA Chemical Scrubbing
Water Scrubbing
Glycol Scrubbing
Membrane Separation
Other Methods
Upgrading Technologies in Europe
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Main Drivers: Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Austria
The characteristic Look of Scrubbing Upgrading of Biogas
Washing columns
Expansion columns
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Typical Layout of a Containerized Upgrading System (Scrubber –System)
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Odorization
Biogas/Biomethane Analyzer
Heating Pressurized Air
Electricity Supply
Scrubbing Columns Ex-Zone Environment
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Amine Scrubbing Membrane Technology
Gas Separation Chemical physical
Energy requirements [kWh/Nm3 Biogas]
Electr.: 0.1 – 0.3 Heat: 0.6 – 0.7
Electr.: 0.22-0.3 (p-dep.)
Methane grade 99% 97%
Methane Slip <0.1 % <0.5%
Capacity range 60 – 110 % 60 – 110 %
Comparison of Chemical and Membrane Upgrading
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Membranes: Hollow Fiber Technology
Membrane Separation Process with Hollow Fibres
Streams and definitions
Separation properties
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Selectivity: Typically: ca. 50 (CO2/CH4)
Pressure range: 10 – 20 barg Off Gas: < 1vol% CH4 Product Gas: >97 Vol% CH4
Applications for Membrane Upgrading
Biogasplant with membrane upgrading and commercial CO2-production
31 Speaker name Source: pentair/haffmanns
CO2-Value Chain: - Power to Gas - CO2 for Greenhouses
Liquefaction of Biomethane
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Gas Conditioning Upgrading Scheme
Off-Gas Aftertreament
Regenerative thermal oxidation: RTO
- Water scrubbing, PSA
Catalytic Oxidation: CO
- PSA, Membrane
Flameless Oxidation: FO
- PSA, Membrane
Co-firing in IC-engines/Microturbines: CF
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Off-Gas Aftertreatment Afterburner for off gases of the
Upgrading process
FLOX-burner cofired with natural gas
Off-Gas
Natural gas
Exhaust gas of the FLOX burner to The heat exchanger
Energy demand for Upgrading
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Eelectricity Deman [kWh/m3 BG]
Heat Demand [kWh/m3 BG]
Operation Pressure [bar]
Methane Slip [Vol%]
Off-Gas Treatment
Pressure Swing Adsorption
0.15 – 0.35 1 – 10 1.5 -8 Yes
Water Scrubbing
0.2 – 0.3 4 – 10 0.5 - 3 Yes
Physical Absorption (Glycole wash)
0.2 – 0.3 0.1 – 0.15 4 - 8 1.5 - 3 Yes
Chemical Absorption (Amine scrubbing)
0.1 - 0.2 0.4 – 0.8 Atmosph. – 8 0.1 No
Membrane Separation
0.18 – 0.35 7 – 20 1 - 10 Y/N
Upgrading Costs per m3 Biomethane
Cost in relation to upgrading capacity
The upgrading costs are almost constant at capacities >500 Nm3
The conditioning and compression process adds significantly to the overall costs of biomethane injection
The required biomethane quality measurment equipment adds significantly to the biomethane costs
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Upgrading costs versus Capacity
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Euro
Ct/
Nm
3 Bi
omet
hane
Conditioned Biogas Feed In [Nm3/h]
In cost terms: all technologies very near to each other
Membrane
Biogas Quality Control/Metering
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Process controle -Biogasanalyzer NDIR-analyzers for CO2, CH4 el. chem. sensors H2S, 02 Metering Gas meters/p,T compensation Unconditional injection (exchange gas)) CH4-content > 96 Vol/o No other measurements necessary Conditional injection (add on gas) -Conversion CH4-content to calorific value -Calorimetric measurement of injected gas
Process controle -Biogasanalyzer NDIR-analyzers for CO2, CH4 el. Chem. sensors H2S, 02 Abrechnung (PTB-A 7.64) -Gas meters/p,T compensation - Gaschromatography - Calorimeter with authority approval
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On line: CH4-, CO2-, NDIR/ O2-Sensor
Datalogger
Odorisation Concentration Monitoring
Periodic: H2S-Sensor
Biogas injection: Quality control, Monitoring
Efficiency/Methane losses on upgrading
Target Values
- Maximum methane loss on cleaning/upgrading : 0.5 Vol/o
- Maximum energy input in cleaning/upgrading: 0.5 kWh/Nm3 biogas input
In Germany Grid acces ordinance #41: Till 2010: Acceptable methane losses 1% From 2010: Acceptable methane losses 0.5 % New EEG (renew.electr.act (from 1.1.2009): Acceptable methane losses 0.5% Clean air act (TA-Luft): Acceptable methane losses 0.01 - 0.2 % (according to plant size)
Methane loss assessment by balancing mass flow
Formation of balance zones Metering of all gas flows including internal recycling
Biogas Upgrading
Biogas Cleaning
Drying Desulfurization Filtering
Compensated metering
Raw biogas
Excess gas Exhaust gas
Biogas-What needs to be eliminated
Application H2S CO2 H2O silica-organic Halides NH3
compouns
Heating ≤ 500 ppm No No No No No
Cooking ≤ 100 ppm No No No No No
Combustion
engines ≤ 500 ppm No No Yes Yes No
condensation
Fuel Yes Recomm.. Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fuel-Cells HT BZ HT BZ
Natural Gas Yes Yes Yes possibly Yes Ye
grid
Regelwerk
Concentration limits for trace components of upgraded biogas including SNG
The new Swiss Biogas Injection Directive Includes biogases from themal gasification processes
European Standard for Biomethane Fuel Quality
CEN PC 408: Development of the necessary standard For Biomethane fuel quality under the EC Mandate E 475
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Main Discussion Items Biomethane Standardization
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Wood Gasification-Biomethane
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Lignocellulosic Biomass The Potential 2020 in EU 27
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The Wood Hemisphere
Process view of Wood Biomethane
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Methanization of wood gas (SNG) and Upgrading energy products: Biomethane > 96% CH4, power/heat
Gasification Repotec
Fluegases
Product- gas
H2, CO, CH4
Cogen 1
Exhaust
Heat Production Facility
Electric grid
Cogen 2
Cogen 3
Stea
m
Methani- zation
CH4 CO2
SNG Cleaning
Gas grid
SNG
CH4 H2, KW, CO2,…
Gasification Process
Product gas Flue gases
Air Vapour
Coke
Wood chips
Gasification Combustion
Wood gas reactor: Fluidized bed gasification FICFB (Fast internally circulating fluidized bed)
Heat Wood drying
Wood Gasification Definition of Scale
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Biggest Potential
Wood Gasification Selection of Technologies
51 Speaker name Anticipated Range of Applications
Power to Gas Biomethane
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Power to Gas Biomethane
General overview of process streams
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CH4
Biological Catalysis: Basic Processes
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4H2O 4H2 + 2O2 + Heat
CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O + Wärme
Biomethane from CO2 and Hydrogen
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Power to Gas Biomethane
Two System Designs
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Efficiencies: 58 % (no heat recovery) Efficiencies: 67 % (no heat recovery)
System Design 1.0
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The Future
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Raw Biogas Sewage Plant Biogas
CO2 form Biogas Digester
Methanization Electrolysis
Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV‘s) AUDI TCNG-Version
Biomethane – The ultimate Fuel Commodity
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Chinese Proverb
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Some are building walls.....
We are building wind mills!
If the wind of change blows.......