biochemistry functional groups. carbon—the backbone of biological molecules all living organisms...

Biochemistry Functional Groups

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Biochemistry

Functional Groups

Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules

All living organismsAre made up of chemicals based mostly on

carbon due to its bonding abilityAll life considered “carbon based life-forms”

Page 3: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Chapter 4• Organic chemistry

–the study of carbon compounds

• Organic compounds have carbon in them (& usually H)–Exception: CO2 is considered INORGANIC

–Range from simple to big molecules

Page 4: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Organic? • For a long time, the term organic was

strictly associated with the chemistry of life. Until scientists gained the ability to synthesize carbon compounds, the only “factories” making carbon compounds were living organisms, hence the connection to “all natural”.

Page 5: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Formation of Bonds w/ Carbon

• Carbon atoms– forms diverse molecules

–b/c carbon has 4 valence electrons bind to to 4 other atoms

–can form 4 covalent bonds with itself or other atoms very important in living things!

• Carbon has bonding versatility –allows it to form many diverse

molecules, including carbon skeletons (carbon “chains”)

Page 6: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Page 7: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

The electron configuration of carbon

Gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements

H O N C

Hydrogen

(valence = 1)

Oxygen

(valence = 2)

Nitrogen

(valence = 3)

Carbon

(valence = 4)

Figure 4.4

Page 8: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton Variation

Carbon chainsForm skeletons of most organic molecules

Vary in length and shape

StraightBranchedRings

Page 9: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Hydrocarbons

• Organic molecules consisting of only C and H

• Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’

• Found in many of cell’s organic molecules

• Ex: fat molecules

• Covalent bonding btw C-H nonpolar (hydrophoic)

• High energy storage

Page 10: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Example of a Hydrocarbon

(a) A fat molecule (b) Mammalian adipose cells

100 µm

Fat droplets (stained red)

Figure 4.6 A, B

Functional Groups

• Functional groups –parts of organic molecules involved in chemical rxns (i.e.-chemically reactive groups)

–each functional group behaves in a consistent fashion from 1 organic molecule to the next

–# & arrangement of groups helps give molecules unique, distinctive chemical properties

Page 12: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

6 functional groups important in chemistry of life

1.Hydroxyl2.Carbonyl3.Carboxyl4.Amino5.Sulfhydryl6.Phosphate7.Methyl (yes…another one)

Page 13: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Functional GroupsAttachments replace 1+ of H’s bonded

to C skeleton of the hydrocarbonEach GROUP are HYDROPHILIC

increase organic molecule solubility in water

1. Hydroxyl Group (-OH) –H bonded to O –Make alcohols, sugars–polar (b/c of oxygen electronegivity)

–soluble in water (attracts H20)

Page 14: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Ethanol and Sugar

• Ethanol:

• Sugar:

Page 15: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Functional Groups2. Carbonyl Group (C=O)

–C double bond to O–Aldehyde (at the end of C skeleton)–Ketone (INSIDE Carbon skeleton)–Ex: Acetone, Propanal

Page 16: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

• Ketone

• Aldehyde– **Think: all the way

at the end!

Page 17: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Functional Groups cont’d3. Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

• O double bonded to C to hydroxyl• Carboxylic acids (organic acids)• Covalent bond between O and H• Polar

Page 18: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Functional Groups cont’d4. Amino Group (-NH2)

• N to 2 H atoms• Makes Amines • Acts as a base (+1) • Also makes AMINO ACIDS Have both amino and

carboxyl groups

Page 19: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Functional Groups cont’d

5. Sulfhydral Group (-SH)

• sulfur bonded to H

Page 20: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Functional Groups cont’d6. Phosphate Group (-OPO3

-)• Organic

phosphates

Page 21: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

Functional Groups cont’d7. Methyl Group

(-CH3)• Usually not as

reactive as other groups

• Used in gene expression

Page 22: Biochemistry Functional Groups. Carbon—The Backbone of Biological Molecules All living organisms Are made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon due to

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biochemistry functional groups. carbon—the backbone of biological molecules all living organisms...

Documents

h slide

carbon valence

b slide

propanal slide

h polar slide

functional groups contd

functional groups important

functional groups attachments