BIOCHEM REVIEW PPTBiology 138 - Hauser

General information about the test…

-Test covers Chapters 2 & 3, homework, notes from class, labs, previous quizzes

-Review Guide is available on my website (MS Word file)

-50 questions, multiple choice

-3 writing formulas questions

-2 balancing equations

-Diagrams about the four major biomolecules, functional groups, and energy concepts (p. 37 in textbook)

-Total Points = 67

-Use this review guide as a supplement to reading the chapters, reviewing your notes, labs, reviewing previous quizzes, and completing the test review guide

General Concepts to know in addition to the review questions in this PPT and the Test Review Guide:-Writing formulas-Balancing Equations-Identifying functional groups and biomolecules-Interpreting energy storing (endergonic) and energy losing (exergonic) reaction data and graphs (p. 36-37)

Review Questions:1. What is an atom?

-simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element.

2. What was the major enzyme we studied in our Enzyme unit for the Pineapple Lab? What was observed in lab regarding this enzyme and proteins?

-Bromelain.-Bromelain is denatured during the canning process (heating) rendering it useless. Since bromelain is denatured, gelatin (protein in Jello) is able to solidify.-Heat denatures enzymes, changing their functional ability.

3. How many electrons does Aluminum have in its outer energy level? How many energy levels does Aluminum have?

-3 electrons in its outer energy level.-it has 3 energy levels ( 2 e in the first, 8 e in the second, and 3 e in the third).-as energy levels increase away from the nucleus, so does the amount of energy.

4. What are the three major subatomic particles?

-proton (+ charge)-electron (- charge)-neutron (no charge)

-protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, they comprise nearly all the mass of a atom.-electrons are found circling the nucleus, they are used to form chemical bonds with other atoms.

5. What are the three main types of chemical bonds?

-Ionic: bond between a metal and a nonmetal, one atom takes electrons from the other atom making the outer energy levels full.-Covalent: bond between nonmetals most of the time, not always; atoms involved in forming the bond share electrons making the outer energy levels full.-Hydrogen: bond between a hydrogen atom and another atom with a negative charge; this bond is commonly found between molecules. Example: hydrogen bonds hold separate water molecules together (cohesion).

6. What is an atom that has gained or lost electrons called?

-ion

7. What is an atom that has gained or lost neutrons called?

-isotope

8. What is metabolism?

-process occurring in living organisms that involves energy being released to build and maintain body cells, tissues, and organs

9. Looking at the chemical equation below, what are A & B considered and what is AB?

A + B = reactants AB = product

10.

What does the blue line represent?-chemical reaction without an enzyme

What does the red line represent?-chemical reaction with an enzyme present.-both reactions are exergonic (energy losing)

11. What is the main function of enzymes within living organisms?

-speed up metabolic reactions-you have thousands of them in your body-they are a type of protein-enzymes act as catalysts

12. What are oxidation reduction reactions (redox)?

-oxidation reactions involve a reactant losing one or more electrons, becoming positively charged.

-reduction reactions involve a reactant gaining one or more electrons, becoming negatively charged.

-redox reactions involve the transfer of energy which involves transferring electrons, these reactions constantly occur in living organisms.

13. What is the normal charge that carbon takes on when it becomes an ion?

+/- 4

-know the common charges for all the common organic elements (C, H, O, N, P, S)

14. What type of solution contains more hydronium ions (H3O+) than hydroxide ions (OH-)?

-acidic solution

15. On a pH scale, what types of solutions would have a pH ranging from 8-14?

-base solutions

16. A molecule of water has an uneven charge distribution. What is this called?

-polarity

-the polar nature of water allows it to dissolve other polar compounds such as sugars, ionic compounds, and some proteins.-water cannot dissolve nonpolar substances such as fats.

17. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules allows water to have special properties. What are these properties?

-cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, capillarity

18. What is the mass number of an element?

-protons + neutrons

19. What does the atomic number of an elements tell you?

-the number of protons

20. In a neutral atom, the number of protons also equal the number of what?

-electrons

21. How are buffers important in maintaining homeostasis?

-buffers help by preventing significant sudden changes in pH within our bodies

22. What is a condensation reaction?

-monomers which are linked together chemically to form polymers, water is released as a by-product

23. What are the three main types of carbohydrates?

-monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

24. What are three common examples of monosaccharides?

-glucose, fructose, galactose

-all three are isomers of each other, meaning they all have the same chemical formula, C6H12O6

25. What are common examples of disaccharides?

-sucrose, maltose, lactose

26. What are common examples of polysaccharides?

-starch and cellulose in plants, glycogen in animals

27. What are the major types of lipids?

-triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments

-most lipids are made up of fatty acids

28. What is ATP?

-adenosine tri-phosphate-it is the energy available to cells after the food we eat goes through the process of metabolism -energy is stored in the covalent bonds between the phosphate groups-the breaking of the bonds is called hydrolysis

29. What are the covalent bonds formed between amino acids in proteins?

-peptide bonds-peptide bonds are formed in condensation reactions between amino acids

30. What are common steroids (type of lipid) found in humans?

-cholesterol and testosterone

31. What molecule is the basic building block of nucleic acids?

-nucleotides-nucleotides are found in DNA and RNA

32. What are the four common functional groups found in living organisms?

-hydroxyl (alcohol), carboxyl, amino, phosphate

33. What are the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?

-saturated fats (bad fats) contain many carbon atoms singled bonded to each other and hydrogen atoms.-unsaturated fats (good fats) contain many carbon atoms which some are double bonded to each other and therefore have less hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms.-refer to the diagrams in your textbook, chapter 3 in the lipids section.

34. What are the functions of Benedicts, Iodine, and Biurets solutions?

-Benedicts tests for monosaccharides-Iodine tests for polysaccharides-Biurets tests for proteins

-Do you know what the color changes for positive tests are in the solutions?

35. What is the general function of nucleic acids?

-store and transfer important information in the cell-DNA contains information that determines the characteristics of organisms and directs its cellular activities.-RNA stores and transfers information from DNA that is important in making proteins within the cell.

GOOD LUCK ON THE TEST!