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JRC/Nordic Energy Research/ NoBio/Norwegian Centre for Bioenergy Research Workshop "Biomass resources and bioenergy in Norway and other Nordic countries" Dr. Ioannis Dimitriou SLU Bioenergy production and environmental implications of Short Rotation Coppice cultivation in Sweden

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Page 1: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

JRC/Nordic Energy Research/NoBio/Norwegian Centre for Bioenergy Research

Workshop "Biomass resources and bioenergy in Norway and other Nordic countries"

Dr. Ioannis DimitriouSLU

Bioenergy production and environmental implications of Short

Rotation Coppice cultivation in Sweden

Page 2: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

© Lantmäteriverketet. Ur GSD –

Översiktskartan, dnr 507-98-4720

Short Rotation Willow Coppice fields in Sweden

UppsalaSLU

Page 3: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Mechanised planting with approx. 12,000 cuttings/ha

Page 4: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr. I. Dimitriou, Dep. of CropProduction Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

Page 5: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr. I. Dimitriou, Dep. of CropProduction Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

Page 6: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop ProductionEcology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

Page 7: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop ProductionEcology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

Page 8: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

Ca. 14,000 ha are currently cultivated in Sweden for energy (with willow/Salix)

Predictions for rapid increase (e.g. Ministry of Agriculture, 2006)

Grown on agricultural land

Double-row system, fertilisation, weed control

Harvested every 3-4 years, life span app. 25 years

Average production: 6-10 t DM/ha/yr

Short Rotation Coppice in Sweden

Page 9: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

SRC cultivated area has remained almost stable during the last 10 years, the predictions have not become true...

…farmers do not usually fertilise and biomass production is therefore lower than the potentially achieved…

…the recent increases in cereal prices give negative signs for area increase…

Short Rotation Coppice in Sweden

Page 10: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Can these trends for SRC be altered in the future?

Page 11: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Probably yes…

… if SRC “value”improves!

Page 12: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

SRC improved value can happen due to:

• Increased biomass (better sorts/clones –fertilisation?)

• Cheaper management activities

• Better prices for willow chips

• Additional value, e.g. via environmental impact

Page 13: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

So, what is the impact of SRC on the “near”/local

environment?

Page 14: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

SRC impact on environment

• Water

• Soil

• Biodiversity

• Landscape?

Page 15: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr. I. Dimitriou, Dep. of CropProduction Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

Wastewater treatment in Enköping

Page 16: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

100 kg N/ha yrLångaveka (inorganic fertilisation)

150 kg N/ha yrEnköping (wastewater fertilisation)

Klemedtsson et al., unpublished data

Page 17: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

SRC impact on environment

• Water

• Soil

• Biodiversity

• Landscape?

Page 18: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Soil C sequestration (0-23 cm) 6 Salix genotypes

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12S

oil C

seq

uest

ratio

n (t

C h

a-1 y

r-1)

BjörnGudrun

JorrLoden

ToraTordis

Mean: 0.08 t/ha/yr

Commercial varieties of Salix vary greatly in terms of C sequestration potential.

(Weih & v Bussel 2006)

Page 19: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Treatments sl+ash (sl+ash)x2 sl ash control Harvest interval (yrs) 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3

Cd Supply 1.2 2.5 1.2 1.3 0 Potential output 5.6 5.2 8.9 7 8 5.7 6.9 7 6.7 5.2 Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2

Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output 28 14 48 18 34 14 39 14 30 12 Change 275 289 558 588 466 486 67 92 –30 –12

Ni Supply 18 38 13 25 0 Potential output 12 7 15 6 12 5 11 5 10 6 Change 6 11 23 32 1 8 14 20 –10 –6

Zn Supply 449 899 569 330 0 Potential output 243 245 359 330 308 284 258 273 240 213 Change 206 204 540 569 261 285 72 57 –240 –213

Table. Balance between supply via sludge–ash application and potential output via willow plantation harvest (in g ha-1 yr-1), for the various treatments, if a potential harvest occurred annually or every three years. The potential output with a stem harvest was calculated for a 30:70 bark:wood ratio for year 1 and a 25:75 bark:wood ratio for year 3. Changes indicate potential changes in the soil pool (In: Dimitriou et al., 2006)

Cadmium and SRC

Page 20: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

SRC impact on environment

• Water

• Soil

• Biodiversity

• Landscape?

Page 21: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop ProductionEcology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

Page 22: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop ProductionEcology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

Page 23: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop ProductionEcology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

Photo: Nils-Erik Nordh

Page 24: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Weih et al. (2003) Basic Appl EcolSite number

05

1015202530

1 2 3 5 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21

Cumulative species numberPoplar standsArable fieldsJoint species

1 2 3 5 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 211 2 3 5 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21

Vascular Flora Diversity in Swedish Poplar Stands

Page 25: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop ProductionEcology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLUPhoto: Nils-Erik Nordh

Page 26: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

SRC impact on environment

• Water

• Soil

• Biodiversity

• Landscape?

Page 27: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop ProductionEcology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

Photo: Nils-Erik Nordh

Page 28: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop ProductionEcology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLUPhoto: Nils-Erik Nordh

Page 29: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Dr I. Dimitriou, Dep. of Crop ProductionEcology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural

Sciences SLU

Page 30: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

More information on related work

• …within Rating-SRC, an ERA-NET Bioenergy project under the SRC Call (Sweden, Germany).

• http://ratingsrc.slu.se/

Page 31: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

Will/should all these environmental advantages

offering additional value to SRC compared to other agricultural crops be translated into “real”

value (in terms of compensation to the farmer)?

Page 32: Bioenergy production and environmental implications of ... · Change –4.4 –4 –6.4 –4.5 –6.8 –4.5 –5.6 –5.7 –6.7 –5.2 Cu Supply 303 606 500 106 0 Potential output

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