BiochemistryBiochemistry Biochemistry can be defined as the Biochemistry can be defined as the

science concerned with the chemical science concerned with the chemical basis of life. It is the chemistry of basis of life. It is the chemistry of

biology. biology.

The major objective of biochemistry is The major objective of biochemistry is the complete understanding, at the the complete understanding, at the

molecular level, of all of the chemical molecular level, of all of the chemical processes associated with living cells. processes associated with living cells.

Organic and Inorganic Organic and Inorganic CompoundsCompounds

Organic compounds always contain Organic compounds always contain carbon (C) and occur naturally only in carbon (C) and occur naturally only in the bodies of living organisms. They the bodies of living organisms. They almost always contain hydrogen (H), almost always contain hydrogen (H), usually contain oxygen (O) and usually contain oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N), and sometimes contain nitrogen (N), and sometimes contain phosphate (P), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), phosphate (P), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) copper (Cu), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) or potassium (K) in small amounts.or potassium (K) in small amounts.

Biochemistry and Biochemistry and NutritionNutrition

The 3 groups of The 3 groups of macromoleculesmacromolecules and 4 and 4 classes of classes of nutrientsnutrients::

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates FatsFats ProteinProtein Water.Water. FibreFibre MineralsMinerals VitaminVitamin

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Carbohydrates can be thought of as sugars. The Carbohydrates can be thought of as sugars. The

can be both simple and complex. This is can be both simple and complex. This is dependent on how many sugar chains there are dependent on how many sugar chains there are in the Carbohydrate.in the Carbohydrate.

Monosaccharides (One sugar), Disaccharides Monosaccharides (One sugar), Disaccharides (Two sugars), or Polysaccharides (many (Two sugars), or Polysaccharides (many sugars).sugars).

They constitute a large part of foods such as They constitute a large part of foods such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grain-based rice, noodles, bread, and other grain-based products products

These give us energy. These give us energy.

Monosaccharide(Monomère)

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide (Polymère)

Fats – Unsaturated and Fats – Unsaturated and SaturatedSaturated

FatsFats

FatsFats

These are made up of fatty acids bound to a These are made up of fatty acids bound to a glycerol compound.glycerol compound.

Fats may be classified as saturated or Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved.structure of the fatty acids involved.

Most fatty acids in fats are non-essential, Most fatty acids in fats are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as meaning the body can produce them as needed. However some of them are needed. However some of them are two fatty two fatty acids are essentialacids are essential and must be included in and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids fatty acids omega-3omega-3 and and omega-6omega-6 fatty acids. fatty acids.

Fats – Saturated and Fats – Saturated and UnsaturatedUnsaturated

Protein Protein

ProteinProtein

One of the original nutrients One of the original nutrients discovered. discovered.

Proteins are the basis of many animal Proteins are the basis of many animal body structures (e.g. muscles, skin, body structures (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair )and hair )

Composed of amino acids. Composed of amino acids. Proteins are broken down in the body Proteins are broken down in the body

into amino acids, which are then used into amino acids, which are then used in our body to make our own proteins. in our body to make our own proteins.

Functions of Proteins Functions of Proteins includeinclude

RepairRepair BuildBuild EnzymesEnzymes Amino Acids – 20 in total, 8 essentialAmino Acids – 20 in total, 8 essential Cell membrane etcCell membrane etc

http://madsci.wustl.edu/posts/archives/aug98/900528149.Bc.r.html

The extraordinary properties The extraordinary properties of Waterof Water

A water molecule (HA water molecule (H22O), is O), is made up of three atoms: made up of three atoms: one oxygen and two one oxygen and two hydrogen.hydrogen.

http://www.e-spaces.com/broadcast/Water/scr2.html

H

HO

Homeostasis – very Homeostasis – very important!important!

Steady stateSteady state Constant physiological condition of Constant physiological condition of

cells, organisms global ecosystemscells, organisms global ecosystems a. Makes a good insulatora. Makes a good insulator b. Resists temperature changeb. Resists temperature change c. Universal solventc. Universal solvent d. Coolantd. Coolant e. Ice protects against temperature e. Ice protects against temperature

extremesextremes

High Specific Heat

•Water resists temperature change, both for heating and cooling.

•Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat energy with little change in actual temperature.

•This keeps our cells safe by keeping the temperature steady!

Dehydration reactionsDehydration reactionsBuilding and Breaking

of MacromoleculesDehydration-Synthesis

= Condensation= occurs when a water molecule is removed to

join 2 subunits See example to the

left and on the next slide

FibreFibre

FibreFibre

Dietary fibre consists mainly of Dietary fibre consists mainly of cellulose.cellulose.

This can make it hard for the body to This can make it hard for the body to digest. It can be broken down and digest. It can be broken down and used as energy as carbohydrates are used as energy as carbohydrates are but because they are hard to digest but because they are hard to digest are not as efficient. are not as efficient.

The eating of this can however provide The eating of this can however provide healthy intestinal movements. healthy intestinal movements.

MineralsMinerals

MineralsMinerals

Chemical elements our body needs. Chemical elements our body needs. These can be Sodium, Calcium along These can be Sodium, Calcium along with others. with others.

These do not include carbon, These do not include carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen .hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen .

These are found in all foods to a These are found in all foods to a varying degree. Some foods will varying degree. Some foods will have more then others. have more then others.

VitaminsVitamins

A vitamin is an organic compound required A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism.as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism.

Vitamin D is the only vitamin that can be Vitamin D is the only vitamin that can be synthesised by the human body. All other synthesised by the human body. All other ones which are essential must be consumed. ones which are essential must be consumed.

Fruits and Veggies is where these are found.Fruits and Veggies is where these are found. Goitre, scurvy, osteoporosis and rickets are Goitre, scurvy, osteoporosis and rickets are

just some of the disorders caused by a just some of the disorders caused by a vitamin deficiency. vitamin deficiency.

VitaminsVitamins

TaskTask Task:Task: Using your textbook and these notes, answer the following Using your textbook and these notes, answer the following

questions:questions: Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds. Give Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds. Give

examples of each.examples of each. What are the three classes of carbohydrates? Explain how each What are the three classes of carbohydrates? Explain how each

differs.differs. What are fats made of?What are fats made of? In what ways do plant and animal fats differ?In what ways do plant and animal fats differ? What is cholesterol, and why has it become so important to What is cholesterol, and why has it become so important to

health-conscious consumers?health-conscious consumers? In what ways do proteins and nucleic acids differ from In what ways do proteins and nucleic acids differ from

carbohydrates and lipids?carbohydrates and lipids? Explain the process of dehydration synthesis.Explain the process of dehydration synthesis. Explain the process of hydrolysis.Explain the process of hydrolysis. What is the difference between DNA and RNA (structure and What is the difference between DNA and RNA (structure and

function).function).