Vegetable oil as fuel

- Biofuel usage in Hungary -

Economic viability and sustainability by regional

implementation concepts

- Biofuel usage in Hungary -

Dr. Gábor Milics, Ph.D

University of West Hungary,

Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences,

Institute of Biosystems Engineering

milics@mtk.nyme.hu

Classification of biofuels according to

chronology of recognition and their

introduction

First Second Third Fourth

Generation Generation

• bioethanol

• vegetable

oils

• biodiesels

• blends of

previous and

petroleum-

based fuels

• biocomponent as

molecular

consituents

(bio-ETBE)

• bio gas oils

(hydroisomerised

vegetable oils)

• bioethanol from

lignocelluloses

• higher (>C2)

bioalcohols

• biogasoline and bio

gas oil

(hydrocracking of

biooils produced by

biomass pyrolysis

• biofuels from bio

synthesis gas

• biohydrogen

• biomethanol

• bio electric

current

(indirectly for

fuel cells)

• etc.

lignocelluloses

• biobuthanol

• biomethane

(biogas)

• etc.

synthesis gas

• bioparaffins from

carbohydrates

• biodimethyl-ether

• etc.

Introduction

A market of biofuels is emerging in Hungary, as

evidenced by recent investment moves but there are

still huge potentials in biofuel production supported

by agricultural products, well developed

infrastructure, inland waterway ports.

Area planted in Hungary in the last

years:

Sunflower: 500 000 ha

Rapeseed: 200 000 ha

Maize: 1.1 million ha

Wheat: 1.1 million haWheat: 1.1 million ha

Surplus wheat and maize grain:

3.7 – 5.4 million tonnes

Maize raw material

• 1, 2 million ha

• 6-8 t/ha production average

• 7, 1 millió tonns/year

•1,5 million tonns for ethanol

Wheat raw material

• 1, 15 million ha

• 4-5 t/ha production average

• 4, 6 million tonns/year

•1 million tonns for ethanol

Hungarian potential of raw material

•1,5 million tonns for ethanol

1973,4 kt

3638,1 kt

1895,6 kt

913,2 kt

1294,5 kt351,4 kt

755,2 kt

297,7 kt

•1 million tonns for ethanol

821,7 kt

1796,8 kt

3450,1 kt

2272,4 kt 1702,9 kt

3948,9kt

Cereal

whereof

maize

million tonns

EU directives

EU directives The goal

of the EU-

by 2010

Hungarian

accepting

by 2010

Hungarian present

and expected future

capacity

2005 2008 2010

2001/77/EK 2001/77/EK

renewable energy rate

in the electric energy

22.1 % 3,6 % 4,5 % 5,3 % 6,2 %

2003/30/EK bio-fuels

rate in the whole fuels5,75 % 2,0 % 0,5 % 2,0 % 4,0 %

The whole renewable

energy rate12,0 % 5,0 % 4,0 % 6,0 % 7,9 %

Legislative background

• Measures were taken to bring Hungary in line with EU

directive that 0.4 % of all vehicle fuel consumed in the

country is of biological origin in 2006, increasing to 4%

by 2010.

• The produced quantity is free from excise tax till 2010,

if the whole quantity is blended in Hungary or is

transported from a Hungarian tax warehouse to a

foreign tax warehouse or is bought by a registered

distributor.

• If gasoline and diesel oil blended with at least 4.4%• If gasoline and diesel oil blended with at least 4.4%

biofuel, a discounted excise tax for gasoline and diesel

oil will be applied (tax: 103.5 HUF/l – gasoline, 85.0

HUF/l – diesel oil).

• Sales of petroleum fuel that contains no biofuel will

carry a tax penalty.Source: A.J.Kovács

Demand of biofuels

Bioethanol

BiodieselBiodiesel

Fuel consumption in Hungary

Million ton Billion liter

Gasoline 2.5 3.5

Petrol 1.5 2

For the 4,4 vol% blending 88 million liter (70 thousand For the 4,4 vol% blending 88 million liter (70 thousand

ton) bioethanol was needed in 2008.

By 2010 to rich the 5.75% target (8.61 vol%) 172 million

liter (136 thousand ton) is needed.

Raw material demand: 400 thousand ton corn (about 50-

60 thousand hectare.

Area of Corn in Hungary

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

tho

usan

d h

ecta

re

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Source:KSH

Corn production per capita

Hungary is in the third place in the World!

Source: NationMaster.com

Bioethanol overview

There are two major players in Hungary:

Győr Distillery

http://www.hungrana.hu

http://www.gyoriszesz.hu

and Hungrana.

In 2008 out of 250 milliion liter output 90 million liter

bioethanol was produced using 250 ton corn.

http://www.hungrana.hu

Optimistic estimations calculate with the 40-50% of the total

corn production for using it as raw material for bioethanol

on the long run. (that is a yearly 3-4 million ton.) Of this

amount of raw material 1,1-1,5 million ton bioetanol can be

produced, of which a large share can be sold for Sweden,

Denmark probably even in Germany.

Biodiesel

Concerning biodiesel: for the 4,4 vol% blending 156 million

liter (130 thousend ton) was used as fuel in 2008. liter (130 thousend ton) was used as fuel in 2008.

To fulfill the expectation of 5,75% (in energy equivalent)

blending by 2010 6,51 vol% blending is needed, that means

228 million liter (200 thousend ton) biodiesel have to be

produced.

The raw material need for this is 400 thousand ton of rape of

sunflower. Paralell to this in Hungary a yearly 200 thousand

ton used cooking oil can be turned into fuel. ton used cooking oil can be turned into fuel.

Biodiesel

Two biodiesel plant was build in Hungary earlier: Kunhegyes

(Közép-Tiszai MG) and Mátészalka (Intertram). They have

couple of million liter capacity annualy, however they ofter

stop the production.

Mol & Rossi Beteiligungs in biodiesel joint venture has a Mol & Rossi Beteiligungs in biodiesel joint venture has a

plant in Komárom, their raw material is 70% rape, 30% used

cooking oil. The capacity of the plant is 150 million liter which

equals to 0,3-0,4 million ton oilseed. That is 40% out of the

650 thousand ton rapeseed utilization.

The tour in Kunhegyes

Further development

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development:

Decentralisation is the key for further development in this

sector.

According to the opinion of the officials of the Ministry:

10-15 small scale plant with about 10 thousand ton capacity

4 middle scale plant with 50 thousand ton capacity

and

4 large scale plant with 100 thousand ton capacity shold be

build in the country.

Biogas

Agricultural raw material for biogas production in Hungary

is enough for about 8-10 million ton biogas production

which equals about 7-9 PJ. (Total energy demand is about

1150 PJ). 1150 PJ).

Tha main basis are the animal farms. In Hungary wet

technology (8-20% dry material) and semi dry (20-50% dry

material content) technology can be feasable technically

and economically.

Out of 1 kg dry material about 300-400 liter 60% methane

content biogas can be produced, which can be further

developed by plant based materials.developed by plant based materials.

Biogas utilization

Budapest Gas Works CO. would like to utilize biogas as a

fuel in 2009. april they opened a CNG filling station (not for

the public yet...) There are two public CNG filling stations:

one in Győr, the other is in Szeged.

Variations:

100% RME

Studies on RME in practical conditions

70:30% RME : Diesel oil

50:50% RME : Diesel oil

Main conclusions:

- there was not any power loss, even in the 100%

Working hoursWorking hours

Spectrometric oil examinations

- there was not any power loss, even in the 100%

RME;

- 10-20% loss in oil change period;

- there was only slight problem in cold ignition.

Examination of used cooking oil in

tractor engines

OILCHECK measuring device for

determination of oil conditions by

dielectric properties

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

Working hours

Weari

ng

ou

t (%

)

Plant_oil1 Gasoline1 Plant_oil2 Gasoline2Plant_oil1 Gasoline1 Plant_oil2 Gasoline2

Main conclusions:

- there was not any problem in machine operation with the used oils;

- there was ignition problems in cold weather, where the cooling water

was below 50-60 ºC;

- there was problems in long time storage with resinification.

National R&D projects to establish

the Hungarian bio-diesel utilization

Sunflower experiments

2004: Six genetic experimental varieties;2004: Six genetic experimental varieties;

2005: 28 cultivars and hybrids; parameterswere measured: viscosity (at 40 °C and 100 °C); iodinevalue; density (at 15 °C); Oil yield; palmitic acid;stearic acid; linolic acid; potassium content; sulfur

content; nitrogen content;

2006: Selected varieties.

Rapeseed experiments

2005: 15 cultivars and hybrids;

2006: 42 cultivars and hybrids.

SpecificationLimit

Standardmin. max.

Density (at 15 °C), [g/cm3] 0.90 0.93DIN EN ISO 3675. DIN EN ISO

Quality requirements of plant based

oil as fuel

Density (at 15 °C), [g/cm3] 0.90 0.93DIN EN ISO 3675. DIN EN ISO

12185

Kinematic Viscosity (at 40 °C), [mm2/s] - 38 DIN EN ISO 3104

Flash Point (closed cup, Pensky-Martens), [°C] 220 - DIN EN ISO 22719

Heating value, [MJ/kg] 35 DIN 51900-3

Cetane number - - kidolgozás alatt

Carbon Residue (Conradson number), [%] - 0.40 DIN EN ISO 10370

Cold point, [°C] to be determined DIN V 51608

Total contamination, [mg/kg] - 25 DIN EN 12662

Total contamination larger than 0.005 mm, [mg/kg]

to be determined DIN 51419[mg/kg]

Ash, [%] - 0.01 DIN EN ISO 6245

Water, [%] - 0.075 pr EN ISO 12937

Phosphorus, [mg/kg] - 15 ASTM D 3231-99

Sulfur Content, [mg/kg] - 20 ASTM D 5453-93

Acid Value, [mg KOH/g] - 2.0 DIN EN ISO 660

Iodine value (iodine-bromine), g I2/100g 100 120 DIN 53241-1

Oxidation Stability, [h] 5 - ISO 6886

Instruments used for the

measurements

CSOP 92 type oil-press

Plate and 10 frame filter (filter

area: 3.2 m2)

Results for sunflower varieties

Number

Fatty acid

content

[sz.a.%]

Oil yield

[%]

Remained in

press cake

[%]

Acid value

mgKOH/g

Iodine

number

gI2/100

g

Carbon

ResidueRanking

1 36.61 24.98 11.02 4.8 113 0.321 36.61 24.98 11.02 4.8 113 0.32

2 47.37 33.72 9.21 2 116 0.3 3

3 52.62 40.2 8.85 3.2 117 0.34

4 52.2 37.86 9.32 1.9 120 0.23 4

5 46.76 32.65 10.1 2.1 118 0.29 10

6 49.31 36.04 9.5 2.5 112 0.27 9

7 46.87 32.48 9.7 3.9 118 0.24

8 51.02 38.8 8.27 1.1 117 0.27 151.02 1

9 50.72 37.04 9.49 2.8 118 0.28 6

10 52.23 39.7 8.83 3.1 120 0.34

11 49.94 37.53 9.76 2.9 121 0.29

12 47.13 34.81 9.43 2.3 117 0.29

13 44.05 31.53 9.7 2.7 112 0.34

14 50.61 34.4 10.08 1.8 116 0.34 5

Effect of pressing temperature

y = 2.1227x + 12.763

R2 = 0.5049110

120

Pressing temperature [°C]

60

70

80

90

100

Pressing temperature [°C]

The pressing temperatures as a function of oil yield in varieties of 2005

30 32 34 36 38 40 42

Oil yield [%]

Thermographic images of oil press

87.0°C

60

70

80

SP01

Low oil yield type

NOS 3-1165

37.0°C

40

50

AR01

87.0°C

80SP01 FLIR PM675 type IR camera

37.0°C

40

50

60

70

AR01

High oil yield 70 NOS

3-1170

Scanning electron microscopic

images of different sunflower seeds

Low oil yield High oil yield

Magn.: 1000××××Magn.: 1000××××

Magn.: 2000×××× Magn.: 2000××××

The pressing temperatures as a

function of oil yield in varieties of 2005

90

Pressing temperature [°C]

y = 2.2829x - 1.9496

R2 = 0.788265

70

75

80

85

Pressing temperature [°C]

60

65

28 30 32 34 36 38 40Oil yield [%]

Pressing temperature [°C]

Number

Acid

content

[sz.a.%]

Oil yield

[%]

Remained in

press cake

[%]

Iodine

number

gI2/100

g

Acid value

mgKOH/gRanking

1 50.29 33.98 12.9 105 1.7 4

Selection of rapeseed oils for fuel

2 47.01 31.05 12.8 105 1.2 7

3 50.58 34.94 12.2 108 2.6

4 49.31 33.44 12.5 107 2.5

5 50.88 33.06 14.1 102 0.8 5

6 50.2 31.82 14.0 108 1.8 6

7 50.17 31.69 14.5 104 4.2

8 51.86 36.89 11.8 104 1.2 1

9 47.69 32.38 12.3 106 3.59 47.69 32.38 12.3 106 3.5

10 48.73 30.6 14.0 103 2.3

11 48.95 32.72 12.2 104 2.2

12 44.92 24.99 15.5 105 3

13 53.13 36.12 12.2 102 1.1 2

14 50.29 34.66 11.8 107 1.4 3

15 51.66 35.48 12.2 106 4.4

The changes of kinematic viscosity of

rapeseeds in different temperatures

80

90 20°C

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Viscosity [mm

2/s]

40°C

60°C

40°C(Univ.Veszprém)

100°C(Univ.

0

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Cultivar #

(Univ.Veszprém)

Conclusions of the measurements

There are major differences among sunflower and

rapeseed varieties in connection to the pressing

characteristics and oil yields.

Several cold pressed varieties, cultivars and hybrids fulfillSeveral cold pressed varieties, cultivars and hybrids fulfill

the requirements for bio-fuel utilization.

By testing the varieties in rapeseed the acid values are

significant; in sunflower besides the acid values, the

iodine number, the cinematic viscosity and carbon

residue have to be determined.

The oil residues in cakes in the tested small screw press

can be up to 25-30%. This has to be decreased bycan be up to 25-30%. This has to be decreased by

temperature control (heater) and partial dehulling of

sunflower.

Cellulase enzyme activition to

increase bio-ethanol production

Aims of this project:

Enhance the efficiency of cellulosic ethanol production.

Study the non-thermal effect of microwave treatment.Study the non-thermal effect of microwave treatment.

Measure the cellulase enzyme activity.

Potentials of energetic biomass from

agriculture in Hungary

No. Biomass Quantity

1000 t/year

Energy content

PJ/year

Min. / Max. Min. / Max.

I. Biomass for combustion

1. Straw 1.000 1.200 11,7 14,0

2. Stalk 2.000 2.500 24,0 30,0

3. Energy grass 500 600 6,0 7,0

4. Vine-and orchard shoot 300 350 4,3 5,0

5. Energy plants on arable land 1.800 2.500 27,3 38,0

II. Production of bio fuels

1. Corn (maize) 1.200 2.000 14,4 24,0

2. Wheat/rye 600 1.800 7,2 21,6

3. Rape 300 660 4,5 9,0

4. Sunflower 90 200 1,6 3,24. Sunflower 90 200 1,6 3,2

III. Biogas production

1. Liquid manure, organic waste 6.000 10.000 5,4 9,0

2. Silo maize, sorghum 1.600 3.200 5,4 10,8

IV. Total agriculture: 111,8 171,6

V. Forestry 50,0 62,0

VI. Sum 161,8 233,6

In % of the total Hungarian energy consumption of 1130 PJ %-ban 14,4 % 20,9%

Crop-bioenergy-animal-food

production

FVMMI - Aston University England

Thank You for Your attention!