biogas 101 ciapr rev 1.1

8/3/2019 Biogas 101 CIAPR Rev 1.1

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University of Puerto Rico

Arecibo

Production of Biofuels

Biogas Generation from Manure

y

Hirohito Torres Díaz, PhD,PE

UPR-ARECIBO

Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrimensores de PR

Salvador Caro

31 de mayo de 2011Pro

f. Hiro

hito T

orres, P

hD, P

E



Pro

f. Hiro

hito T

orres, P

hD, P

E



Prof. Hiro

hito T

orres, P

hD, P

E



BIOMASS BIOFUELS

SOLAR ENERGY (SOLAR CELLS)

EOLIC (WIND TURBINE) GEOTHERMAL

THERMAL GRADIENT

HYDRO PLANTS TIDE ENERGY

WAVE ENERGYPr

of. Hiro

hito T

orres, P

hD, P

E



principalmente de:

4 - .

Dióxido de carbono (CO2): 30-60 vol.%ros gases: - vo . hidrógeno (H2): 0-1 vol.%

2 Contenido Energético del Biogás ~ 550 BTU/CUFT

Prof. Hiro

hito T

orres, P

hD, P

E



HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF

Fuel BTU/LB BTU/CUFT

Diesel (LIQUID) 19,300 ~972,000

Gasoline (LIQUID) 20,400 ~936,000

~, ,

Ethanol (LIQUID) 12,800 ~570,000

Coal (SOLID) ~10,000 ~750,000Woo (SOLID) ~6,500 ~233,000

Natural Gas ( 90 %methane) (GAS)

~23,000 ~1,030

Biogas (Methane + CarbonDioxide) (GAS) N/A ~550

H dro en (GAS) 61,000 ~223

Prof. Hiro

hito T

orres, P

hD, P

E



Fuel Equivalence(1 Gal)

Diesel (LIQUID) 0.96Propane (LPG) 1.4

Ethanol (LIQUID) 1.6

1 gal of

Wood (SOLID) 4Natural Gas ( 90 % methane)GAS at STP

=

aso ne

Biogas (Methane + CarbonDioxide) (GAS at STP) 1702Hydrogen (GAS at STP) ~4197

Prof. Hiro

hito T

orres, P

hD, PE



ANAEROBIC METABOLIC PROCESSe . p: www.age.psu.e u ex ens on ac s ee s g .p

Prof. Hiro

hito T

orres, P

hD, PE



Schematic showing the components and products of

a ogas recovery system.

Source: EPA-AGSTAR

Prof. Hiro

hito T

orres, P

hD, PE



Appropriate manure characteristics and handling systems for

.

Source: EPA-AGSTARrof. Hiro

hito Tor

res, P

hD, PE



Manure Digester TypeSource: EPA-AGSTAR

A lu flow di ester is a lon relativel

narrow, heated tank, often built below ground level, with a gastightcover. This type of digester requires thick manure ranging between 11 and 13percent total solids. Plug flow digesters can tolerate some bedding,

A com lete mix di ester is a heated

,avoided.

tank, constructed of either reinforced concrete or steel, with a gas-tight cover. The digester contents are mixed periodically, either by amotor-driven impeller or a pump. This digester type works best with

s urry manure an w a o a so s con en o o percen .

A covered lagoon digester is an earthen

the manure. These digesters are best suited for flush or pit recharge

manure collection systems with a total solids content of 0.5 to3 percent.rof. Hiro

hito Tor

res, P

hD, PE



CONVERSION OF MANURE TO ENERGY

-

MANURESCRAPPER POWERGRID

SWITCHGEAR

INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE/GENERATOR METER

MANURE PITCOLLECTOR

SOLID-LIQUIDSEPARATOR

OXIDATION POND

PLUG-FLOW BIOREACTOR WITH FOR

FED AT 8 TO12 % TOTALSOLID

COLLECTION

COMPOSTING.SOLID SOLD AS

FERTILIZER CROPSPRAYING

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres, P

hD, PE



NET METERING STATUS IN PRLAWS OF PUERTO RICO

; ; ; . .1212

Section 1.- Mandate.-The Electric Power Authority is hereby directed and authorized to establish a net

metering program allowing the interconnection to its electric transmission and distributionSection 2.- Eligibility.- Have a eneratin ca acit of not more than twent -five kilowatts 25 kW for

residential customers and one megawatt (1 MW) for commercial …

be installed on the customer's premises;

The installation of the net meter shall be at the customer's expense and must be.

The Electric Power Authority will charge a minimum monthly service for the gridconnection

Daily maximum of three hundred kilowatt-hours (300 kWh) for residential customers

and ten megawatt-hours (10 MWh) for commercial customers. Any excess kilowatt-hour credit accumulated shall be compensated as follows:

Seventy-five percent (75%) of the excess shall be purchased by the Electric Power Authorit at the rate of ten 10 cents er kilowatt-hour and the remainin twent -fivepercent (25%) shall be granted to the Electric Power Authority to distribute as a creditor reduction in the electricity bills of public schools.

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres, P

hD, PE



HOMEBUILT ENGINE/GENERATOR

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres, P

hD, PE



Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres, P

hD, PE



Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



30-L BIOREACTOR DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



-

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



eac or e erm na o

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



CONSTRUCCIÓN Y ENSAMBLAJE DE LOSREACTORES DE 55 GALONES

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



15 L Bioreactor(PLC Controlled)

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Biogas Burning

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Bio as Burnin

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Corrida Típica en el

Cromatógrafo de Gases

200 Cat #: N931 6360Phase: Elite-Plot QDimensions: L 30m ID Air RT= 3.1 min

100

150 0.53Serial #: 893873Temp. Range: 40 to 250⁰ Carrier Gas: 4.9 si

CO2RT=4.1 min

50

Flujo: 6.5 ml/minVelocidad: 46.4 cm/secTemperatura del Inyector:

0

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5

Inyección: 5µL

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Experimental Setup for Biogas Generation

and Flow Measurement

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Reed Swich Flapper off

Magnet

Bubble

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Fla er Buo anc Action

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E

Accumulated Biogas Produced per day as a Function



Accumulated Biogas Produced per day as a Functionof Manure T.S. Concentration

180000 Control 3 % T.S.

140000

d u c e d

100000

i o

g a s p r o 5 % T.S.

60000 m L o f

3 % T.S.

10 % T.S.

20000

1 % T.S.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Days

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



250000

t i o n

Gompertz Mathematical Model

Control

150000

200000

o f b i o g a s

P r o d u

5 %

50000

100000

A c u

m u l a t e d m L

3 %

1 %

0

0.000 20.000 40.000 60.000 80.000 100.000 120.000 140.000 160.000 180.000

Days

Lbs. V.S. mL

of

max

biogas

(A)Production

Rate

(U) Average

Specific

Production

Rate (U/A)Lamda

(λ

)

5 % 0.6987 140000 6000 0.043 3

3 % 0.3783 60000 3200 0.053 4

. . .

3 % control 0.5406 192000 15500 0.081 1

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E

Biogas Production Rate as a Function of Manure T S



Biogas Production Rate as a Function of Manure T.S.Concentration and Bioreactor Setup

0.7

0.8

t o r - d a y )

0.6

u f t b i o

r e a

0.4

.

t e

( c u f t / c

Control 3 % T.S.

0.2

0.3

d u c t i o n R

5 % T.S.

0.1 i o g a s P r o

3 % T.S.10 % T.S.1 % T.S.

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Days

rof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Total Bio as Production

BIOGAS RATE =

For a Dairy Cow Farm

BARN = 334

DAIRY COW

19,492

CUFT/DAY

20 TO 30 GALLONS OF

RECYCLED WATER

/COW

FOR

SAND REMOVAL/CLEANING

MAXIMUM EXPECTED DILUTED

MANURE FLOW RATE = 20,960

GAL/DAY @ 3 % T.S.

SAND/MANURE

SEPARATION

DIGESTER VOLUME FOR

60 DAYS R.T. = 1.2

MILLIONS GALLONS

OXIDATION

SAND TO BE

REUSED

POND

LAND IRRIGATION

rof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Electricity Generation Using an Internal

AIR

om ust on ng ne enerator

BIOGAS INTAKE

EXHAUST

38 KW 24 HRS

CHAMBER

≈ 70,000/YEAR @ 21CENTS/KWH

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



(From EUCI Conference)

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Bioreactor Tubular

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



-

Prof. Hir

ohito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



-

Pro

f. Hiroh

ito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Pro

f. Hiroh

ito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Pro

f. Hiroh

ito T

orres,

PhD, P

E

Brinson Farm Digester For Broiler Chicken



Brinson Farm Digester For Broiler Chicken

Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi

Pro

f. Hiroh

ito T

orres,

PhD, P

E



Pro

f. Hiroh

ito T

orres, PhD, P

E



Solar Hot Water System(Capacity: 2,500

gallons per day;Target temperature: 140 F)

Pro

f. Hiroh

ito T

orres, PhD, P

E



(Brinson Farm Digester)

,Board (LWTRB) is approved (project endorsed by MississippiDepartment of Agriculture and Mississippi Development

~ ,

USDOE Grant through State Energy Office and MTA to conducteducation and outreach ~ $65,000 (2004)

-Grant ~ $49,500 (the only Large solar thermal system grant in the US that year) (2004)

’-

$47,000 (business planning purposes) (2004) USDA –NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant ~ $75,000 (for

system) (2005)

Brinson Farm contribution ~ $350,000 ( 2006)

Pro

f. Hiroh

ito T

orres, PhD, P

E

Primary Project Benefits



Primary Project Benefits

Current Energy Cost ~ $75,000 per year

Heating: $40,000

Electricity: $58,000 @ 7.5¢/KwH Total: $98,000 per year

Project Total Cost ~ $ 700,000

Demonstration Payback ~ 7 yearsExpected Commercial Payback ~ 5 years

Pro

f. Hiroh

ito T

orres, PhD, P

E

Secondary Project Benefits



Secondary Project Benefits

ar e a e qu er zer w , ,

Marketable organic solids: compost, peatmoss

Environmentally friendly materials disposal

m nate acter a pat ogens

Odor reduction

Eliminate methane emissions to atmosphere(Greenhouse gas 21X more potent than CO2)

Pro

f. Hiroh

ito T

orres, PhD, P

E



(From EUCI Conference)

Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

E



Manure quantity

Manure volume

% of water

Total solidsVolatile solids

, ,

Waste handling practices

Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

E

MANURE COLLECTION



MANURE COLLECTION

Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

E

ANIMAL MANURE WASTE COMPARISON



ANIMAL MANURE WASTE COMPARISON

(Source: NRCS- AWM)

Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

E



Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

E



TOTAL SOLID

VOLATILE SOLID

pH

REACTOR PRESSURE REACTOR TEMPERATURE ( 32 – 36 ° C)

METHANE CONCENTRATION

Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

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Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

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Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

E

Biogas production cuft per day



g p p y(Source :NRCS-AWM)

Beef ................... 5 x daily VS input (lbs/day)

Swine................. 7.2 x daily VS input (lbs/day)

.............. .

Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

E

E



Una granja tiene 270,000 pollos parrilleros con un peso promedio de 2 lbs,.

1. Calcule las libras de material orgánico volátil de excremento al día

2. Calcule el potencial de formación de biogas

. a cu e e ama o e genera or e c r co

4. Calcule el ahorro de energía en $/AÑO

.(FACTOR DE VS POR UNIDAD )

= 270,000 X 2 X ( 17/1000) = 9,180 lbs/día

2. BIOGAS (PIES CÚBICOS/DÍA) = (MATERIAL VOLÁTIL) X (FACTOR DEFORMACIÓN DE BIOGAS)

= 9,180 X 7.8 = 71,604 PIES CÚBICOS/DÍA3. POTENCIAL DE POTENCIA (KW) = BIOGAS X 6.72 /1000 X (EFICIENCIA)

, . .

4. AHORRO = POTENCIA X HORAS TRABAJADAS X (COSTO ELECTRICIDAD)

= 120 X 24 X 365 X (0.23 $/KWH) = $ 242,174

Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

E



STUDENTS ON THE PROJECT

Nicole Vega Amarilis DecletCarlos Zayas Zairín Torres

William Pagán Edmarie Roble

Aracelis Soto Moisés Montalvo

Yashira Cabrera Xavier Torres

Alejandro Medina Madeline Ruiz

Maralís Butler Alberto L. Pérez

Rafael A. Díaz Jonathan Reyes

Centro de Investigación y Creación (CIC),UPR Arecibo for providing the seed

funds for this project.

rof. Hi

rohito T

orres, PhD, P

FOOD FOR THOUGHT … E



Ref. Thomas Menke, Menke Consulting Inc.

Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

E



Pro

f. Hirohito T

orres, PhD, P

biogas 101 ciapr rev 1.1

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