FROM: http://www.sswm.info FROM: http://designtaxi.com

Presented at the Regional Workshop on

MAINSTREAMING AFRICA BIOENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES

Organised by

African Union and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa 16 – 18 September, Nairobi, KENYA

Bioenergy Platforms and Technologies By

Prof. Thomson Sinkala tsinkala@gmail.com

CHAIRMAN, Biofuels Association of Zambia

A powerful

bioenergy

feedstock

from our body

CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS

• Bioenergy production technologies

• Research, development, demonstration and deployment

• Institutional and technical capacity development

• Conclusions

BIOENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

• Fuel wood

• Charcoal

• Agricultural waste

• Wood pellets

• Biogas

• Bioethanol (equivalent of gasoline)

• Biodiesel (equivalent of diesel), and

• Bioelectricity

GENERAL ORGANISATION OF TECHNOLOGIES

A burden to carry

Easy to harvest

Strenuous to harvest

Easy to transport A lot in store, few trips

Little in store, many trips

Clean cooking stove

Unhealthy cooking

Examples of Firewood Production Technologies and UseExamples of Firewood Production Technologies and UseExamples of Firewood Production Technologies and UseExamples of Firewood Production Technologies and Use

Examples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and UseExamples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and UseExamples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and UseExamples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and Use

Litter Drying Heaping Cooking

Example of Agricultural Waste for CookingExample of Agricultural Waste for CookingExample of Agricultural Waste for CookingExample of Agricultural Waste for Cooking

Examples of Wood Pellet ProcessingExamples of Wood Pellet ProcessingExamples of Wood Pellet ProcessingExamples of Wood Pellet Processing

Cost structure of charcoal Blantyre and Lilongwe FROM: Kambewa P. etal. 2007. Charcoal: the reality - A study of charcoal

consumption, trade and production in Malawi. pubs.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/13544IIED.pdf.

Based on the Malawi study, charcoal costs � 6.0 to 10 US$/40 Kg bag (Malawi), or US$2,700/Ha for 15 tons of wood

cleared.

Pellets from wood shavings cost about � 3.0 to 5 US$/40 Kg bag (Zambia, personal communications with Dr. Per

Lofberg of Vagga till Vagga AB of Sweden)

Energy efficiency of selected cooking fuels

Economics between charcoal and wood pellets

(FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)

Example of Biogas ProductionExample of Biogas ProductionExample of Biogas ProductionExample of Biogas Production

Agro/Bioenergy Production SynergiesAgro/Bioenergy Production SynergiesAgro/Bioenergy Production SynergiesAgro/Bioenergy Production Synergies

(FROM: biogas.ifas.ufl.edu)

(FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)

Electricity Production from Biogas

13Biogas bus (Sweden)

Biogas fridge

Biogas cookstove

Biogas generator (Alibaba)

Biogas lamp

Biogas motorbike (www.inforse.org)

Biogas truck

BIOGAS

(One Stop Gas)

Biogas train (www.metaefficient.com)

Biogas car (oneighturbo.com)

Biogas Market

Examples of Bioethanol Feedstocks

+ Grass and Wood

SUGARCANE SWEET SORGHUM CASSAVA AGAVE Americana SUGAR BEET

Feedstock unit cost 0.381 0.384 0.15 – 0.47 0.512 0.15 to 0.29

Yield, (Metric Tons/Ha) 110 20 - 100 12 - 40 80 60 to 80

/Metric Ton), fresh 80 45 170 125

/Ha/Harvest) 8,800 900 – 4,500 2,000 - 6,000 3,600 - 12,000 4,800

Water Requirement, (mm/crop) 1500 - 2500 450 to 700 400 - 750 500

Requirement, (Kg/Ha) 300 basal & 250

kg urea

N 75-150

P 30-60,

K 60-120.

NPK N20:P10:K10, 9 (50 kg) bags

(if necessary)

150 – 350 Kg Urea

(if necessary)

Gestation Period, (months) 12 - 14 4 – 4.3 12 - 16 60 - 72 5

Rotation Crops

Maize, sorghum, vegetables,

legumes, rubber, oil palm, tropical

sugarbeet (Gokhale, 2010).

Corn, sorghum,

vegetables, cassava

(Gokhale, 2010)

Examples of Immediate Revenue

Diversification

Food, Feed, Fiber,

Biogas, Electricity,

Fertilizer

Food, Feed, Fiber,

Biogas, Electricity,

Fertilizer

Food, Feeds, Fiber, Biogas, Starch,

Electricity,

Food, Feed, Fiber,

Biogas, Electricity,

Fertilizer

Biogas,

Can be stored as

molasses.

Harvested and

processed s within

a month. Stored as

molasses.

10,000 – 15,000 plants per hectare,

80cm – 100cm spacing and rows. Can

be processed from fresh roots or dry.

Extensive experience

in Mexico, but also

Australia and USA

recently.

Must process fresh

roots

Bioethanol Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

Bioethanol, bioelectricity and fertiliser

(FROM: http://www.sseassociation.org/Publications/feasibilitystudyofsweetsorghum.pdf)

17

Liquefaction module

Fermentation module

Distillation module

Dehydration module

E.g. Mansego Modular Bioethanol Refinery

• Can be commissioned within 5 - 8 months. • No need for large start-up capital.

• Can process multiple feedstocks. • Minimum 500,000 L/year (1,670 L/day) bioethanol.

• Minimum 360,000 L/year (1,000 L/day) biodiesel.

Modular Biorefineries and their Importance

18

Bioethanol Market

Bioethanol bus

Bioethanol fridge Bioethanol cookstove

Flexi fuel generator

Bioethanol lantern

Flexi fuel motorbike Bioethanol truck

Eg. BIOETHANOL

A One-Stop Fuel

Flexi fuel plane

Flexi fuel car

Examples of Biodiesel Feedstocks

Animal Fat, Waste

Cooking Oil, Algae

and Wood

+

SOY PALM JATROPHA MORINGA CASTOR SUN FLOWER

Feedstock unit cost, US$/Litre 0.429 0.426 0.459 0.290 0.562

Yield, (Metric Tons /Ha) 3.5 15.8 6.0 3.0 1.0

Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton) 196 230 300 400 489

Yield, (Litres/Ha) 686 4,803 1,800 1,200 489

Water Requirement, mm 450 - 700 3 – 5mm per day during

hot-dry season 500 - 600 250 – 3000 500-600 600

Fertilizers Requirement, (Per Ha) 250 Basal, 100

Urea

N170-230, P70-90, K220-

310 per Year 2.5 t Manure

Appropriate amount

of manure, when and

if necessary

N40,P40, K20 200 Basal, 150

Gestation Period, (months) 4.5 to 5 24 – 30 24 - 36 12 - 24 4 - 6 4.2 to 4.5

Examples of Immediate Revenue

Diversification Food, Feed

Food, Electricity, Fodder,

Building, Furniture

Feed, Biogas,

Electricity,

Fertilizer

Food, Feed, Biogas,

Electricity, Fertilizer,

Etc

Fertilizer,

Biogas

Food,

Biogas

Currently

experiencing

high prices in

the food

market.

When efficient, ONE

worker can harvest 10-

hectare (Fact Foundation,

2010)

There is

presently no

“Cook Book” to

give definite

yields. Yields are

currently

location specific.

Among the world’s

most useful plants.

A very

important oil

in high-tech

industry as a

lubricant.

Biodiesel Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

Biodiesel Processing

Biomass for Electricity Generation in Biodiesel Processing

(SOURCE: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bCNdcYdqloQ/S9jg4-iNsFI/AAAAAAAAAMA/E7jJT3RVEfQ/s1600/palmtree-biomass.jpg)

(SOURCE: http://www.mpoweruk.com/biofuels.htm)

Electricity Generation from Biomass

Range in recent levelized cost of energy for selected commercially available renewable-energy technologies

24FROM: www.unep.org/greeneconomy

RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT

25

26

Bioenergy Value Chain

1.

PRELIMINARY

ACTIVITIES

2.

PRODUCTION

INFRASTRUCTURE

3.

FEEDSTOCK

PRODUCTION and

TRADE

4.

BIOFUELS

PROCESSING

5.

BIOFUELS TECHNICAL SERVICE

ACTIVITIES

OTHER

SERVICES

Business Plans

Sourcing funds

acquisitions /

contracts

assessments

Obtaining permits

licences

Securing markets

up of

bioenergy industry

governance

Technology

assessments

•Drilling boreholes

•Building dams and

canals

•Assessing soils

•Building access

roads and bridges

•Building houses and

offices

•Building processing

plants

•Etc,.

•Land clearance

•Land preparations

•Nurseries

•Plantation

development

•Plantation

management

•Weed and pest

control

•Feedstock

harvesting

•Feedstock trading

•Etc.

•Cassava peeling,

chipping and

drying

•Seed cleaning and

packaging

•Oil extraction

•Molasses

production

•Processing and

refining of biofuels

•Byproducts

production.

•Biofuels transportation

•Byproduct transportation

•Biofuels blending

•Biofuels transportation

•Engine conversion

•Importation of biofuels compliant

vehicles and appliances

•Manufacturing of inputs and processing

plants for the biofuels value chain

•Biofuels R&D

•Training in biofuels industry

•Biofuels quality control assessments

•Biofuels plant repair

•Development of appropriate cookstoves

•Etc.

•Education

•Health

•Recreation

•Etc

Activities include identifying and addressing the challenges for sustainable bioenergy production

through good industry governance, field trials, applied research, capacity building, modeling and

analysis.

Feedstock for Wood, Charcoal and Pellets

EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH AREAS

• Fast-growing and water-efficient forest plants

• Sustainable wood harvest

• Efficient/cost-effective forest management

• Incorruptible forestry governance and licensing

(FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)

Cookstoves

General Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY

Identify sustainable, high-

quality feedstock supply and

quantify risk

Baseline sustainable regional

feedstock productivity

Develop commercial-scale

supply systems

CONVERSION

• Reduce costs/improve quality of

intermediates

• Reduce enzyme costs

• Develop fermentation organisms

• Enable high performance

separations technologies

• Improve catalyst performance–

cleanup/ conditioning and fuel

synthesis

• Maximize carbon utilization

• Optimize reactor performance

DEMONSTRATION & DEPLOYMENT

• Validate biorefinery operations

• Establish pioneer plants

• Support advanced biofuels compatibility

testing

• Support biopower demonstration and

deployment

Cross-cutting areas

SUSTAINABILITY

Assess effects across full supply

chain

Establish baselines and targets

for improving sustainability

Develop best practices

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS

• Define and validate technology

performance targets

• Guide program planning

• Assess progress

STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS

• Increase awareness of accomplishments

• Communicate new technology strategies

• Educate stakeholders on environmental

and oil-displacement benefits

(FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)

Feedstock Supply and LogisticsFeedstock Supply and LogisticsFeedstock Supply and LogisticsFeedstock Supply and Logistics

Feedstock constitutes about 70% of final bioenergy product.

Providing biomass for conversion into biofuels represents an

economic opportunity for communities across Africa.

This requires developing the technologies and systems needed

to sustainably and economically deliver a broad range of

biomass in formats that enable efficient use in biorefineries.

Feedstock Supply and Logistics (continued)Feedstock Supply and Logistics (continued)Feedstock Supply and Logistics (continued)Feedstock Supply and Logistics (continued)

The diverse biomass transformed by these technologies and systems must be

consistent, quality-controlled commodity products that can be efficiently

handled, stored, and transported to biorefineries for processing.

This work requires a complementary focus on feedstock supply interfaces and

logistics, as follows (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov).

• Interfaces: To develop compatibility at interfaces with commercial-scale

handling equipment and conversion processes, R&D should explore biomass

specifications and characteristics, the effects of various handling techniques, and

the resulting impacts on conversion performance.

• Logistics: R&D is required for systems for harvesting, collecting, preprocessing

storing, and transporting diverse forms of biomass more efficiently.

� Therefore it is important to also research and develop equipment and

systems to improve biomass quality, reduce costs, and increase

productivity.

INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

32

INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENTINSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENTINSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENTINSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Government

� Policies, regulations and standards

� Governance

� Information on value for investment (e.g.

balance sheet approach)

� Etc

Industry

� Feedstocks

� Technologies

� Production efficiencies

� Etc

Public / consumers

� Consumer information

� Value chain information

� Products

� Standards

� Etc

Universities / Educational Institutions

� Mainstreaming bioenergy in curricula

� Research, development and demonstration

� Etc

NGOs

� Community needs and information

� Bioenergy industry participatory methods

� Community resource management

� Land rights

� Gender issues

� Etc

RECs

� Identifying and providing info on best

practices in bioenergy development

� Capacity building in cross-border bioenergy

issues

� Etc

CONCLUSIONS

36

37

� Africa has resources (material and human), but lacks

productive action.

� Available technologies can be used to establish a

vibrant bioenergy industry in Africa.

� Bioenergy is (probably) the only industry that can

benefit all on sustainable basis.

� Economic empowerment from bioenergy industry, if

well organised, can reduce conflicts and save the

environment.

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attentionThank you for your attentionThank you for your attention