biodiesel--an india perspective
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Biodiesel is not the raw vegetable oil General Definition of Biodiesl:
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel for diesel
engines derived from natural vegetable/animal
oils, and which meets the standardspecification
Technical Definition for Biodiesel :
Biodiesel is a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of longchain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animalsfats, and meeting
the requirements of standard specifications.
What is Biodiesel?
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Properties of Biodiesel
Chemical name Fatty acid (m)ethyl ester
Chemical formula range C14C24 methyl esters or C1525 H28-48O2
Kinematic viscosity range 3.35.2 mm2/s, at 40 C
Density range 860894 kg/m3, at 15 C
Boiling point range 200 CFlash point range 155180 C
Distillation range 195325 C
Vapor pressure <5 mm Hg, at 22 C
Solubility in water Insoluble in water; however, biodiesel can absorb
up to 1500 ppm water
Physical appearance Light to dark yellow, clear liquid
Odor Light musty/soapy odor
Biodegradability More biodegradable than petrodiesel
Reactivity Stable, but reacts with strong oxidizers
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Production of fatty acid monoalkyl esters via transesterification
CH2OCOR CH2OH
LipaseCHOCOR + 3 R 1 OH 3 R.COOM R 1 + CHOH
CH2OCOR CH2OH
triacylglycerol alcohol fatty acid mono glycerol
alkyl esterR=fatty acid chain
R 1= CH3 :fatty acid methyl esters(FA ME)
R 1= C2 H5 :fatty acid ethyl esters(FA EE)
Lipase:
Candida Cylindraceae, Candida Rugosa, Candida Antartica &Lipase 3A (1,3-specific lipase)
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VEGETABLE OIL BIODIESEL DIESEL FUEL
Triglyceride of fatty acid
(Molecular Wt 700-1000)
Alkyl esters of Fatty acid
Molecular Wt~260 to 300
Saturated Hydrocarbon
(C12-C14) Molecular
Wt~200
10% less heating value than
diesel because it containsOxygen
10-12 % less heating value
than diesel
Major hydrogen and
carbon (SOx, NOx,PAH)
Kinematic viscosity is
higher (35-45 cSt at 40oC)
Kinematic viscosity is in
same range of that of
diesel
Kinematic viscosity is
lower (3.8 -5 cSt at
40oC)
Less volatility Less volatile than diesel High volatility
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Why Biodiesel ???
Need for Biodiesel ..
Renewable fuels & Sustainable
Energy Independence
Foreign Exchange Savings
Rural Development
# Job Opportunity
#Waste Land Development
Environmental Benefits
# Emission Benefits
# Energy Cycle and Green House Gas Balance
Better Lubricity
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IIT Delhi
August 18, 2004
Application Areas of BiodieselApplication Areas of Biodiesel
Several Decentralized
Energy Units
Diesel Gensets,
Small Scale/Home Industries
Transportation
System
Mechanized
Agricultural
Sector
Irrigation Pumps,Agricultural Machinery
such as Tractors, Power
Tillers, Threshers etc.
(Self-sufficiency for the
Farmer
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Estimated Diesel Demand and BiodieselRequirement in India by 2020(in Mt)
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In India
Area Under Sugarcane : 3,329,000 hectares
Production of Sugarcane (Yield) : 65 MT/Hectare
No of Factories in Operation : 500 & above
Average capacity of factory : 3500 Tone Per Day
Molasses Production : 6,500,000 MT
Molasses Percentage : 4.4%
Per capita Consumption of Sugar : 20 Kg
Per capita Consumption of Jaggery : 5Kg
Of the Total Cane Production:12% will go in to Seed purpose and 5% goes to
Chewing and Juice manufacturing.
25-30% will go in to Khandasari and
Jaggery Production.
Only 60% is being used for Sugar production.
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Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum L.,
a replacement of fossil fuel for
motor vehicles, was first grown
in South East Asia and Western
India.
Genus: SaccharumSubtribe: Sacharae
Tribe : Andropogonae
Family : Gramineae
Order : Glumiflorae
Class: Monocotyledoneae
Subdivision: Angiospermae
Division: Embryophita siphonogama.Sugarcane has essentially four-growth phase's
viz :germination phase, tillering (formative)
phase, grand growth phase and maturity &
ripening phase.
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14
174204
241 248283 284
378440 424
483
687
1400
Brazil
(C )
Australia outh
Africa
India Cuba Thailand France U A China England Italy Japan
Sugar Production Cost
Estimated Cost (US$/Ton in Dec/00)
Sugar Cane
Production
(Mt) 200222,7 5,4 2,6 19,0 2,3 6,6 5,1 7,3 10,3 1,5 1,5 0,9
100
From Rainach (2006)
India Has Comparatively Lower Production Cost for Sugar
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15
Indias Low Sugar Production Cost Is Due to a
Combination of Factors
From Rainach (2006)
STRONG WEAK
WATER
BrazilAustraliaIndiaCuba
LIGHT - TEMPERATURE
USABLE LAND
LABOR COST
SCALE OF PRODUCTION
GENETICS
cost (US$/Ton)
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
100204248283
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Sugarcane energy content (average figures for currently
commercial sugarcane varieties)Main biomass residues from sugar and bioethanol production are sugarcane bagasse and
sugarcane trash, also named sugarcane agriculture residues (SCARs).
Sugarcane bagasse is the fibrous waste that remains after recovery of sugar juice via
crushing and extraction.
The total sugarcane energy content on dry basis, excluding ash
around 2%3% of weight can be divided in three main parts :
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DISTILLATION
CENTRIFUGATION
FERMENTATION
CRYSTALLIZATION
EVAPORATION
MILLING/
CLARIFICATION
Boiler
Generator
power
steam
power
steam
Sugar
Alcohol
cachaca
Sugar
cane
Bagassestillage
molasse
Bagaco50%
humidity
Basic flowsheet of operations in a sugarmill with attached distillery
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Biomass gasification means incomplete combustion of biomass resulting in
production of combustible gases consisting of Carbon monoxide (CO),
Hydrogen (H2) and traces of Methane (CH4). This mixture is called producer gas.
Liquid fuel production from biomass gasification
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SyngasSyngas Production TechnologyProduction Technology
BIOMASS
BIOSYNGAS
CO,H2
PRODUCT GAS
CO,H2 ,CH4 , c X HYSNG
ELECTRICITY
FT DieselMethanol
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Chemical
Industry
Electricity
Two biomass derived gases via gasification at different temperature levels
High temperature
gasification(1200-1400 C)
Low temperature
gasification
(800-1000 C)
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The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Process
The Fischer Tropsch (FT) process is achemical reaction between Carbon
Monoxide CO and Hydrogen H2,
facilitated by a catalyst (usually Iron or
Cobalt), and which produces
hydrocarbons.
The FT reaction takes place in a
pressurized vessel called the reactor.
Reactor contains the catalyst, which will
allow the reaction, its input is syngas and
its output a mixture of hydrocarbons.
It has to maintain a constant pressure
and temperature (the FT reaction releases
heat, which will have to be evacuated with
water cooling systems).
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Biomass
ELECTRICITY
Light product
Fischer-Tropsch
Diesel
biosyngasoffgas
Pre-treatment gasificationGas
conditioningFischer -
Tropsch
Schematic line-up of the FT Biodiesel production process
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Scheme of an FT plant integrated to a conventional ethanol distillery
A scheme of the integrated gasification + FT process that allow the
production of diesel, gasoline and surplus electricity.
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The power plant based on the LM2500 PK, annexed to a conventional ethanol distillery
and to an FT plant, could produce
67.9MW (30.5MW with the gas turbine and45.2MW with the steam turbine,
minus 7.8MW consumed by the
auxiliaries).
The power required by the
conventional ethanol productionprocess was estimated as 14MW,
leading to 53.9MWof surplus power
able to be commercialised.
The surplus electricity index
corresponds to 107.8 kWh/tc.Considering the amount of syngas
produced (with 80% conversion rate)
and based on the results ,it was
estimated that 5.7 m3/h of diesel
and 3.9 m3/h of gasoline could be
produced by the FT process.
P
arameter G + FTFuel production (m3/h)
Ethanol through fermentation 46.3
Diesel through FT 5.7
Gasoline through FT 3.9
Fuel production (l/tc)
Ethanol through fermentation 92.5
Diesel through FT 11.5
Gasoline through FT 7.7
Surplus electricity production (MW) 53.9
Surplus electricity production (kWh/tc) 107.8
Overall efficiency (%)* 70.7
*Based on the LHV of output liquid fuels and
the input biomass (sugarcane+trash).
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Scale-dependency of specific TCI for GTL(left) and BTL(right) plants
Total Capital Investments(TCI) for a BTL plant is 60% more expensive
than a GTL plant with same capacity.Causes: a) 50%higher air separation unit(AS ) capacity.
b) 50% more expensive gasifier due to the solids handling.
c) requirement of Rectisol unit for bulk gas cleaning.
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Fischer-Tropsh Biodiesel Production Cost
Scale-dependency of Fischer -Tropsh Biodiesel Production Costs
Above graph is based on the capital costs for the BTL plant.
Assumptions taken:
The annual capital and operational costs are calculated with a linear depreciation period of 15 yrs.A required IRR of 12%
Operations amd maintainance cost of 5% and a plant availability of 8000h per year.
Biomass costs
Conversion efficiencies.
An estimate of the costs of the produced FT liquids is given as a function of plant capacity in the graph.
Conclusion:
The costs for conversion are the dominant cost factor at plant scales below
2000 MWth biomass input.
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The technologies of liquid fuels production from cellulosicBiomass gasification + FT process are still under development.
It has an energetic point of view the advantage due to the
electricity production with higher efficiency.
From a strategic point of view the production of diesel and
gasoline can also be seen as an advantage, due to the
diversification of products.
In the future, the winner technology, will be defined by many
factors, such as the success on technology development,
effective or predict cost reductions, avoided GHG emissions
and local priorities.
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