better farming series

biogas

what it is how it is made how to use it

31

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1 11. 12. 1 14. 15. 16. 1 . 18. 19. 20. 21.

31.

pn

it

1111

I

i

FOOD

1

P-69

ISB 92-5-101290-3

© FAQ 1984

unit

• a un

unit

ur b unit

•

• un

•

1

3

6 9

1 1

1 1 12 15

26 27 29

41

45

48

51

I

1. ilies k

r lives better.

----------- -·----#k-:-:-:-------------------- ·-----Ji;... ___ _____

2. One way farm families can make their lives better is to make their own fuel gas which they can use cooking.

3. Today many farmers are making fuel gas at home. They make it from animal manure or from plant materials or from a mixture of both.

4. Fuel gas made in this way has a lot of methane in it Methane burns very well.

3

C>i::_

5.

6.

wood

charcoal"

7. Using u

4

a ng ho e c

9.

5

10.

n ur fields.

11. This booklet was written to help you to learn some of the things that you need to kn before you begin to make biogas. You will also learn how to make your own biogas.

12. When animal manure or plant materials rot they give off gas. You collect this gas as it is made when you make biogas.

gas is given off when waste materials rot

• • * ••• . . .. · ...... ,/'

.. . . . .

6

13. In

14. It is not easy to build a biogas unit When you begin you will have to spend a lot of time and rk very hard. It may also cost you money.

15. You must be sure that bui ing a biog unit will be a good way to use your time· and money.

16. You will need a good place to put your biogas unit Items 26 to 30 will tell you where to put it

17. If you live where it is too hot or too cold, your may find it hard to keep a biogas unit working.

18. Biogas is at a temperature

and 37°C. When the temperature is below 15°C almost no gas is made. Items 31 to 34 will tell you some ways which will help you to keep your biogas unit at the right temperature.

7

ner

ht.

19. line

20. If unit live, visit it.

~-····· ~·

Talk to those o have ilt it nning it it works.

8

21. you are thinking about i ing a biogas unit,

u may be able get advice from ur extension officer.

22. Begin by building a small unit Items 35 to 57 will tell you how. With a small biogas unit, you will need less animal manure and plant materials.

small unit will cost less to build and it will be easier to run.

9

n ur biogas unit d have made and used ur gas,

you may decide that you need mo gas.

24. You can get more gas by building one or more biogas units just like your first one. Items 126 to 130 will tell you how to run several biogas units together.

10

25. You can build a small biogas unit from oil drums.

an oil drum of about 200 litres, to hold the waste

an oil drum of about 120 litres, to collect the gas

200-litre drum

120-litre drum

a piece of pipe about 10 centimetres long and about 2 centimetres in diameter, for the gas outlet

a valve to fit the gas outlet

gas outlet

I~ 10cm valve

11

at least 1 0 metres rubber or plastic tube

about 2 centimetres in diameter, for the gas line

26. Be careful not to put your biogas unit too close to your home or your cooking area or your water supply.

A biogas unit should be at least 1 metres from your home so that when you put waste into your unit it will not be too close to where you and your family live and cook your meals.

12

28. Do not put your biogas unit too far from ere you cook or you will need a long gas line. Gas lines are hard to find and may cost a lot of money.

29. If your gas line is moved or damaged, it may leak when gas is mad If your gas line crosses a path, bury it a little underground to protect it ·from being moved or damaged.

30. A biogas unit should be at least 15 111'11'11£111,rlll'lll:ll!l<l!i::!

from your water supply, so that the waste in your unit wm not make your water dirty and unhealthy to drink or use.

13

31. u have al been told that you will get most gas if the temperatu ur unit is between 32 and 37°C.

32. If you live in a very hot place, put your unit out of the sun, in the shade or under trees to keep it from getting too hot.

.~·

33. If you live in a place that is not very warm, put your unit in the sun to it warm.

14

If p unit un or cover it to keep it warm.

• • • • • # ..

35. The bottom part of the unit, which holds the ixtu is made from the bigger drum. The top part of the unit, which holds the gas, is made from the smaller drum

. ......... -.·,,. :~: : .. : . . ·, ..

which you put inside the bigger drum.

36. Most drums have a hole in the top. You will not need a hole in the top of the bigger drum but you will need a hole in the top of the smaller drum for the gas outlet.

15

37. C out one end m each drum. u can do is

using a hammer and metal chisel. Cut the end of the bigger d m that has a hole in it. Cut the end of the smaller drum that does not have a hole in it.

hammer and metal chisel

large drum

small drum

hole

38. If the small drum does not have a hole in the top, you will have to cut one (see Item 45).

16

no hole

clean inside

40. If either drum has a hole in the side, close it tightly. This can be done with a m I ug or by lding a piece of metal in the h as shown in the drawings.

close hole

17

41.

Id

in outlet

the le in the to of small drum is not threaded, use gas outlet which is threaded on one e and it into the hole with the threaded end up.

18

in d

cut hole

utlet.

ed

47. The u airtig so that it II not and you must

it tig

19

using r di the gas To close the gas line,

can it once clam it shut

you can fold it twice an tie it tightly with co as shown in the drawings.

clamp

you ready to test the small drum for leaks.

hold it must be airtight.

leaks, close the valve or if you have no valve clamp or tie gas line tightly as you were told in item

51. Turn the small drum and place it above the ground on stones or pieces of wood, but be careful not to damage the gas outlet or the valve or to loosen the clamp or the cord on the gas line. Now fill the small drum with water.

20

u see m ed

e valve ·the

Then em o the water, being careful not damage gas and let e drum d

tum the small drum over and fill it with water

be careful not do damage the gas outlet

empty out water

check for leaks

21

tar or paint

tar or paint 4

22

23

58. imal manure from pigs and chickens, and crop and plant wastes are good materials making

. . . . . . . .

. :'. ,,,,.-.,- 0 ;,-_, ••• ••

. . . . . . . . - -. -· - . ~

59. You can use animal manure alone or plant materials alone or you can use both mixed together.

24

61. When you first begin, it is best to use only animal manure or a mixture of animal manure and little plant material. Later when you have learned more about how your as unit works, you can use more plant materials.

62. When you do begin to use plant materials, remember that dry plant materials must be chopped or shredded very fine and fresh plant materials must be left outside to rot for 10 days or more before you put them into a biogas unit.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

25

. ~\.

animal manure plant material

m ich not m II may not make gas later.

u mix plant materials

65. you are using plant materials, break them apart and stir them well so that they will be well mixed.

66. Mix the animal manure or the plant material with water until the waste mixture is easy to pour. The waste mixture will work best if it is like a thin paste.

26

nu

1n a u can also

some fi chopped pla al such as grass.

plant material

2 litres of manure

~ .. ~ ' . . . .. " .

68. We call this mixture a A starter helps the biogas unit to make gas sooner.

27

a close it,

it open.

pour starter into a container

••. ~ ~· -: . ·:·, .-... ·.: _II;[~; . .- ' ~ . ..,.,~-~~?).f;-~~:,·( .. · .

r, • • ~'

70. Keep the starter warm and shake the container three or four times each week to mix the contents. In about two months it will be ready to use.

28

71.

waste material in large drum should be level with the top

of the small drum

large drum small drum

Now put the waste and water you are going to use into the large drum. Put 3 buckets of waste and 3 buckets of water into the large drum and stir it well.

29

3 buckets

73.

e rawi

and 3 at a time

3 buckets uckets of

m

75. Stir starter you have made, ( see Items 67 to 70) into the waste ixture in the large d m. The starter

ich has already ·unto work

will help you to make gas sooner.

30

r

ain.

dru ,

uh

stir starter into waste mixture

open

push small drum

31

small drum must be full of waste mixture

79. If it does not rise above the top edge of the small drum, take the small drum ut and put a little more waste and water into the large drum. Then put the small drum back and push it down into the waste again.

32

en u are su that the small d m is full of waste ixture to the top, close the valve or clamp or tie the gas line so that you II keep out air and begin to collect gas.

81. You can tell that the waste mixture in your simple biogas unit has begun to rot and make gas when the small drum begins to rise. This means that gas is being collected.

when the sr:nall drum begins to rise,

gas is being collected

'}~ f ~-~~\_ .. :_;:-:--_>;; . . .. ~ ..

,• ......

82. If you find that gas is leaking from the small drum after the biogas unit has begun to work, seal the leaks with tar, mastic or paint If the gas is leaking around the gas outlet or valve, tighten the outlet or valve again and coat the joints with tar, mastic or paint.

33

good k the biogas unit un

is on the small d and on the joints of all the parts and lines. If u see bubbles anywhere, you II that th is a leak. Seal the leaks as u were told in items 53 and

bubbles

0

34

84. It may take up to or even a month for the waste in your biogas unit to start making gas. After that, gas will be made for about eight weeks.

85. During these eight weeks, half of the gas will be made in the first two or three weeks and the rest in the last five or six weeks.

86. If you find that not much gas is being made in the last weeks, empty the unit and start again.

35

87. the temperature where u are often falls below 15°C, you will have to keep the waste mixture in your biogas unit warm.

88. If you put your biogas unit under the ground or partly under the ground, this will help to keep the waste warm.

I •; .,

¥'',. put the large drum partly under the ground

89. You can keep the waste mixture in your biogas unit warm by putting leaves, grass, straw or maize stalks around the large drum.

36

90. You can also keep it warm by adding a bucket or two of poultry droppings mixed with other waste to the waste already in the large drum. Use on part of poultry droppings to three parts other waste.

poultry droppings

~.~ .. ~ ...•

\ '

other waste

37

91. Sometim a layer scu may form on top of the waste mixture in your biogas unit If this happens, less gas will made and the small drum may not rise.

layer of scum

92. If the waste is well mixed before it is put into the unit, there will be less chance for scum to form and your biogas unit wm make gas well.

93. If you use plant materials, scum is more likely to form than if you use only animal manure. You will need to stir the waste mixture in your biogas unit from time to time.

38

u up a scu stirri r shaking e

it is in e unit u must do this

without opening the small dru and letting out the gas or letting in the air.

shaking

\}

95. During warm weather,

stirring

the waste mixture in your biogas unit may become too thick and little gas will be made.

39

96. this happens, add a bucket water e unit and stir the waste to in it. If after a few days no gas is being made and the waste is still too thick, add another half-bucket of water and try again.

add a bucket of water and stir or shake

97. If a lot of very hard scum forms on top of the waste mixture and no gas is being made, take out all the waste mixture, clean the unit and start again. Do not throw the waste mixture away, use it for fertiHzer.

40

1 u are letting careful

e ogas unit.

41

II

open the au

101.

m. all gas d air

o r as unit Then, close the valve or clam or tie the gas line and your biogas unit will begin to collect gas again.

push the small drum down

102. If you have done this carefully, the next gas that is made will have no air in it and it will be safe to burn. You can burn all the biogas that is made after this. Do not open the unit again until all the gas has been made.

close the valve

1

I Keep about 4 litres the to be used as a starter

take the unit apart

104. Clean the unit and check for leaks.

clean and check for leaks

. .. . ~

43

time.

keep 4 litres of fertilizer

to be used as a starter

1

in.

new material

and close the u ·t

push rn small

1

1 b

unit

ng II i d

ur

1 bu

r

1

111. Sometimes the flame begin turn yellow

r it has been burning well. This may mean that the rner has become full of a black material called soot.

112. If this happens, clean the bu carefully and clean all the holes in the burner with soap and water.

ry the burner well. This may help your biogas to burn well again.

46

clean burner

.. • ..

113. If

,n

114. Sh e gas at e small drum and take the rn

pty out any water that is in the gas line or in the burner. Then put the burner back, turn on the gas and light the burner again.

empty out water

47

r

shut off gas

115.

116.

117.

118.

g

ere

n

Ii r

IL

119.

1

121.

122. Check your biogas unit and gas lines often to be sure that there are no leaks. Items 49 to 57 and items 82 and 83 have told you how to find and stop leaks.

123. After some time, rust will start to appear on the inside of your unit.

49

1

1

clean and · paint

___r ~

u can ich is

or the protect

etal parts

50

1 a ti

u m gas if

1 The easiest r you to make more biog

is to bui one or more biogas units just like ur first one.

128. If you can get mo oil dru s, pipe, valves and gas lines, and if u have e ugh

u can build and run several small bi as units and get gas from all

129. When you have several as units, u can connect them to your gas line

by using pieces. The drawings sh a h to connect to the same gas line.

T-piece

51

T-piece

1

unit

131. In this booklet you have learned how to build a small biogas unit and how to make your own biogas .. You have also learned that you can make more biogas by building several small biogas units.

132. ut there are still other ways to make more biogas. You can build an improved small unit or you can build a different kind of unit which is bigger and better and will give more biogas.

133. You will learn about these ways in a later booklet.

52

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e,azll

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HMll!!lili)I

lc®lmmd

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l!aly

J11p1m

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P-69 Sagraf - Napoli ISBN 92-5-101290-3