bio112 module iii
DESCRIPTION
great description of bones, muscles, ect..TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bio112 Module Iii](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042613/55380aa5550346e93a8b467d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Endocrine System
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Endocrine Glands
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Hormones
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Glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system are called
(a) exocrine (b) endocrine (c) sebaceous (d) secretory
Hormones have an effect on (a) all cells of the body (b) growing cells
(c) stem cells (d) target cells.
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Steroid Hormones – Gene Level Effect
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Protein (non-steroid) HormonesSecond Messenger Effect
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Steroid hormones (a) are protein (b) stimulate production of a second messenger
(c) have a gene level effect (d) all of these.
Protein hormones (a) are not protein (b) stimulate production of a second messenger
(c) have a gene level effect (d) none of these.
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Feedback – regulates hormone release
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The level of secretion of hormones is most often controlled by (a) chromosomes
(b) negative feedback loops (c) positive feedback loops (d) neutral feedback loops.
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Prostaglandins – “tissue hormones”
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Which type of hormone is not a "systemic hormone"? (a) prostaglandin
(b) protein hormone (c) steroid hormone (d) sex hormone.
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Pituitary Gland
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Pituitary Hormones
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The Pituitary gland is (a) attached to the brain (b) the "master gland"
(c) an endocrine gland (d) all of these.
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Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
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Which is NOT controlled by the anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)? (a) growth
(b) water retention (c) metabolism (d) sexuality.
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Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)
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Which is controlled by the posterior pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis)? (a) growth
(b) water retention (c) metabolism (d) sexuality.
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Thyroid Gland
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Thyroid Hormones
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Thyroxin (a) is a pituitary gland hormone (b) is an adrenal gland hormone
(c) regulates metabolic level (d) is antagonistic to parathyroid hormone.
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Calcitonin
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Calcitonin (a) is produced in the thyroid gland (b) lowers blood calcium level
(c) is antagonistic to PTH (d) all of these.
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Parathyroid – Parathyroid Hormone
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (a) is produced in the parathyroid glands
(b) raises blood calcium level (c) is antagonistic to calcitonin (d) all of these.
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Adrenal Gland
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Adrenal Cortex
• Mineralocorticoids
– Aldosterone – increases resorption of sodium
in the kidneys
• Glucocorticoids
– Gluconeogenesis
– Anti-alergy hormones – Cortisol
• Androgens
– Masculizing Hormone
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Adrenal Medulla
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
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The adrenal gland produces (a) Thyroxin (b) Melatonin
(c) masculizing hormone (d) all of these.
Epinephrine is also know as (a) adrenalin (b) growth hormone
(c) a trophic hormone (d) masculizing hormone.
Cortisol (a) is antagonistic to epinephrine (b) is synergistic to ADH
(c) suppresses inflammation (d) none of these.
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The Pancreas
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Functions of the Pancreas
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Histology of the Pancreas
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Pancreatic Hormones
• Insulin – Necessary for uptake of glucose
by tissue cells throughout the body.
• Glucogon – Stimulates glycogenolysis
which is the conversion of starch
(glycogen) to blood sugar
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Insulin is (a) necessary for cells to absorb glucose (b) produced in the pancreas
(c) produced in the Isles of Langerhans (d) all of these.
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Glycogenolysis
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Glucose is produced by (a) glycogenolysis (b) glycogenesis (b) the thyroid gland
(d) the mitochondria.
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Endocrine function of Ovaries
Estrogen – Stimulates the growth of
the inner uterine lining (endometrium)
during proliferative phase. Stimulates
development of secondary sexual
characteristics in the female.
Progesterone – Stimulates thickening of
the uterine lining during the secretory
phase.
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The ovaries have an endocrine function in producing (a) FSH (b) LH (c) estrogen
(d) masculizing hormone.
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Testes
Testosterone – Stimulates development
of secondary sexual characteristics in
males.
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The testes have an endocrine function in producing (a) FSH (b) LH (c) Testosterone
(d) masculizing hormone.
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Thymus
Thymosin – Stimlates
The maturation of T-cell
lymphocytes
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The Thymus is part of the (a) endocrine system (b) the immune system
(c) both of these (d) neither of these.
Thymosin stimulates (a) the growth of the Thyroid (b) metabolism
(c) the growth of the Thymus gland (d) the maturation of T-cell lymphocytes.
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Placenta
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) – “Pregnancy Hormone” signals brain
and pituitary gland to interrupt the menstrual cycle.
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The Placenta has an endocrine function in producing
(a) human chorionic gonadotrophin (b) testosterone
(c) placentone (d) all of these.
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Pineal Gland
Melatonin – Controls day-night rhythms (Sleepiness).
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The Pineal gland controls (a) when you get sleepy (b) when you are wide awake
(c) daily rhythms (circadian) (d) all of these.
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The Heart
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) – Lowers blood volume by decreasing water
resorption in kidneys (makes urine hypotonic).
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Atrial Natriuretic Hormone is (a) antagonistic to aldosterone (b) antagonistic to ADH
(c) produced by heart muscle (d) all of these.
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The Blood
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Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes
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Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) (a) have a nucleus (b) contain mostly hemoglobin
(c) are among the largest of human cells (d) all of these.
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White Blood Cells - Leucocytes
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White Blood Cells (leucocytes) (a) have a nucleus (b) contain mostly hemoglobin
(c) are among the largest of human cells (d) all of these.
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Platelets
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Platelets (a) have a nucleus (b) contain clotting factors
(c) are among the largest of human cells (d) all of these.
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Blood Plasma
Water
Clotting Factors
Blood Sugar
Blood Proteins
Minerals (electrolytes)
Hormones
Nutrients
Dissolved gasses
Waste products
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Which is NOT a component of blood plasma? (a) minerals (b) nutrients
(c) hemoglobin (d) clotting factors.
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Clotting Factors
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Which is NOT a clotting factor? (a) fibrinogen (b) gamma globulin (c) prothrombin
(d) thrombin.
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Hematocrit
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A hematocrit measures relative (a) percentage of RBC in whole blood
(b) hemoglobin level in RBC (c) percentage of clotting factors in whole blood
(d) all of these.
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Blood Types
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A universal blood donor would have which blood type? (a) O negative (b) O positive
(c) AB positive (d) AB negative.
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The Heart
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Chambers of the Heart
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Heart Tissue Layers
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Heart muscle is called (a) pericardium (b) myocardium (c) endocardium (d) epicardium.
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Heart Valves
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Heart Circulation
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The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is called the (a) tricuspid valve
(b) pulmonary valve (c) mitral valve (d) aortic valve.
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Circulatory Loops
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The right ventricle pumps blood to the (a) systemic loop (b) pulmonary loop (c) heart
(d) all of these.
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Heart Innervation
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The sino-atrial node (SA node) is also called the (a) pacemaker (b) ectopic pacemaker
(c) extrinsic pacemaker (d) none of these.
Contraction of ventricular myocardium is controlled by (a) the SA node (b) the AV node
(c) the AV bundle (d) all of these.
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Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins
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Blood supply to the right ventricular myocardium is provided by
(a) the left coronary artery (b) the right coronary artery (c) pulmonary artery
(d) all of these.
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Blood Vessels
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The inner lining of a blood vessel is (a) called tunica intima (b) smooth
(c) continuous with the endocardium (d) all of these.
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Arteries
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Aorta
Ascending
Aortic Arch
Descending
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Arteries of the head and neck
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Thorax and upper arm
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Abdominal and Pelvic
Celiac
Superior Mesenteric
Renal
Inferior Mesenteric
Common Iliac
Internal Iliac
External Iliac
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Arteries of the leg
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Veins
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Veins
![Page 87: Bio112 Module Iii](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042613/55380aa5550346e93a8b467d/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Head and Neck
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Veins of the upper thorax
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Shoulder and Arm
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Hepatic Vein and Hepatic Portal
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Renal Veins
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Pelvic Veins
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Leg Veins
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Blood Pressure
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The pressure of blood in an artery during a compression wave (systole) is called
(a) systolic (b) diastolic (c) peristolic (d) epistolic.
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Pulse
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Lymphatic System
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Lymph Vessels
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Lymph Node
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Efferent lymph ducts lead (a) toward lymph nodes (b) away from lymph nodes
(b) toward the spleen (d) away from the spleen.
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Tonsils
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Tonsils contain mostly (a) T-cell lymphocytes (b) B-cell lymphocytes (c) macrophages
(d) erythrocytes.
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Spleen
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The spleens function is (a) fetal hemopoesis (b) recycling of red blood cells
(d) destroying enemy cells in the blood (d) all of these.
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Immunity
• Inherited or acquired?
• Non-specific
• Specific
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Immunity to tuberculosis infections is (a) inherited (b) specific (c) both of these
(d) neither of these.
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Immune System Cells
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T -cells mature in the (a) lymph nodes (b) brain (c) thymus gland (d) spleen.
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Antigens/Antibodies
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Antibodies bond to (a) blood cells (b) B-cells (c) antigens (d) toxins.
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Antibody
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Antibody Binding Sites
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Complement
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Complement is used to (a) truss up enemy cells (b) explode bacteria
(c) stimulate the immune system (d) rally B-cells.