Biochemical Engineering

We stay in comfortable structures, travel on roads and in air reliably, communicate across the globe instantly, produce food and deliver water safely, see inside body non-invasively, monitor treatment remotely, innovate tools for science and new worlds creatively,… our life is so much freer from the drudgery of the past.

Just look around; engineer’s work is pervasive. Tomorrow’s technology-savvy, global economy is an engineer’s paradise.

Engineering… an enabling science and profession

“Engineering is a profoundly creative process. A most elegant description is that engineering is about design under constraint.

The engineer designs devices, components, subsystems, and systems and, to create a successful design, in the sense that it leads directly or indirectly to an improvement in our quality of life, must work within the constraints provided by technical, economic, business, political, social, and ethical issues.”

National Academy of EngineeringThe Engineer of 2020

Engineering… a creative process

Engineering is a combination of science and practical art learned from

• Scientific knowledge transforming theory as a means to operational ends

• Mathematical logic objective logic as a means to quantitatively predict

• Experiential knowledge from practical designinescapably unique and context-dependent by domain of

application

Engineering

A Brief History

6000 BC – Canals, flood control, buildings

1818 – Institute of Civil Engineering; 1852 – Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers1847 – Institute of Mechanical Engineers1880 – Am. Soc. of Mechanical Engineers1884 – Inst. Elec. & Electronic Engineers1907 – Am. Soc. of Agricultural Engineers1908 – Am. Institute of Chem. Engineers

1. A distinct branch of knowledge

2. Distinct practices/methods

Two Characteristics of a Discipline

1. Science-based – relies heavily on a distinct body of knowledge based on a branch of natural science, and

2. Application-focused – draws from all engineering disciplines for designing solution applied to fulfill for a domain needs.

Classes of Engineering Disciplines

A Brief History

1930’s – E.O. Reed - Agricultural Engineering is based on the science of biology

1960’s – Agricultural Engineers were challenged to enter the world of living things

1968Mississippi State University

Undergraduate curriculum in Biol. Engr.Rose-Hulman

Biomedical Engineering DepartmentBioMedical Engineering Society (BMES)

Personal motivation

October 26-28, 1987Academic Heads of Agricultural Engineers, OSU

Dr. Carl HallDeputy Assistant Director of Engineering, NSF“The Age of Biology – Impact of Engineering”

He said that basic engineering sciences are strong in physical sciences; they must equally be strong in biological sciences. If we have engineering based on physics then why should we not have engineering based on biology.

1. An application-focused engineering discipline with special knowledge and interest in problems related to biological organisms, materials, processes andsystems.

2. A biological sciences-based, ubiquitous application engineering discipline.

Biological Engineering Worldviews

“In physical science a first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality connected to it.

I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge but you have scarcely in your thought, advanced to the state of science, whatever the matter may be.”

Lord Kelvin, 1883

When do we know?

A first step of learning any subject is to find:

1. principles of numerical reckoning and

2. practicable methods for measuring some quality connected to it.

Lord Kelvin, 1883

Simply, when do we first know we know

© Brahm Verma, July 15, 2002

Physics

ChemistryBiology

Scientific Methods

Biological

Chemical

“General”

Use-Focused

Engineering Sciences

Nature

• Agriculture• Environment• Information• Marine• Medical• Pharmacy• Science•

Quantitative Methods

Cultural Values

Social

Economic

Political

Designed Products, Processes & Systems

“General” Engineering + Mechanical+ Electrical + Electronics+ Structural

Schematic Illustration ofPerspective of Engineering Disciplines

Design Methods

• The next query is “What is the future of chemical engineering in the next 25 years?”

• 1839 – George Davis (Father of Chemical Engineering) suggested the need for a mechanical engineer with working knowledge in the chemical industry. “A chemical engineer is a person with chemical and mechanical knowledge who applies it to the utilization in a manufacturing scale of chemical action.”

History of Chemical Engineering

• 1882 – Assembly of Society of Chemical Industries, 15 of 300 members describe themselves as chemical engineers

• 1905 – Publication of Chemical Engineering Journal• 1908 – Establishment of the American Institute of

Chemical Engineers• 1918 – Chemical Engineering Society with 400 members

History of Chemical Engineering

Feb. 23, 1921 – P.A.2985, created the Board of Chemical Engineering together with the Boards of Mechanical, Electrical and Civil Engineering. They were placed under the Dept. of Commerce and Communications.

1932 – The Board under RA 4007, was placed under the Dept. of Public Works and Communications.

1948 – The Chemical Engineering Law (RA 318) was passed.

2004 – The Chemical Engineering Law of 2004 was passed (RA 9297)

Chemical Engineering in the Philippines

Hon Ramon Feliciano, ChairmanHon. Vivencio Araos, MemberHon. Moises Miranda, Member

The First Members of the Board of Chemical Engineering (1921)

After 93 years… there are only 29,582 registered Chemical Engineers in the Philippines as of

May 24, 2014

CHEMICAL ENGINEERS IN THE PHILIPPINES

YearNo. of

ExamineesFive Year Ave.

No. of Examinees

YearNo. of

ExamineesFive Year Ave.

No. of Examinees

1991 1061 1017 2001 1065 1074

1992 944 2002 1038

1993 1025 2003 1043

1994 941 2004 1038

1995 1113 2005 1184

1996 1156 1181 2006 934 940

1997 1097 2007 875

1998 1222 2008 810

1999 1211 2009 981

2000 1218 2010 1070

20-year History on Number of Examinees Taking the Board Examination

• Low turn-out of students taking chemical engineering

• Closure of schools offering chemical engineering

• No new chemical industries/plants being built in the country

• Global recession

Concerns of the Profession

• With high school graduates going into business, hospitality and leisure services courses (culinary arts, HRM) and allied medical courses (nursing, physical and occupational therapy) and chemical engineering is reserved for geeks and ego-trippers.

Chemical Engineers in the United States

In the U.S., there was a 41% drop in employment from 1997-2000 in the chemical and petroleum industry.

The dramatic membership slump seen around 1985 should start worrying any prospective chemical engineer.

Each year about 5000 chemical engineers graduate and replace the 1000 chemical engineers who retire. With the rapid growth seen from 1945 to 1970 slowing down, employment in today's chemical industry is not as certain. Only two-thirds of new chemical engineering graduates find full-time work within their first six months out of college (however, this employment rate for new graduates is the highest of any major engineering field).

Additionally, the average chemical engineering graduate can expect to work for 6-8 employers over a career. This is in sharp contrast to twenty years ago, when chemical engineers found secure employment with only 1-2 employers over a lifetime. In short, while future prospects are still good, things ain't what they used to be.

(Source: History of ChEn: AIChE, http://www.pafko.com/history/h_aiche.html)

The Future Ain’t What It Used to Be

• Top 10 Most In-Demand Professions for 2010by Angela Martin on April 25, 2010In an uncertain economy, it is a smart move to seek out careers that are projected to experience the most growth. Some industries, such as newspapers, are steadily declining, which may mean future layoffs; others, such as non-computer electronics engineering, are projected to flat line, which may make it difficult to find a job. Here we will feature 10 careers that will show dramatic job growth of 20 percent or more throughout the next decade, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.1. Biomedical Engineers. Job growth is expected to grow by a whopping 72 percent from 2008-2018, giving biomedical engineering the top spot on this list. The Bureau indicates this growth will be driven by a rapidly aging U.S. population, resulting in an increasing number of health issues. Biomedical engineers will be needed to design better medical devices and equipment to meet expected demand.

On the Positive Side

Top 2 places in most lucrative degree survey by CNN Money (USA) 2006, 2007 & 2009 – annual salary of $70,000-$105,000

Highest paying degree for first employment of college graduate (Princeton University Study, 2006)

Highest Paid CEO’s in the USA◦ Andrew Grove (Intel)◦ Clifton Garrin (Exxon)◦ Eugenio Lafuera (FEMSA)◦ Charles Koch (Koch Industries)◦ David Railey (Chevron)

On the Positive Side

Robin Batterham, Chief Scientist (Australia)Samuel Bodman, Secretary, U.S. Department of

EnergyAdon Osborne created the first portable computerHu Tsu Tau, former Minister of Finance (Singapore)Jerry Buzek, former Minister (Poland) & former

President of European ParliamentGeorge Richards, former President of Trinidad &

Tobago

Where are the Chemical Engineers?

They improved our quality of life:• Margaret Roussau – designed the first

penicillin plant• Waldo Semon – invented PVC• Lewis Urry – invented alkaline battery

(Everready)• Nathaniel Wyett – produced PET plastic

bottles for DuPont• Victor Mills – invented disposable diapers

Where are the Chemical Engineers?

They also produced products which threatened mankind:

• K. B. Quinan – explosive manufacturing expert for De Beers (diamond company)

• Fritz Haber – produced the Haber process used in chemical warfare

• Edward Teller – Father of Hydrogen Bomb

Where are the Chemical Engineers?

In the Philippines: Lucio Tan – manufacturing business, banking, airlines (PAL &

AirPhil) James Go – JG Summit, Cebu Pacific, Robinson’s John Gaisano – property development Karla Batungbakal – pioneered the BPO in the Philippines Richard King – leisure lifestyle business leader in the south Tony Tan Caktiong – controls food conglomerates (Jollibee,

Chowking, Greenwich, Mang Inasal, Red Ribbon, Delifrance) Gov. Carlito Marquez (Aklan)

Where are the Chemical Engineers?

In the Philippines:Former Congressman Lualhati AntoninoGov. Roberto Pagdanganan (Bulacan)Froilan Tampico – President (Napocor)Former Secretary Estrella Alabastro (DOST)Former Secretary Filemon Uriarte (DOST)Former Secretary Cesar Buenaventura (DTI)Father Fernando Suarez – The Healing PriestBibiano Fajardo – President (Philippine Hilot Society)ANDOFELIA BULAONG – FORMER GOVERNOR, BOI

Where are the Chemical Engineers?

MOST POWERFUL MAN IN THE WORLD NOW IS A CHEMICAL ENGINEER

Xi JinpingFrom 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Beijing's prestigious Tsinghua University as a "Worker, Peasant, PLA" student

Cleaner Production and Cleaner TechnologyCarbon SequestrationExtraction of Hydrogen ResourcesDownstream and Upstream of Petroleum ProductsEngineered microorganism for biomass feedstockSmall-scale chemical process against centralized

processesAdvances in catalysis (ex. Conversion of biomass

and CO2 into fuel)Micro-scale reaction

Chemical Engineers – The Universal and Borderless Engineer Exploring New Frontiers

1. Biology as a Chemical Engineering Science (previously applied to fermentation and wastewater treatment: biotechnology, pharmaceutical drugs, medical devices, genetics engineering and energy and biomass)

2. Nanotechnology will have a mega impact on:- For medicine (chemotherapy)- Microelectronics- Green Sustainable practices- Minimize waste- Treat hazardous waste- Solar energy- 3D assembly- Green photolysis

The Chemical Engineer Thrust

3. Computing to capture molecules:- Molecular engineering- Waste containment- Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API)Mass balance will now be molecular balance,

accounting for each molecule- Smart manufacturing4. Addressing global inequities, solutions to drought,

climate changes, diseases, water contamination may be different from developed, developing and undeveloped countries.

The Chemical Engineer Thrust

1. Add new materials and remove other materials2. Advance modelling and computerized

computational techniques3. Supply Chain concept and Life-cycle analysis4. Multi-scale analysis5. Macroscopic and microscopic tools6. Web-based capability7. Integration of Biology as to the current Physics,

Chemistry and Mathematics

Addressing the Need

• BS Chemical Engineering and:– Nanoengineering– Materials Engineering– Molecular Engineering– Biological Engineering– Bioengineering– Biomolecular Engineering– Biochemical Engineering

BIONIC ENGINEERING?

Expanding the ChE Curriculum

Course Description• This course introduces the examination

and analysis of biochemical reactor design and processing using working knowledge in biological materials, biochemical reactions, biological agents and kinetic modeling. It provides insight into the biochemical processes and the biotechnology industry.

Course Description• Topics include enzyme kinetics,

stoichiometry of microbial growth and product formation, kinetics of substrate and product formation, design and analysis of bioreactors, transport phenomena in bioprocess systems, instrumentation and process control for bioreactors, fermentation technology, and downstream processing.

Course Outcomes

By the end of the course, the students will be able to:

• Derive enzyme kinetic models and solve related problems

• Demonstrate how to set up and solve enzyme and cell kinetic expressions

• Perform stoichiometric calculations involving biological reactions

Course Description• Describe gas-liquid transfer in cellular

systems• Determine the oxygen transfer rate in

bioreactors• Design and analyze bioreactors• Describe mixed-microbial population

interaction and their application in industrial processes

Student Outcomes Addressed by the Courseg. understand the impact of

professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development

Outline• What is biochemical engineering?• The catalysts• Relationship to engineering• Historical perspective: penicillin• The industry: facts• The industry:

• Food, beer and wine• Industrial chemicals • Pharmaceuticals

Related Fields• Biochemistry, Microbiology

• Biotechnology: use or development of methods of direct genetic manipulation for a socially desirable goal. Sometimes a broader definition is used, where biotechnology is applied biology.

• Biomedical Engineering: engineering on systems to improve human health

• Bioengineering, biological engineering: work on medical or agricultural systems, draws on electrical, mechanical, industrial and chemical engineers.

• Bioinformatics

• Biomimetics

Environmental Bioprocess Engineering

• Combining advanced Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology to detoxify wastes and produce value added products

Chem Eng Environment

Biotechnology

Biological Waste Treatment

Pollutant + Oxygen + Nitrogen + Phosphorus

+ Other Nutrients

Cells, Biopolymers, Biofuels, Energy,

Carbon Dioxide, Water

Pollutant (Water or Air)

Treated (Water or Air)

Bioreactor(Microbes)

Anaerobic Reactor

Slide 6

The Microbial Community: Individuals, Flocs and Films

Source: Trinity College Dublin, TVT Bio

Bioflocs

Ciliates RotifersBacteria

Protozoa

2mm

Anaerobic Granules

Biofilm in a Biofilter

Biotech Hierarchy

DNA

RNA

Protein

DNA

Ribosome

Protein

mRNA

Proteins catalyze rtns metabolites

Community of cells single cells

Proteome

Transcriptome

Genome

Metabolome

Overall Premise

Applying the rapidly advancing knowledge and tools in modern biology (microscopic,

biomolecular, etc) and chemical engineering principles will allow us to

optimize the design, operation and application of mixed microbial systems in

engineered environments to convert wastes to value added products

Biomimicry

The practice of developing sustainable human

technologies inspired by nature. Sometimes called

Biomimetics or Bionics, it's basically biologically inspired engineering.

Velcro

Velcro fastening was invented in 1941 by Swiss engineer George de Mestral, who took the idea from the burrs that stuck to his dog's hair. Under the microscope he noted the tiny hooks on the end of the burr's spines that caught anything with a loop - such as clothing, hair or animal fur. The 2-part Velcro fastener system uses strips or patches of a hooked material opposite strips or patches of a loose-looped weave of nylon that holds the hooks.

The Fly Wall

Passive Cooling

• The high-rise Eastgate Centre building in Harare, Zimbabwe was designed

to mimic the way that those tower-building termites in Africa construct their mounds to maintain a constant temperature. The insects do this by constantly opening and closing vents throughout the mound to manage convection currents of air - cooler air is drawn in from open lower sections while hot air escapes through chimneys. The innovative building uses similar design and air circulation planning while consuming less than 10% of the energy used in similar sized conventional buildings!

Blue Morpho Butterfly

IridescenceWhat is iridescence?

– Colors change depending on the angle at which you look at the surface

• Different thicknesses, like with bubbles, can create iridescence.

• Nano and micro features, as in the blue Morpho butterfly, also cause iridescence. Close-up of peacock

feather

The iridescence in Blue Bedder flowers attracts

pollinators

What does iridescence do in nature?

– Attract mates or pollinators– Camouflage

Blue Morpho Butterfly Wing

Scanning Electron Microscope image of the Blue Morpho butterfly showing repeating nanoscale features responsible for iridescence.

Biomimicry of Iridescence

Biomimicry of iridescence is used for security on currency and credit cards.

Biomimicry of Iridescence

Qualcomm has a new e-screen that mimics the iridescence of the blue Morpho butterfly. The screen gets brighter in sunlight.

The Lotus Effect

Lotus leaves and nasturtium leaves are self-cleaning due to nano and microscale structures and a waxy coating.

Together these features create a superhydrophobic surface.

Close-up of a nasturtium leaf, which exhibits the Lotus Effect, with a droplet of water

The Lotus Effect

Biomimicry of the Lotus Effect

Lotusan paint mimics the lotus plant’s self-cleaning properties.

Nano-Tex fabric repels liquids and stains, also mimicking the Lotus Effect.

In biomimicry, we look at nature as model, measure, and mentor.  

Biomimicry introduces an era based not on what we can extract from organisms and their ecosystems, but on what we can learn from them.

Nature’s inspiration Biomimicry

http://www.itsnature.org

Getty Images courtesy of Speedo

Eastgate Centre in Harare, Zimbabwe

Burrs Velcro

Sharkskin Fast Swimsuit

Termite Dens

Self-cooling Buildings

What is Bioengineering?

Any Area of Biology Mixed with

Any Area of EngineeringIn

Any Proportion

Example: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

– Electrical Engineers: electromagnetics– Computer Engineers/Scientists: computation– Physiologists: biological function– Chemists: new imaging agents– Psychologists: mental function– Physicians: medical implications

More Bioengineering ExamplesArtificial Skin

– Materials Scientist: artificial polymers– Cell Biologist: tissue reaction

EKG Machine– Engineers: electronics– CS: automated diagnosis– Physician: medical design

Pharmaceutical Production– Molecular Biologist: receptor / ligand identification– Genetic Engineer: induce bacteria to produce

molecules– Chemical Engineer: scaleup of production

Examples of Engineers in Medicine and Biology

• Materials Science: Implants (e.g. artificial hip) • Electrical Engineering: Cardiac Signals• Computer Science: computer data bases,

programs, bioinformatics• Computer Engineering: computer design for

CAT scanners• Physics: basics of Magnetic Resonance

Imaging

Examples of Engineers in Medicine and Biology• Chemical Engineering: Pharmaceuticals• Mechanical Engineering: Rehabilitation Devices• Nuclear Engineering: Radiology• Civil Engineering: Environmental problems• Agricultural Engineering: Food Processing

Areas Emerging in“Engineering of Biology”

– Bioinformatics (Genetic / Proteomic Data Base, Design, Inquiry)

– BioMolecular Modeling– Genetic Engineering of Animals– Genetic Engineering of Proteins, Drugs– Cell and Tissue Engineering– Neural Engineering– Biomaterials

Programs Related to Bioengineering

• Chemical Engineering• Environmental Engineering

– Includes water, soil, air quality control and protection• Agricultural and Biological Engineering

– Includes food processing, farm and indoor environmental control

More Programs Related to Bioengineering• Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering

Department and Degree Program• Biomaterials concentration in Materials Science

and Engineering• Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Department and Degree Program

What Do I Need to Study to be a Biochemical engineer?• Short Answer #1: Everything

• Short Answer #2: Depends-- on what interests you most

The story of penicillin

Alexander Fleming's photo of the dish with bacteria and Penicillin mold, 1928

The story of penicillin

1928 1940’s

Discovered by Alexander Fleming

Chemical synthesis proved to be too difficult

Fermentation route was chosen

Efforts to increase production• cell line selection• medium optimization• process development

Full scale production

15+ years

Biocatalyst: cells and enzymes

10-20 mm 1-5 mm

Enzyme:Acetylcholinesterasesize range in nm

E + S E-S E + P

Typical chemical processingA

B

A+B P

PAB

temperatureflowrate

A

P

B

Reactor Separation

Bioprocesses are “special”…….• Cells are living organisms that require specific conditions

for growth, production• Cells grow in culture medium (nutrients) that may

support other cell types (contamination)• Bioproducts are often sensitive to external conditions (T,

pH) and can easily be destroyed (separations)• Product is generally very dilute in bioreactor medium• Many byproducts in medium to remove

….but they have their advantages!

• Cells will often perform reactions that are too difficult to do synthetically (penicillin)

• Cells can turn basic nutrients (for example, agricultural waste) into valuable products

• Amazing diversity of products from cells• Cells can be modified to increase product diversity even

more!• Enzymes are highly specific catalysts with high catalytic

power

Biochemical engineering

has usually meant the extension of chemical engineering

principles to systems using a biological catalyst to bring

about desired chemical transformations.

Biotechnology

- Traditionally, implies the use or development of methods of direct genetic manipulation for a socially desirable product.

- Broadly, “Commercial techniques that use living organisms, or substances from those organism, to make or modify a product…”

(Congress of the United States, 1984)

Fermentation

- Traditionally, defined as the process for the production of alcohol or lactic acid from glucose.

- Broadly, defined as “an enzymatically controlled transformation of organic compound” (Webster’s New College Dictionary)

Typical Bioprocess

Stock culture

Shake flask

Seed fermenter

Raw materials

Medium formulation

Sterilization

Computer controlProduction fermenter

Air

Recovery

Purification Products

Effluent treatment

Microbiology,

biochemistry

Chemical, engineering

Microorganismcell preparation

Medium preparation

Biochemical Engineering History• 5000 to 10,000 BC: yogurt, cheese and soy products,

wine and beer. • In early 20th century: pure bakers yeast were being

produced in tanks and sold.

• In world war I: fermentation was used to produce chemicals needed for war.

• World War II: antibiotics production became on the commercial scale.

• 1970s: recombinant DNA technology

Industry Focus: Food and beverage

Industry Focus: Food and beverageFermentation Products

• cheese• soy products• yoghourt• wine, beer• bread

Enzymes

• adjust food flavour• adjust food texture• improve nutritional

quality• high fructose corn

syrup

Fermentation• A form of anaerobic respiration occurring in certain

microorganisms (ex. yeasts)• Alcoholic fermentation is a series of biochemical

reactions by which pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2.

Metabolic pathways in e.coli

C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

• Common yeast saccharomyces cerevisae used in making wine, beer, bread by above reaction.

• Different strains of yeast can tolerate different alcohol concentrations.

• Theoretically, 180 g of sugar will produce 92 g of ethanol Actual yield is only 84.6 g of ethanol

• EtOH (20C) = 0.789 g/mL• volume of ethanol = 84.6 g x mL = 107.2 mL

0.789 g• volume of the alcohol and water contracts by 0.7% so

107.2 mL x 1.007 = 108 mL for an overall alcohol concentration of 10.8% (v/v:108/1000).

• Brix (B0) is a density measurement that indicates the percentage of sugar in 100 g of a sugar-water solution. Brix can be calculated by:

• Brix = [g sugar/(g sugar + g water)] x 100

• Brix units can be used to predict the alcohol content in wine.

• % potential alcohol (v/v) = 0.57 x Brixinitial

Beer making• Malting: grains (barley, rice) are steeped in water until

germination and then dried before a plant develops. The starches in the grains get converted to sugars by enzymes.

• Brewing: finely ground malt is turned into a sweetened liquid by adding warm water added and heating to around 75o where the sugars get dissolved. Grain is filtered out, and its boiled for sterilization and concentration (wort)

• Fermentation: the yeast turns the sugar in the wort into alcohol, a process that takes about 10 days.

Wine making(1) Yeast Proliferation - aerobic

oxygen is needed to sterol productionincreased yeast robustness

(2) Initial Fermentation - anaerobicsugar is converted to alcoholduration times typically 5 - 12 days

(3) Secondary Fermentation - malolacticlactic bacteria metabolize malic acid to lactic acid lowered acidity and wine “softening” occurs very typical for red wines

Process flowsheet for wine

Factors affecting yeast fermentation

• Yeast Species• Temperature • Sugar concentration• pH • Vitamins • Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Industry Focus: Textiles

Stone washing denim

Denim is faded by abrasive action of pumice stones

Indigo dye adheresto denim surface

Cellulase enzymeremoves some of the dyeby partially hydrolyzing thecotton surface

• new looks• lower costs• shorter treatment times • less solid waste

• weakens the fabric

traditionalmethod

new method

Detergents• Detergent industry is the largest single market for enzymes

at 25 - 30% of total sales• Dirt comes in many forms and includes proteins, starches

and lipids (fats and oils)• proteases, amylases, lipases are enzymes used in

detergents • enzymes allows lower temperatures and less agitation for

washingInner core of enzyme plus preservative bound with CMC

Protective waxy coat thatdisperses in the wash

Industrial Chemicals

Examples:• organic acids produced from Aspergillus

niger, citric acid used in soft drinks• Xylanase used for wood pulping and

bleaching

Agricultural

Examples:• Recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST)

for increasing milk production• Bio-insecticides for crop protection• Phyto-vanilla(tm) flavor derived from tissue

culture

Environment• Cleanup of hazardous waste sites using

bacteria that feed on pollutants • Bacteria used for bio-remediation• wastewater treatment• Biosensors: use biological activity to

detect toxic substances• RIS® Water tests: antibody based kit to

detect low level of solvents such as benzene

Fuel ethanol

Industry Focus: Pharmaceuticals

Phase II clinical trials in 100 to 300 patients

The Drug Development and Approval ProcessThe drug discovery and approval process takes and average of 15 years and costs almost $400 millionsource: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Washington DC, 1996

Discovery of a promisingcompound

Preclinical testingin animals

Phase III clinical trials in 1000 to 3000 patients

FDA review andapproval

Drug may beprescribed by physicians

1 year

3 years 19 months

6.5 years 2 yearsPhase I clinical trials in healthy volunteers

Products• Small molecules and metabolites• antibiotics• Protein drugs• Vaccines• Antibodies, Monoclonal antibodies (MAb)

How?Recombinant DNA technology means bacteria and

yeast can produce human proteins like insulin

Penicillin fermentation

Opportunities for you?

The Bioproducts industry “needs staff that bridge the key disciplines of biology,

chemistry and engineering”

Canada’s Innovation Strategy , 2001Government of Canada Bioproducts Sector Profile

Main Issues• Types of reactors to provide high oxygen transfer• Appropriate cell and medium selection• Sterilization and maintaining sterility, no cross

contamination• In pharma, product purity and quality impedes process

change• Cells and molecules are sensitive to extreme conditions• Growth rate and reaction rates are small• Product is usually very dilute• Non traditional methods of separation• Often batch operations

We stay in comfortable structures, travel on roads and in air reliably, communicate across the globe instantly, produce food and deliver water safely, see inside body non-invasively, monitor treatment remotely, innovate tools for science and new worlds creatively,… our life is so much freer from the drudgery of the past.

Just look around; engineer’s work is pervasive. Tomorrow’s technology-savvy, global economy is an engineer’s paradise.

Biochemical Engineers must prepare for this future.

Engineering… an enabling science and profession

Engineers, over the centuries, have replaced work of humans by machines; now the time has come for work of machines to be replaced by biological organisms and systems.

Concluding Thoughts!!!

“Biology-Inspired Engineering”

To students

Mantra for a successful career:

Find your passionTry hard, hardestFollow your passion.

Steve Jobs:“Stay hungry, stay foolish”

Thank you