Biochemistry

Chapter 4

(with some extra stuff from 1,2 and 3)

Write a short story (creatively) using the following terms. Protein Carbohydrate Hydrolysis Lipid Enzyme Active site

DO NOT LOOK UP THE DEFINITIONS!!!

Terms1. organic

compound

2. polymer

3. monomer

4. carbohydrate

5. monosaccharide

6. dehydration synthesis

7. hydrolysis 

8. lipid

9. glycerol

10.fatty acid

11.protein

12.amino acid

13.enzyme

14.substrate

15.active site

Please Do NowYou have all heard the statement, “You

are what you eat”. In 5 lines or more, explain what this statement means.

Types of compounds

Organic Compounds– Carbon containing

compounds except CO2 (carbon dioxide)

4 types of Bio-organic compounds– Carbohydrates

– Lipids

– Proteins

– Nucleic acids

Inorganic Compounds– Compounds that do not

contain carbon (except for CO2)

Organic Compounds

All organic compounds are polymers.– Polymers are long or large molecules made up

of small units called monomers.– When we study each group of bioorganic

molecules, we will look at their monomer forms.

– Monomers are small compounds that join together to form larger chemicals.

Chemical Reactions (organic compounds)

HYDROLYSIS– Digestion reactions– Chemical reaction

where a large molecule is broken down to form smaller ones with the use of a molecule of water

AB + H2O A + B

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

– Builds body parts– Chemical reaction

where two small molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the release of water

A+B AA + HAA

Carbohydrates Contain Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H) and Oxygen(O) The H and O are in a 2:1 ratio Monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides-

or simple sugars – Examples of monosaccharides are (C6H12O6)

• Glucose• Fructose • Galactose

– All monosaccharides have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Carbohydrates

Examples of common carbohydrates – Breads– Pasta– Rice – Potatoes– Crackers– Cereal

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

Carbohydrates

Examples of disaccharides formed from dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides

– Maltose: malt sugar

– Lactose: milk sugar

– Sucrose: table sugar

Polysaccharides– long chains of monosaccharides

– Way organisms store excess sugar• Starch and cellulose(wood)= plants

• Glycogen= animals

Dehydration Synthesis Carbohydrates

Lipids Contain C, H and O with NO 2:1 ratio of H :O Fats- Solid, produced by animals, saturated Oils- Liquid, produced by plants, unsaturated Monomers

– Glycerol – 3 Fatty acids

Have 9x more energy per gram than carbohydrates Examples of lipids you need

– Cholesterol (basis for sex hormones)– Phospholipids (found in cell membranes)

Lipid Monomers

+ 3 fatty acids

Either unsaturated or saturated

Types of fatty acids Saturated

– Has all of the Hydrogen it can hold

– No internal double bonds

– Found in fats• Bacon fat, lard,

fat on meat, Crisco, etc.

Unsaturated– Does not have all of

the hydrogen it can hold

– Has double bonds internally

– Found in oils• Corn oil,

sunflower oil, peanut oil, olive oil, etc.

Fatty Acids

Dehydration Synthesis: Lipid

Proteins

Made up of C,H,O and N(itrogen) Composed of amino acids monomers Function

– Structural portions-muscles, cartilage, hair, nails

– Enzymes- help to regulate cell reactions• Lactase- digests lactose

Food sources-egg whites, meat, milk, beans, nuts

Protein Amino acids are held together by peptide

bonds (C—N ) Once formed the protein does not stay as a straight chain.

Proteins bend and fold to form a 3-D shape.

– A. helix

– B. twisted helix

– C. several twisted helixes may join together to form a finished protein

Amino Acids

Amine Group

Carboxyl Acid

Variable group= can be 20 different things

Dehydration Synthesis Protein

Proteins (Enzymes)

ENZYMES – are special proteins within cells that help

reactions to occur more quickly or at a temperature that allows for the cell to continue living

– Only react with one substrate molecule (based on the substrates shape)

• Ex. only one key is good for the lock on your front door, other key will not fit

– Are not used up in a reaction (recyclable)

Proteins (Enzymes)

Substrate• Substance which an enzyme helps during a

reaction• Recognized by its 3 dimensional shape• Is changed during the reaction

Active Site: place on an enzyme where the substrate bonds

Coenzymes: are helpers for an enzyme. Without this substance the enzyme does not function. Ex. vitamins

Enzymes

Active site

substrate

Nucleic Acids

Monomers are nucleotides= – Sugar– Nitrogen base– Phosphate

2 types of nucleic acids– RNA= synthesize proteins, ribonucleic acids– DNA= hereditary material, control production

of RNA and proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid