NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Biofuels & Infrastructure

National Tank Conference 2015

Kristi Moriarty

September 16, 2015

2

Biofuels

• Definitions o Compatible with existing infrastructure:

–E10: 10% ethanol; 90% gasoline blendstock

–B5: 5% biodiesel; 95% petroleum diesel

o Usually requires upgrades at existing stations: –E15: 10.5%-15% ethanol; remainder gasoline

blendstock

–E85 or Flex-Fuel: a blend of 51%-83% (depending on geography or season) ethanol blended with gasoline blendstock for use in flexible fuel vehicles

–B20: a blend of 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel

3

B20 and E85 Stations

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000U.S. B20 and E85 Station Count

Biodiesel**

E85

**years 2005-2007 includes blends below B20 www.afdc.energy.gov/data/

4

Diesel Vehicle and B20 Station Locations

34% of B20 stations are public

5

FFV and E85 Station Locations

89% of E85 stations are public

6

Opportunity to Increase E10+/B20 Dispensers

• For security, magnetic strips on credit cards are being replaced with chips

• Target-October 2017 for dispensers to accept chip cards

• Liability shifts from credit card companies to station owners who do not upgrade

• Existing dispensers will require either an upgrade or a replacement

• Presents an opportunity for more E10+ and B20 dispensers

7

USDA Biofuels Infrastructure Partnership (BIP)

• USDA Farm Service Agency’s Commodity Credit Corporation will award $100 million in ethanol infrastructure grants which will be matched by state and private partners

• Goal is to double the number of dispensers selling blends above E10

• Funds may be used for up to 75% cost of dispenser/hanging hardware and 25% cost for a new tank and associated equipment

• 20 states applied

• Awards expected in September

8

Gas Stations Incidents

http://mentalfloss.com/article/30471/what-happens-if-you-drive-gas-pump-nozzle-still-car http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Police-chase-ends-in-gas-station-crash-346218.php

http://aireform.com/faa-history-records/reference-materials/news-archive/news-clips-folder/newsclip-2000-mar-5-southwest-1455-accident-at-burbank/

http://www.wkow.com/story/23165091/2013/08/18/fire-crews-put-out-car-fire-in-eau-claire

9

Ethanol Compatibility

• E15-May 2015 Report

oA literature review looking for any failures of equipment caused by E10

oA diagram and chart of all fuel & vapor equipment

oStatements of compatibility from manufacturers with E15 and other ethanol blends

10

Literature Review

• Seeking information/data on leaks caused by E10

• Literature review:

o LUSTLine (2000-present); PEI Journal (2009-present); Tulsa letters (2000-present)

o Interviews with industry group experts and oil industry infrastructure experts

• Findings

o None of the reviewed literature listed any association between E10 and any specific UST release

o Anecdotal reports solicited from people working in the UST field either said that they knew of no releases caused by E10

11

EPA UST Release Data Review

• Reviewed EPA data on UST releases both national and state

• Findings o # of reported UST has been steadily declining

since 2000 from about 2% of all USTs in the US to 1.3% in 2014

o No evidence of increased UST leaks among states that slowly or quickly reached E10 saturation – it is not unusual to find leaks years after they

occurred during upgrading or removal of UST equipment

12

Tanks-Overall Decline in Leaks

Source: http://www.epa.gov/oust/cat/camarchv.htm

13

Tanks-Overall Decline in Leaks

Source: Energy Information Agency U.S. Product Supplied of Finished Motor Gasoline: http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=23&t=10 and Monthly Energy Review Table 10.3 Fuel Ethanol Overview: http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/

14

UST-Cause of Leaks

• A 2011 LUSTLine report summarized federal UST leak data for 2009 (5,168 leaks reported)

Source: Eighmey, C., March 2011, LustLine Bulletin #67

UST Releases

2009 Data (5,168 releases)

Source # %

Tank 1,616 31.3%

Piping 720 13.9%

Dispenser 655 12.7%

STP 76 1.5%

Delivery Problem 342 6.6%

Other 564 10.9%

Unknown 1,195 23.1%

Cause # %

Spill or Overfill 441 8.5%

Corrosion 385 7.4%

Installation 54 1.0%

Other 466 9.0%

Unknown 3,051 59.0%

15

Fuels and Infrastructure

• Who regulates refueling infrastructure?

• What about tanks? • Is existing equipment

compatible? • What do stations need to

consider when selling biofuels?

• E10 and B5 are approved for use in existing infrastructure

16

Who Regulates Stations?

• Patchwork of regulators-no one entity covers all equipment at a station

• EPA Office of Underground Storage Tanks o States administer federal code for tanks, pipes, and

associated equipment

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration o Requires third-party listing for some equipment

• Authorities Having Jurisdiction

• Fire Code-typically NFPA 30A

17

Underwriters Laboratory (UL)

UL 58 Underground steel tanks UL 79APower-operated pumps for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal

ethanol concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100

UL 1746 External Corrosion Protection Systems for USTs UL 330 Hose and hose assemblies for dispensing flammable liquids

UL 1316 Underground fiberglass tanks UL 330A/B

Outline for hose and hose assemblies for use with dispensing devices dispensing

gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol concentrations up to

85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100

UL 971 Pipes and pipe fittings non-metallic UL 331 Strainers for flammable fluids and anhydrous ammonia

UL 971A Pipes and pipe fittings metallic UL 331A/B Strainers for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol

concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100

UL 2447

Sumps: tank, dispenser, transition, fill/vent, spill buckets

Sump fittings: penetration, termination, internal, test and monitoring

Sump accessories: frames/brackets, covers/lids, & chase pipe

UL 428 Electrically operated valves

UL 2583

Part I Vapor Control Products: emergency vents, pressure vacuum vents, fill and

vapor adaptors, and monitor well caps

Part II Liquid Control Products: overfill protection (or prevention) valves, ball float

vent valve (or flow restriction device), drop tubes, extractor tee, jack screw kit, face

seal adaptor (or threaded riser adaptor), AST fill cap and adaptors

UL 428A/B Outline for electrically operated valves for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with

nominal ethanol concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100

UL 2039 Flexible Connectors UL 567 Emergency breakaway fittings, swivel connectors and pipe-connection fittings for

petroleum products and LP-gas

UL 87 Power-operated dispensing devices for petroleum products UL 567A/B

Emergency breakaway fittings, swivel connectors and pipe-connection fittings for

gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol concentrations up to

85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100

UL 87A/BPower-operated dispensing devices for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with

nominal ethanol concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100UL 842 Valves for flammable fluids

UL 25 Meters for flammable and combustible liquids and LP-gas UL 842A/BValves for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol concentrations

up to 85% (E0 - E85); B6-B20 and/or B100

UL 25A/BMeters for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol concentrations

up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100UL 2586 Hose nozzle valves

UL 79 Power-operated pumps for petroleum dispensing products UL 2586A/BHose nozzle valves for gasoline and gasoline/ethanol blends with nominal ethanol

concentrations up to 85% (E0 – E85); B6-B20 and/or B100

UL Testing Standard

18

Fuel and Vapor Equipment at a Station

19

Fuel and Vapor Equipment at a Station

# EquipmentUL UL

Std.

Test

w/

fuel

Ethanol Test

fluidsMaterials Function

1 Tank-steel yes 58 no none steel Stores fuel.

1 Tank-fiberglass yes 1316 yes E100 fiberglass Stores fuel.

1Tank-external corrosion protection

Jacketed steel tankyes 1746 yes

aE100

a Protects tank from corrosion.

1 Tank-lining and upgrades yes 1856 yes E100 General tank protection.

1 Tank-above ground yes 142/142A no none fiberglass or steel Stores fuel.

1 Tank-above ground fire protection yes 2080/2085 no none Protects tank from fire.

2 Tank straps nometal, fiberglass,

and other

Outside of tank and usually made of concrete. Devices

installed in storage tank excavations to prevent tanks from

floating out of the ground in event of a high level of

groundwater in the excavation or a high groundwater level

after the installation is complete.

3 Sump and cover (tank) yes 2447 yes E85polyethylene,

fiberglassContains spills from a tank.

4 Sump entry fitting (boot) yes 2447 yes E85

fiberglass, bronze,

stainless steel, nitrile

rubber

These seals provide a studded flange connection to create a

positive and secure seal where the rubber contacts the

sump wall and also around the pipe or conduit.

5 Sump penetration fittings yes 2447 yes E85fiberglass or flexible

plastic

A fitting that provides a liquid and vapor-tight seal around

both the piping or conduit and the wall of a containment

sump.

6 Flexible entry boots (conduit entry) yes no no noneglass filled nylon,

nitrilePipe where electric wires are inserted.

7 Submersible turbine pump yes428

428Ayes

E10

E25 and/or E85

cast aluminum, steel,

flurocarbonDelivers fuel from the tank to the dispenser.

8 Mechanical line leak detector yes 1238 no none

brass, stainless

steel, copper,

fluorocarbon

A device used to detect the presence of a leak in the piping.

Usually connected to the STP.

9 Ball valve yes842

842Ayes

E10

E25 and/or E85

brass, plated steal,

vinyl, fluorocarbonA valve in a piping system that allows or stops flow of fuel.

10 Magnetostrictive probe yes 1238 no nonestainless steel, nitrile

rubber

A form of measurement technology used in in-tank electronic

monitoring systems.This is a leak detection method that

relies on sound waves and a magnet.

11 Float kit yes 1238 no nonenitrile rubber,

fluoropolymer

Works in conjunction with the magnetostrictive probe to

determine inventory and identify leaks.

12 Interstitial sensor yes 1238 no none

An electronic device that can detect the presence of water,

liquid product, product vapors or a loss of pressure or

vacuum in the interstice of a tank, a tank top sump, fuel

dispenser sump, or observation well.

13 Manhole-composite yes 2447 yes E85fiberglass, steel,

resin, nitrileManhole covering the STP sump.

a-only part III provides ethanol listing for jacket tanks with secondary contaiments; other methods covered in parts I, II, and IV list for flammable liquids rather than specific fuels

20

UL E25 and E85 listed Equipment

This is not an all inclusive list.

E25 E85*

Breakaway OPW 66V-0300 66V-0492

Gilbarco

Option on any new model or

retrofit kit Option on Encore, Atlas

Wayne Option on Helix, Ovation Option on Helix, Ovation

Hose Veyance Flexsteel Futura Ethan-all

OPW 21GE and 21GE-A

Husky X E25, XS E25 X E85, XS E85

Franklin Fueling 662

OPW 10P-0152E85, 10P-4152E85

Swivel

OPW

241TPS-0241, 241TPS-1000,

241TPW-0492 241TPS-0492

Submersible Turbine Pump Franklin Fueling IST and STPAG

Equipment Manufacturer

Dispenser

Nozzle

Shear Valve

Model

*All E85 and E100 equipment is also UL listed for E25

21

Tanks

• Tank owners storing greater than E10 can meet federal code compatibility requirements by

1. Third-party listing for fuel stored – All existing steel tank manufacturers are listed for flammable

fuels under UL Standard 58

– Both existing fiberglass tank companies are listed for E100 under UL Standard 1316

2. Manufacturer written statement of compatibility for E10+ blends – All existing steel tank manufacturers have issued letters stating

compatibility with ethanol blends up to E100 and B100

– Fiberglass ethanol compatibility depends on single or double wall and year it was manufactured; both manufacturers state that all their products are compatible with B100

– Stations with tanks from out of business manufacturers should not store blends above E10 or B20

22

Tank Compatibility

E10 E100

Manufacturer

Containment Solutions

Owens Corning (single wall between 1965-1994) ×

Owens Corning (double wall 1965-7/1/1990) ×

Owens Corning (double wall 7/2/1990-12/31/1994)

Xerxes (single wall prior to 2/1981) × ×

Xerxes (single wall prior 2/1981-6/2005) ×

Xerxes (single wall prior since 7/2005)

Xerxes (double wall prior to 4/1990) ×

Xerxes (double wall since 4/1990)

Acterra Group Inc.

Caribbean Tank Technologies Inc.

Eaton Sales & Service LLC

General Industries

Greer Steel, Inc.

Hall Tank Co.

Hamilton Tanks

Highland Tank

J.L. Houston Co.

Tank Manufacturer Compatibility with Ethanol Blends

FIBERGLASS1

STEEL2

Manufacturer E10 E100

Kennedy Tank and Manufacturing Co., Inc.

Lancaster Tanks and Steel Products

Lannon Tank Corporation

Mass Tank Sales Corp.

Metal Products Company

Mid-South Steel Products, Inc

Modern Welding Company

Newberry Tanks & Equipment, LLC

Plasteel1

Service Welding & Machine Company

Southern Tank & Manufacturing Co., Inc.

Stanwade Metal Products

Talleres Industriales Potosinos, S.A. de C.V.

Tanques Antillanos C. x A.

Watco Tanks, Inc.

We-Mac Manufacturing Company

Letters stating compatibility

1 PEI

http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/UST

ComponentCompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx

2 STI

http://www.steeltank.com/Publications/E85BioDieselandAlternativeF

uels/ManufacturerStatementsofCompatibility/tabid/468/Default.aspx

23

Pipe Compatibility

Company Model(s) Type Compatibility UL 971 E100 Listing

Advantage Earth Products 1.5", 2", 3", 4" flexible plastic E100 2009

Brugg PipesystemsFLEXWELL-HL, SECON-X,

NIROFLEX, LPGstainless steel E100 2007

Franklin Fueling XP, UPP flexible plastic E100 2005, 2006

NOV Fiberglass Red Thread IIA fiberglass E100 1990

NUPI Smartflex flexible plastic E100 Has UL listing; year unknown

OMEGAFLEX DoubleTrac flexible plastic E100 2008

OPWPisces (discontinued)

FlexWorksflexible plastic E100

2000

2007

• 99% of installed pipes are fiberglass or flexible plastic

• Flexible piping (which is jointless) has been installed more often in recent years

24

Associated UST Equipment

Compatibility letters available at: http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/USTComponentCompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx

• Equipment includes: • Sumps and accessories • Manholes • Flexible connectors • Fill caps and adaptors, • Entry fittings • Overfill prevention • Leak detection • Sensors • Drop tubes • Vents

• More equipment compatible with E15 than E85

25

Associated UST Equipment

• Many manufacturers have a laboratory at their facility where they test for fuels compatibility including ethanol and biodiesel

• Manufacturers without laboratories determine compatibility by working with their materials and parts suppliers

• American Petroleum Institute conducted testing of tank vapor recovery equipment and overfill protection devices with E15 and nearly all equipment passed

• Pipe dope (a sealing product used to make pipe thread joints leak proof and pressure tight) manufacturers Gasoila and Rectorseal both say their product is compatible with E15

26

Determining E15 & E85 Compatibility

• NREL’s E15 & Infrastructure Report appendices contain long lists of compatible equipment

• 2015 updated federal code requires stations storing E10+ to keep equipment records to prove compatibility

• Stations interested in selling E10+ may not have equipment records o It would take time to develop equipment records o Some equipment is easy to identify (example dispenser)

while the tank manufacturer plate and date are not located at tank access points

• Compare existing equipment to compatible equipment lists to determine upgrades needed to comply with regulations

27

DOE Clean Cities Ethanol Handbook

Being Updated: Expected Release Fall 2015

28

UL B20 listed Equipment

• All Gilbarco dispensers sold as of 1/1/2014 are B20 listed-stations may not be aware

• Wayne offers B20 as an option on Ovation and Helix models

Equipment Type Manfucturer Model

Husky 5812 safe-t-break

OPWb 66RB

Gilbarco All (as of 1/1/2014)

WayneOvation models suffix # starting

with 9; option on Helix models

Hose Veyance Flexsteel Futura

Husky 1+VIII, 2+VIII

OPWb 11A, 11B (both with dash pot)

Franklin Fueling 662521902

OPWb 10BFP-5726, 10P-0152

Husky 4860

OPWb 241 TPS, 45-5060, 45-5075

Submersible Turbine Pump Franklin Fueling STPAG and IST models

a-earlier dispensers from both Gilbarco and Wayne are warrantied for B20 use

b-contact OPW for specific serial numbers for B20 UL listed equipment

B20 UL Listed Equipment

Breakaways

Dispensera

Nozzle

Shear Valve

Swivel

29

Tank Compatibility

• Many manufacturers of associated UST have compatible equipment; NREL can provide lists.

Manufacturer B20 B100

Containment Solutions

Owens Corning × ×

Xerxes

Acterra Group Inc.

Caribbean Tank Technologies Inc.

Eaton Sales & Service LLC

General Industries

Greer Steel, Inc.

Hall Tank Co.

Hamilton Tanks

Highland Tank

J.L. Houston Co.

STEEL2

Letters stating compatibility

1 PEI

http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/USTComponent

CompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx

2 STI

http://www.steeltank.com/Publications/E85BioDieselandAlternativeFuels/Manufa

cturerStatementsofCompatibility/tabid/468/Default.aspx

FIBERGLASS1

Manufacturer B20 B100

Kennedy Tank and Manufacturing Co., Inc.

Lancaster Tanks and Steel Products

Lannon Tank Corporation

Mass Tank Sales Corp.

Metal Products Company

Mid-South Steel Products, Inc

Modern Welding Company

Newberry Tanks & Equipment, LLC

Plasteel1

Service Welding & Machine Company

Southern Tank & Manufacturing Co., Inc.

Stanwade Metal Products

Talleres Industriales Potosinos, S.A. de C.V.

Tanques Antillanos C. x A.

Watco Tanks, Inc.

We-Mac Manufacturing Company

30

Pipe Compatibility

Compatibility letters available at: http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/USTComponentCompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx

PIPE MANUFACTURER COMPATIBILITY WITH BIODIESEL BLENDS

MANUFACTURER MODELS B20 B100

FIBERGLASS

Ameron NOV Dulaloy 3000L and 300LCX; Red Thread IIA (since 1990)

FLEXIBLE PLASTIC

Brugg FLEXWELL-HL, LPG, NIROFLEX, SECON-X

Franklin Fueling UPP, XP; both must use stainless steel fittings

Omega OmegaFlex DoubleTrac must use stainles steel fitings

NUPI Americas Smartflex

Western Fiberglass Co-Flex

Letters stating compatibility http://www.pei.org/PublicationsResources/ComplianceFunding/USTComponentCompatibilityLibrary/tabid/882/Default.aspx

a-Franklin Fueling does not provide a letter stating compatibility but does warranty biodiesel use

31

Useful Links

• NREL E15 & Infrastructure Report: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64156.pdf

• Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center:

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels

• Handbook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing E85 and Other Ethanol-Gasoline Blends: Anticipated update in late 2015 http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/ethanol_handbook.pdf

• Steel Tank Institute Letters Stating Compatibility:

http://www.steeltank.com/Publications/E85BioDieselandAlternativeFuels/ManufacturerStatementsofCompatibility/tabid/468/Default.aspx

• Petroleum Equipment Institute Letters Stating Compatibility: http://www.pei.org/ust-component-compatibility-library