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Biochemistry Notes

ChemicalReactions

Process by which atoms arereorganized into new substances

Chemicalequations

Reactants Products

C6 H12 O6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Activationenergy

Minimum amount of energy required tobegin a chemical reaction

Exergonic reaction Endergonic reaction

Enzymes Biological catalysts Lower activation energy( lowers the speed bump) names usually end in -ase

Lock & Key model

Factors thataffectenzymes

pH temperature concentrations (substrate & enzyme)

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Activesite

Time

Activation energy

EnergyabsorbedXY

X+Y

Time

Activation energy

Energyreleased XY

X+Y

Energy

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Water Essential for all lifeo found inside cellso surrounds cellso carries nutrients & wastes

Structure Two hydrogen and one oxygen Covalent bonds Unequal sharing of electrons e -

o Creates polar molecule+H H+

O-Properties ofwater

stores heat efficientlyo helps homeostasis

bonds (sticks) to itself and othersubstances by forming hydrogen bonds

- attraction of hydrogen atom (+)onone molecule to negative region onanother polar molecule

o cohesion : sticking to the samesubstance (water to water)

surface tensiono adhesion : sticking to a different

substance (water to polar molecule)

capillary action dissolves many substances

universal solvent

Acids & Bases Water molecules disassociateH2 O H+ + OH -

Acids create extra H + in waterBases create extra OH - in water

pH

scale from 0 to 14>7 = base

7 = neutral (pure water)

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Defense Regulation

Building blocks amino acidso 20 amino acidso Each amino acid has a different

structure & shapePolar and nonpolar

o Joined by peptide bondsProteins also calledpolypeptides

Structure

C, H, O & N Each protein has a unique shape

- Shape is determined by amino acidsthat make up protein

Shape determines function(Remember: structure & function! )

Examples

Collagen in skin Hemoglobin in red blood cells Actin in muscle fibers Antibodies Hormones (insulin); enzymes

Nucleic acidsFunction Genetic material (genes)

Protein synthesisBuilding blocks Nucleotides - have 3 parts

5 carbon sugarBasePhosphate group

Structure C, H, O, N & P Nucleotides joined in long strands

Examples DNA RNA

Building & breaking macromolecules

Enzymes are used to both build andbreak

Dehydrationsynthesis

Monomers (building blocks) join to

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make polymers, which are alsocalled macromolecules

Reaction produces water

Hydrolysis Breaking polymers apart intomonomers

Reaction uses water (opposite ofdehydration)

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