bioclimatic design principle a solution to thermal discomfort in minna residences, niger state...

8/13/2019 Bioclimatic Design Principle a Solution to Thermal Discomfort in Minna Residences, Niger State Nigeria

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Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-3216 !a"er# ISSN 222$-%&4' (nline#

)ol. 3* No.12* 2%13

4$

Bioclimatic Design Principle a Solution to Thermal Discomfort inMinna Residences, Niger State Nigeria

+deda,o (latunde olaranmi orres"onding author#/e"artment of +rchitecture* ederal 0niversit, of echnolog,* inna* Niger State* Nigeria.

e-mail arcadeda,o gmail.com+,u5a !hili".

/e"artment of +rchitecture* ederal 0niversit, of echnolog,* inna* Niger State* Nigeriae-mail arca,u5a 2 ,ahoo.com

(,etola Ste"hen

/e"artment of +rchitecture* ederal 0niversit, of echnolog,* inna* Niger State* Nigeriae-mail ste"heno,etola futminna.edu.ng

7uhari +mina/e"artment of +rchitecture* ederal 0niversit, of echnolog,* inna* Niger State* Nigeria

e-mail rammahgal ,ahoo.com

Abstract8esidential 5uildings are "laces where "eo"le find themselves to 5e for a 5etter "art of their da,. or a lot ofindividuals* this should serve as a comfort 9one 5ut is 5eing defeated 5, a num5er of factors that range fromconstruction materials choices* ina""ro"riate design conce"t to suite 5uilding location* lac: of consideration ofe isting site features* micro climate of the 5uilding location and im"ro"er orientation of 5uilding. rom thesim"le random sam"ling in Niger State Nigeria drawn from /utsen ;ura* unga and hanchaga in inna* itwas deduced from the stud, 5, administering 2$ ocal aterials* hermal omfort.

"# $ntroductionIn ever, localit, around the world* 5uildings are erected on dail, 5asis as there is alwa,s a need for one form ofstructure or the other. +mongst the various 5uilding t,"es which range from industrial* commercial* educational*institutional* office structures* the most dominant of them all is the residential 5uilding. or an, 5uilding to 5eeffective and serve the occu"ant ade


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cognitive state which determines contentment with the thermal environment and is evaluated 5, individualassessment +SA8+E* 2%1%#. It is further defined 5, 7ritish standard 7S EN IS( CC3% as D That condition ofmind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment hermal comfort is therefore an im"ortantas"ect of an, designs enclosure as this determines the effectiveness of the 5uildings occu"ants. he term

?thermal comfort@ therefore is determined 5, the state of mind of an individual whether he or she is hot* cold orsim"l, comforta5le in their environment ASE* 2%12#.Aowever* a num5er of 5uildings use A)+ Aeating )entilation +ir onditioning# s,stems to :ee" chec: oftheir thermal environment. In recent times however* more energ, efficient and environmentall, friendl, methodsare used to heat and cool 5uildings. Natural ventilation reduces or eliminates the amount of mechanical s,stemsre


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5e considered ;ane res* 2%12#.3. Sun shading de%ices Aeat gain into the 5uilding during "eriods of high tem"erature can also 5e reduced 5,

using sun shading devices and materials and "aints that would "ermit less "enetration of the solar ra,s.4. Passi%e design +ccumulated heat during the da, can also 5e given out or 5alanced naturall, 5, night time

through the use of large window o"enings which will allow natural ventilation and a""ro"riate choice ofwindow t,"es.

$. $ndoor air 'uality hrough the use of greenBliving walls* indoor air


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Design -eatures (eat storage 5asalt stone wall connects the slee"ing areas to the living room allowing heat gained during

the da, to dis"erse in 5oth wa,s at night )ocal materials were used in the construction of the house for energ, efficienc, as the 5asalt wall* wooden

floors and the solar glass were used in the living area. he use of materials as !) * )( * s,nthetic "aints and vanishes were avoided. he building orientation is inclined in the north-south direction to allow minimum heat "enetration and it

also integrates the use of solar "anels for electricit, and hot water allowing 9ero ( 2 emissions whilegeothermal is used to heat and cool the 5uilding.

Deductions*ase study "! It was deduced from case stud, one that the diagonal orientation of 5uilding on site was to utili9ethe solar radiation in winter and the vertical shading devices were used o reduce solar radiation and heat gain insummer. !) cells were used to enhance cooling s,stems in "lace an also com"limented 5, geothermal and winds,stems from the underground galleries.*ase study .! Stone wall was used to connect the living area to the 5edroom there5, storing heat during the da,and dis"ersing at night. In order to achieve energ, efficienc,* most materials used were locall, sourced and donot contain volatile organic com"ounds.

.#1 Study Area8esidential develo"ments constitute a good "ercentage of the structures in inna* and inna falls within thetem"erate humid regions of the countr,. /ue to location of inna in the tro"ics* it is necessar, when designingto reduce the amount of heat gain into the 5uilding during the da, and ma imi9e eva"orative cooling forade


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!late 4 raditional walling material !late $ raditional Hwari settlement in innaSource +uthor@s fieldwor: 2%12# Source +uthor@s fieldwor: 2%12#

Aouses at the outs:irts of inna used natural earth with a mi ture of sand* stone and water with cla, as a 5inding agent to 5uild their homes. his "rovided them with a more comforta5le indoor tem"erature during theda, while d house was :e"t warm at night. he traditional houses of the Hwari "eo"le were 5uilt withcom"ressed earth strengthened with straw to :ee" it dura5le over a long "eriod of time. he roofing material isthatch. Earthen 5uildings have the a5ilit, to :ee" a cool tem"erature of indoor s"aces during the da,.

!late 6 + residential house in tunga !late C + residential houseSource +uthor@s fieldwor: 2%12# Source +uthor@s fieldwor: 2%12#

he residences seen in the "lates a5ove are 5uilt with 9inc as roofing material which allows heat "enetration intothe 5uildings* window o"enings are not wide enough to allow for ma imum ventilation and the living area is notcross ventilated. here is also no form of soft landsca"e to 5oost the atmos"here to a suita5le tem"erature.

!late ' + residential house with sun shading deviceSource +uthor@s fieldwor: 2%12#It was o5served from surve, that the amount of solar radiation that reaches the indoor s"ace is at a minimum dueto use of vertical fins as sun shading devices. he indoor and outdoor tem"erature can 5e enhanced 5, "lantingtrees and "roviding soft landsca"e as the surroundings lac: an, form of soft landsca"e.3.1 !erce"tion of 8es"ondents on Sources of hermal /iscomfort

he res"onse from occu"ants identified thermal discomfort to 5e as a result of heat "enetration through the roof*gla9ing and walls. It is illustrated in ta5le 3. (ther factors that 5ring a5out heat gain indoors are materials usedfor construction* the orientation of 5uildings on the site* the si9e of o"enings* the t,"e of window s,stem and thecooling s,stems ado"ted. he occu"ants rating on thermal comfort were also identified as shown in ta5le 3.


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a5le 2 (ccu"ants rating of thermal comfort in their houses)ocation ery Poor Poor +ood ery +ood Total/utsen ;ura 1% 6 $ 2 23

unga 6 3 3 % 12hanchaga ' 4 1 1 14otal 24 13 & 3 4&

!ercentage =# 4&.% 26.$ 1'.4 6.1 1%%Source +uthor@s fieldwor:

2%12#

ig 1 he chart shows occu"ants rating of thermal comfort in their housesSource +uthor@s fieldwor: 2%12#

7ased on the results shown a5ove* it can 5e seen that in all three 9ones* 4&= of occu"ants rated thermal comfortwithin their houses to 5e "oor while 26.$= rated fair* 1'.4= said thermal comfort is good while the rest 6.1=said it is ver, good.

a5le 3 !ercentage of units that allow heat gain to the house(eat +ain ery )o )o (igh ery highHla9ing 1.'$ C.41 22.22 6'.$28oof 22.22 24.%' 2%.3C 33.33

loor 46.3% 1'.$2 11.11 24.%CFalls C.41 12.&6 2%.3C $&.26

Source +uthor@s fieldwor: 2%12#It can 5e seen from fig 2 a5ove that 6&= of heat indoor is accumulated from gla9ing in various houses. It istherefore identified that gla9ing is a maGor source of heat gain indoors. 8oof is a contri5uting factor to heat gainindoor as the sun has a direct effect on it from a5ove. he nature of material used can reduce the amount of heat

"enetration indoors. he floor in the houses also contri5utes to the amount of heat indoors 5ut minimal as it is 46= "oor heat retainer and onl, 11= good. he t,"e of material used for flooring also determines the amount of heatthat is tra""ed therein. Falls are a maGor source of heat gain indoor as seen from fig $ a5ove. $&= of heat gainindoor from the surve, was attri5uted to wall 5eing a ver, good retainer of heat. his can 5e reduced 5, usingmaterials that allow less heat to indoors during the da,.

RecommendationIt has 5een identified from the surve, that some units of the house allow more heat "enetration indoor thanothers* it is therefore recommended that for effective design and good thermal achievement in inna houses* thefollowing factors should 5e considered

1# 7uilding orientation 5uildings should 5e inclined on site to face the north-east* south-west a""roach toallow minimum solar radiation into the 5uildings

2# Findow o"enings the o"enings should 5e wide enough to allow ma imum natural ventilation into theindoor s"ace at a minimum of sa, 1$%%mm 1$%%mm.

3# Hla9ing solar glasses that are dou5le "aneled and well laminated that allow light 5ut reduce heat

49%

27%

18%

6%

Occupants rating of thermal comfort

Very Poor Poor Good Very Good


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"enetration should 5e used. +nd casement window s,stems allow 1%%= ventilation rather than slidingwhich allows onl, $%= ventilation.

4# Natural materials should 5e used for construction such as ado5e* com"ressed earth* and wood as the,have 5etter thermal inertia than most conventional 5uilding materials.

$# 8enewa5le energ, these energ, sources as solar and geothermal energ, are more energ, efficient anddo not contri5ute to ( 2 emission which "ollutes the environment.

6# >andsca"e trees should 5e "lanted around the houses as the, hel" im"rove the surrounding air and:ee"s the environment cool.

C# ross ventilation houses should 5e cross ventilated for effective air flow in and out of the 5uilding.

*onclusionIt was esta5lished from the surve, that 4&= of the occu"ants of houses within inna do not find their homes to

5e thermall, comforta5le. +nd 26= onl, thin: its fair while 1'= of the "o"ulation sa,s it@s good. + meager 6=of the occu"ants live in a comforta5le house in inna* this is an indicator that maGorit, of the houses in innado not conform to the design "arameters of 5ioclimatic houses of the environment where the, are.Aowever* if all house 5uilders and owners wor: towards 5uilding houses that are more environmentall, friendl,*there will 5e less issues of thermal discomfort and the cost of maintaining houses and the environment will 5e

greatl, reduced.

References+. ichael* . A. 2%1%#. 7ioclimatic !arameters in the /esign of ontem"orar, 7uildings he !ro"osal for

the new own Aall of /er,neia* ,"rus. International Conference on Renewable Energ and Power!"alit * "". 1-$#. ,"rus.

+dele:e* :. 2%1%#. Hreen 7uilding odes + !riorit, for Sustaina5le /evelo"ment. #rchitects Collo$"i"m. +5uGa Nigerian Institute of +rchitects.

+Gi5ola* ;. 2%%%#. Design for Comfort in %igeria& # Bioclimatic #pproach. (sun* Nigeria +rchitecture/e"artment* (5afemi +wolowo 0niversit,* Ile-Ife.

+ntonia /iamanta:i* a. . 2%1%#. '"stainable B"iding . 8etrieved (cto5er 1$* 2%12* from Euro"eanSustaina5ilit, +cadem, htt" BBwww.eurosustaina5ilit,.org

+SA8+E* +. 2%1%#. hermal Environmental onditions for Auman (ccu"anc,. $$-6%.7u:ar* +. 2%11#. '"stainable (o"sing Design& #n #lternative #pproach to #chieving )ow*cost (o"sing in

#b"+a, %igeria. >incoln acult, of +rt* +rchitecture and /esign* 0niversit, of >incoln.Earth +rchitecture. 2%12* (cto5er 1%#. Bioclimatic #rchitect"re . 8etrieved (cto5er 13* 2%12* from Eco Aomes

htt" BBwww.ecohomes.grEdem* E. E. 2%1%#.-reen #rchitect"re and the %igerian Climate. +:wa I5om /e"artment of +rchitecture*

0niversit, of 0,o.ordham. 2%%%#. Natural )entilation 8enewa5le Energ,.

Aorn5,* +. S. 2%%%#. xford #dvanced )earners Dictionar . New Lor: ( ford 0niversit, !ress.ASE. 2%12#. /hat is Thermal Comfort . 8etrieved (cto5er 1C* 2%12* from www.hse.gov.u:

htt" BBwww.hse.gov.u:;ane res. 2%12* Se"tem5er#. Center for Renewable Energ 'o"rces and 'avings . 8etrieved Se"tem5er &* 2%12*

from htt" BBwww.cres.comartine9* . !. 2%12#. Bioclimatic #rchitect"re. /enmar: )I+ 0niversit, ollege.oon* H. 2%%C#.'"stainable #rchitect"re& #n verview of E$"ittable and Efficient 'paces . !ortland.

(mer* (. 2%%'#. 8enewa5le 7uilding Energ, S,stems and !assive Auman omfort Solutions. Renewable'"stainable Energ Reviews * ". 12 6#1$62#.

!roharam* . a. 2%%'#. Aow to define a M5ioclimaticM onstruction International -as 0nion ResearchConference !aris 8esearch and Innovative /ivision* rance. "". 1-1%#.


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bioclimatic design principle a solution to thermal discomfort in minna residences, niger state...

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