BIO - REGULATORS BIO - REGULATORS OF BEHAVIOROF BEHAVIOR

“We must recollect that all of our provisional ideas in psychology

will presumably one day be based on an organic substructure.”

--Sigmund Freud

“The act of will activates neural circuits”

--William James1890

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Discuss the properties and characteristics of Discuss the properties and characteristics of neuronsneurons

Explain the importance of the different Explain the importance of the different neurotransmittersneurotransmitters

Identify the divisions of the nervous systemIdentify the divisions of the nervous system Determine the parts and function of the brainDetermine the parts and function of the brain Identify the parts and functions of the endocrine Identify the parts and functions of the endocrine

systemsystem Gain insight on the biological basis of behaviorGain insight on the biological basis of behavior

What your body has to do in order to What your body has to do in order to make you stop for a red traffic light?make you stop for a red traffic light?

Perceive the light(the light has to be caught by the eye)

The eye sends signals to the brain

The brain compares the signals from theother eye & stores it temporarily in the

memory

You have to push the brake pedal

Your brains have to send a signal to the leg

muscles to push the feet on the brake pedal

What is Nervous What is Nervous System?System?

NEURONNEURONBasic Structural and Basic Structural and Functional Unit of Functional Unit of Nervous SystemNervous System

The Cell BodyThe Cell Body The cell body, or soma, is a neuron's main cellular space. The cell body, or soma, is a neuron's main cellular space.

The cell body of a neuron is a ball-shaped structure about 0.025 millimetre The cell body of a neuron is a ball-shaped structure about 0.025 millimetre wide. Each neuron cell body is a centre for receiving and sending nerve wide. Each neuron cell body is a centre for receiving and sending nerve impulses. impulses.

The cell body is also responsible for making proteins and using energy for the The cell body is also responsible for making proteins and using energy for the maintenance and growth of the nerve cell. The vast majority of neuron cell maintenance and growth of the nerve cell. The vast majority of neuron cell bodies are within the central nervous system, where incoming messages are bodies are within the central nervous system, where incoming messages are combined and outgoing messages are produced. combined and outgoing messages are produced.

The few neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system are grouped The few neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system are grouped into clusters called ganglia. The best-known ganglia are in the autonomic into clusters called ganglia. The best-known ganglia are in the autonomic nervous system. nervous system.

Dr. Hazel T. Victoriano 8

AxonAxon The axon sends messages to other neurons. The dendrites receive messages from other neurons.The axon sends messages to other neurons. The dendrites receive messages from other neurons.

The axon, also called the nerve fibre, is a tubelike extension of a neuron cell body. The axon is specialized to The axon, also called the nerve fibre, is a tubelike extension of a neuron cell body. The axon is specialized to carry messages. carry messages.

An axon of one neuron may have enough branches to make contact with as many as 1,000 other neurons. An axon of one neuron may have enough branches to make contact with as many as 1,000 other neurons. Most axons in the central nervous system are less than 1 millimetre long. However, many axons in the Most axons in the central nervous system are less than 1 millimetre long. However, many axons in the peripheral nervous system are longer, and some are much longer. peripheral nervous system are longer, and some are much longer.

The structures commonly called nerves are actually bundles of axons lying next to one another in a cordlike The structures commonly called nerves are actually bundles of axons lying next to one another in a cordlike formation. formation.

Nerves can be made up of the axons of motor neurons or sensory neurons, or of both. Some axons are Nerves can be made up of the axons of motor neurons or sensory neurons, or of both. Some axons are covered by a sheath of a white, fatty substance called myelin. covered by a sheath of a white, fatty substance called myelin.

The myelin increases the speed of impulses along the axons. Myelin also causes the distinction between the The myelin increases the speed of impulses along the axons. Myelin also causes the distinction between the grey matter and white matter in the nervous system. grey matter and white matter in the nervous system.

Grey matter consists largely of unmyelinated axons (axons without myelin sheaths) and neuron cell bodies. Grey matter consists largely of unmyelinated axons (axons without myelin sheaths) and neuron cell bodies.

White matter is made up mostly of axons that have white sheaths of myelin. Myelin is formed in the peripheral White matter is made up mostly of axons that have white sheaths of myelin. Myelin is formed in the peripheral nervous system by Schwann cells, which are special supporting cells that surround the axons. In the central nervous system by Schwann cells, which are special supporting cells that surround the axons. In the central nervous system, supporting cells called glia produce myelin. nervous system, supporting cells called glia produce myelin.

Dr. Hazel T. Victoriano 9

DendritesDendrites The dendrites of a neuron are branching, tubelike extensions of the cell body that The dendrites of a neuron are branching, tubelike extensions of the cell body that

form a pattern resembling the limbs of a tree. form a pattern resembling the limbs of a tree.

Most neuron cell bodies have about six main dendrites, each of which is two or three Most neuron cell bodies have about six main dendrites, each of which is two or three times as thick as the axon of the cell. times as thick as the axon of the cell.

The distance between the cell body and the tips of the dendrites is about 0.5 The distance between the cell body and the tips of the dendrites is about 0.5 millimetre. millimetre.

Dendrites are specialized structures for receiving impulses, mostly from the axon of Dendrites are specialized structures for receiving impulses, mostly from the axon of another neuron. Dendrites and axons do not quite touch each other.another neuron. Dendrites and axons do not quite touch each other.

In almost all cases, they are separated by an extremely narrow space called the In almost all cases, they are separated by an extremely narrow space called the synaptic cleft, over which nerve impulses are transmitted. synaptic cleft, over which nerve impulses are transmitted.

These places where one neuron communicates with another are called synapses. These places where one neuron communicates with another are called synapses.

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Sensory Neurons or Afferent or Sensory Neurons or Afferent or Receptor NeuronsReceptor Neurons

Receive stimuli or information / messages from Receive stimuli or information / messages from the environment through the sense organs & the environment through the sense organs & transmit them to the CNStransmit them to the CNS

These are neurons that transmit impulses received These are neurons that transmit impulses received

by receptors to the central nervous system.by receptors to the central nervous system.

carry signals from the outer parts of your body carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system. (periphery) into the central nervous system.

Motor Neurons or Efferent Motor Neurons or Efferent NeuronsNeurons

carry signals from the central nervous carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body signaling skin, glands) of your body signaling them to produce muscle contraction, them to produce muscle contraction, body movement or responses body movement or responses accordingly. accordingly.

Interneurons or Connecting or Interneurons or Connecting or Associating Neurons Associating Neurons

Are the most numerous neurons in the body.Are the most numerous neurons in the body. Serve as integrators or coordinators of brain Serve as integrators or coordinators of brain

activities and bodily processes.activities and bodily processes. Connect various neurons within the brain Connect various neurons within the brain

and spinal cord.and spinal cord. Without them, we could not coordinate our Without them, we could not coordinate our

responses, nor could we perceive, feel or responses, nor could we perceive, feel or think think

Receptors Receptors

sense the environment (chemicals, light, sound, sense the environment (chemicals, light, sound, touch) and encode this information into touch) and encode this information into electrochemical messages that are transmitted by electrochemical messages that are transmitted by sensory neurons. sensory neurons.

NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter

These are chemical substances released by one These are chemical substances released by one neuron through the synapse and affect or neuron through the synapse and affect or influence the receiving neuron.influence the receiving neuron.

Are responsible for sensation, perception, Are responsible for sensation, perception, cognitive and motor behavior.cognitive and motor behavior.

Excesses or deficiencies of neurotransmitters Excesses or deficiencies of neurotransmitters have been linked to disease and abnormal have been linked to disease and abnormal behavior.behavior.

Acetylcholine ACH Acetylcholine ACH Controls muscle contractionControls muscle contraction It is found in in the limbic system (forebrain) It is found in in the limbic system (forebrain)

and is utilized by the motor neurons of the and is utilized by the motor neurons of the spinal cord to the muscles and glands of the spinal cord to the muscles and glands of the body.body.

Deficiency of ACH causes paralysis, Deficiency of ACH causes paralysis, forgetfulness and intellectual losses. It may also forgetfulness and intellectual losses. It may also result to Alzheimer's disease – gradual result to Alzheimer's disease – gradual impairment of memory and abstract thought.impairment of memory and abstract thought.

Botulism, a disease that stems from food Botulism, a disease that stems from food poisoning, prevents the release of ACH.poisoning, prevents the release of ACH.

CatecholaminesCatecholamines

Are composed of epinephrine (adrenalin) and Are composed of epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) – located in the norepinephrine (noradrenalin) – located in the hindbrain.hindbrain.

Involved in wakefulness, learning, process, Involved in wakefulness, learning, process, memory, eating and regulation of moods.memory, eating and regulation of moods.

Decrease or deficiency of cathecholamines Decrease or deficiency of cathecholamines results to depressive moods;results to depressive moods;

Excess results to high arousal and wakefulness.Excess results to high arousal and wakefulness. The stimulant cocaine and amphetamines may The stimulant cocaine and amphetamines may

increase the firing of neurons leading to state of increase the firing of neurons leading to state of high arousal. high arousal.

Serotonin Serotonin Is an inhibitory transmitter which is involved in Is an inhibitory transmitter which is involved in

body temperature, sleep, moods and pain body temperature, sleep, moods and pain sensation.sensation.

Deficiency of serotonin cause anxiety, mood Deficiency of serotonin cause anxiety, mood disorder, and insomnia.disorder, and insomnia.

Foods rich in carbohydrates increase serotonin Foods rich in carbohydrates increase serotonin that leads to drowsiness in women and calmness that leads to drowsiness in women and calmness in men.in men.

When serotonin is active, it supports in blocking When serotonin is active, it supports in blocking pain sensation.pain sensation.

With psychoactive drugs, brain activity increases With psychoactive drugs, brain activity increases leading to hallucination.leading to hallucination.

DopamineDopamine

Is involved in voluntary movements, learning, memory Is involved in voluntary movements, learning, memory and emotional behavior. (Located in the midbrain)and emotional behavior. (Located in the midbrain)

An increase in dopamine can lead to schizophrenia An increase in dopamine can lead to schizophrenia (mental disorder) and a decrease or deficiency may lead (mental disorder) and a decrease or deficiency may lead to Parkinson’s disease – in which the person to Parkinson’s disease – in which the person progressively lose control over their muscles such that progressively lose control over their muscles such that they develop muscle tremors and jerky, uncoordinated they develop muscle tremors and jerky, uncoordinated movement.movement.

Gamma – Aminobutyric AcidGamma – Aminobutyric Acid Is an example of inhibitory neurotransmitter that Is an example of inhibitory neurotransmitter that

excites the action of the neuron.excites the action of the neuron. A deficiency of GABA results to anxiety, A deficiency of GABA results to anxiety,

Huntington’s disease – an inherited disease, is Huntington’s disease – an inherited disease, is the result of loss of GABA activated neurons the result of loss of GABA activated neurons resulting to the inability to control the resulting to the inability to control the movement of arms and legs with loss of movement of arms and legs with loss of cognitive capabilities.cognitive capabilities.

Excessive excitation of the neurons may result Excessive excitation of the neurons may result to epilepsy – intensive repetitive convulsive to epilepsy – intensive repetitive convulsive seizureseizure

Endorphins Endorphins

Combination of endogenous “developing Combination of endogenous “developing from within” and morphine.from within” and morphine.

They occur in the brain and bloodstream.They occur in the brain and bloodstream.

Deficiency of endorphins increases body Deficiency of endorphins increases body pain; excess due to morphine, heroin and pain; excess due to morphine, heroin and other opiates inhibit pain.other opiates inhibit pain.

Dr. Hazel T. Victoriano 25

Nervous SystemNervous System

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Brain

Spinal Cord

SomaticSystem

Autonomic System

CENTRAL CENTRAL NERVOUS NERVOUS SYSTEMSYSTEM

BRAINBRAIN

Master OrganMaster Organ

Directs and Directs and Control all Control all Activities in NSActivities in NS

Receive Nerve Receive Nerve Impulses Impulses through Spinal through Spinal CordCord

Major Divisions of BrainMajor Divisions of Brain

Spinal CordSpinal Cord

Stem-like StructureStem-like Structure

Composed of nerves Composed of nerves lead to and from the lead to and from the BrainBrain

Serves as PathwayServes as Pathway

PERIPHERAL PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM

Second Major Division of Nervous Second Major Division of Nervous SystemSystem

Subdivided into two namely:Subdivided into two namely:

Somatic SystemSomatic System

> Responsible for the > Responsible for the voluntary skeletal voluntary skeletal movement.movement.

Autonomic or Autonomic or VisceralVisceral

> Responsible for all > Responsible for all involuntary movements involuntary movements that keep us alive.that keep us alive.

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Sympathetic and Parasympathetic SystemSystem

Care of the Nervous SystemCare of the Nervous System

Protect the brain from injury.Protect the brain from injury. Avoid stress, frustration, and conflict. Avoid stress, frustration, and conflict. They may cause the nerve They may cause the nerve

impulse to cause stomach ulcer.impulse to cause stomach ulcer. Rest and sleep are good for the mind. Rest and sleep are good for the mind. A change of work or A change of work or

activity is a kind of rest.activity is a kind of rest. Give your body enough sunlight and fresh air. Give your body enough sunlight and fresh air. Oxygen is Oxygen is

needed for proper functioning of the brain.needed for proper functioning of the brain. Eat a well – balanced diet. Eat a well – balanced diet. It will make the cells, including brain It will make the cells, including brain

cells, healthy to enable the brain to function well.cells, healthy to enable the brain to function well. Never take too much alcohol and never take prohibited and Never take too much alcohol and never take prohibited and

dangerous drugs. dangerous drugs. They can cause physiological and mental damages.They can cause physiological and mental damages.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM / ENDOCRINE SYSTEM / ENDOCRINE GLANDSENDOCRINE GLANDS

Also called the ductless gland which are made Also called the ductless gland which are made up of numerous glands that secrete various up of numerous glands that secrete various chemicals called hormones which affect organs chemicals called hormones which affect organs and other glands in the body. and other glands in the body.

They secrete hormones directly into the They secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. bloodstream.

These hormones are important in integrating the These hormones are important in integrating the actions and responses of the individual to obtain actions and responses of the individual to obtain homeostasis within the body.homeostasis within the body.

HOMEOSTASIS: HOMEOSTASIS: the the maintenance of biochemical maintenance of biochemical balance in the body carried out balance in the body carried out through the various chemical through the various chemical secretions known as secretions known as hormoneshormones..

HORMONESHORMONES

are directly secreted by these glands are directly secreted by these glands into the blood stream and play an into the blood stream and play an important role in the utilization of important role in the utilization of food, growth of living tissue, food, growth of living tissue, conservation of energy, and conservation of energy, and development of sexual maturity. development of sexual maturity.

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Locations Locations of of

Endocrine Endocrine GlandsGlands

Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland Adrenocorticotrophic Adrenocorticotrophic

Hormone (ACTH)Hormone (ACTH) Pineal GlandPineal Gland MelatoninMelatonin Thyroid Gland Thyroid Gland ThyroxinThyroxin Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland ParathormoneParathormone Thymus Gland Thymus Gland ThymosinThymosin Adrenal Gland Adrenal Gland AdrenalineAdrenaline Islets of Langerhans Islets of Langerhans InsulinInsulin Gonads/Sex Glands Gonads/Sex Glands Testosterone, Testosterone,

EstrogenEstrogen

PITUITARY GLANDPITUITARY GLAND

It is a small gland suspended directly under the It is a small gland suspended directly under the optic chiasma at the base of the brain. optic chiasma at the base of the brain.

This is called the This is called the master glandmaster gland of the body of the body because it secretes hormones that control the because it secretes hormones that control the activities of other glands. Although its structure activities of other glands. Although its structure is very complex, only two parts need to be is very complex, only two parts need to be distinguished, the anterior and the posterior distinguished, the anterior and the posterior lobes.lobes.

PITUITARY GLANDPITUITARY GLAND

The The anterior lobeanterior lobe secrete several important secrete several important hormones which have to do with growth, the hormones which have to do with growth, the formation of milk, and the functioning of other formation of milk, and the functioning of other endocrine glands. endocrine glands.

Oversecretion (Oversecretion (hyperpituitarismhyperpituitarism) of the growth ) of the growth hormone of hormone of somatotrophin somatotrophin in early childhood in early childhood results in results in giantismgiantism or overdevelopment of the or overdevelopment of the entire skeleton.entire skeleton.

THYROID GLANDTHYROID GLAND

It is located at the base of throat, near the It is located at the base of throat, near the Adam’s apple in the males. It is a flat gland like a Adam’s apple in the males. It is a flat gland like a butterfly and secretes two known hormones: butterfly and secretes two known hormones: thyroxinethyroxine and and idothyroxineidothyroxine. .

Disorders of the thyroid gland may be due to Disorders of the thyroid gland may be due to the oversecretion of these hormones, which the oversecretion of these hormones, which leads to leads to hyperthyroidismhyperthyroidism, or undersecretion which , or undersecretion which leads to leads to hypothyroidismhypothyroidism. .

THYROID GLANDTHYROID GLAND In In hyperthyroidism,hyperthyroidism, there is augmented metabolism, and, there is augmented metabolism, and,

consequently, rapid physiological processes like accelerated consequently, rapid physiological processes like accelerated heartbeat, increases temperature, flushed and moist skin. The heartbeat, increases temperature, flushed and moist skin. The person becomes irritable, easily exhausted, and prone to loss person becomes irritable, easily exhausted, and prone to loss of weight. of weight.

HypothyroidismHypothyroidism, on the other hand, results in , on the other hand, results in cretinismcretinism if it if it occurs during childhood. A cretin is characterized by arrested occurs during childhood. A cretin is characterized by arrested physical and mental development. If hypothyroidism occurs physical and mental development. If hypothyroidism occurs after the person has reached adulthood, it results in after the person has reached adulthood, it results in myxedemamyxedema which is characterized by slowing of motor which is characterized by slowing of motor activity, increase of weight, slowing of speech, yellowing of activity, increase of weight, slowing of speech, yellowing of the skin and thickening of the lips.the skin and thickening of the lips.

ADRENAL GLANDSADRENAL GLANDS

Located on top of each kidney. Each gland is composed Located on top of each kidney. Each gland is composed of two parts: the center or medulla and the outer layer or of two parts: the center or medulla and the outer layer or cortex. cortex.

The The medulla medulla secretes two hormones known as secretes two hormones known as adrenalin adrenalin or or epinephrine epinephrine and and noradrenalinnoradrenalin or or norepinephrinenorepinephrine, which serve to give us extra energy , which serve to give us extra energy needed during emergencies and prolonged stress. needed during emergencies and prolonged stress.

These hormones produce many of the same effects as are These hormones produce many of the same effects as are produced by the sympathetic nervous system.produced by the sympathetic nervous system.

ISLETS OF LANGERHANSISLETS OF LANGERHANS

It is found in the pancreas which is located just It is found in the pancreas which is located just posterior to the stomach and attached by a duct to posterior to the stomach and attached by a duct to the intestinal tract. the intestinal tract.

Through the duct it delivers a pancreatic secretion Through the duct it delivers a pancreatic secretion in to the digestive tract, thereby aiding digestion. in to the digestive tract, thereby aiding digestion.

In addition to the digestive enzyme, the Islets of In addition to the digestive enzyme, the Islets of Langerhans produces hormones Langerhans produces hormones insulinsinsulins and and glucogenglucogen which increase the permeability of cells which increase the permeability of cells to sugar (glucose) in the blood. to sugar (glucose) in the blood.

ISLETS OF LANGERHANSISLETS OF LANGERHANS

Thus, when present in normal amounts in the Thus, when present in normal amounts in the blood, insulin ensures that the various tissues of blood, insulin ensures that the various tissues of the body get enough glucose as fuel for the work the body get enough glucose as fuel for the work they have to do. they have to do.

Because the nervous system, particularly the Because the nervous system, particularly the brain, consumes glucose almost exclusively for brain, consumes glucose almost exclusively for its activities, insulin and glucagon are of primary its activities, insulin and glucagon are of primary importance in nervous functions.importance in nervous functions.

ISLETS OF LANGERHANSISLETS OF LANGERHANS When the supply of insulin is below normal (When the supply of insulin is below normal (hypoinsulinismhypoinsulinism) )

as in as in diabetes mellitus,diabetes mellitus, the blood sugar level mounts because the blood sugar level mounts because of the non-utilization of sugar by the cells. of the non-utilization of sugar by the cells.

Consequently, the nervous system is deprived of its essential Consequently, the nervous system is deprived of its essential fuel, with the that its metabolic rate and general level of fuel, with the that its metabolic rate and general level of activity falls. activity falls.

On the other hand, where there is oversupply of insulin On the other hand, where there is oversupply of insulin ((hyperinsulinismhyperinsulinism), there is rapid utilization of sugar in the ), there is rapid utilization of sugar in the blood resulting in extreme weakness, cold clammy sweating, blood resulting in extreme weakness, cold clammy sweating, and causing the individual to collapse.and causing the individual to collapse.

GONADSGONADS

During the period of embryonic development During the period of embryonic development prior to the third month of prenatal prior to the third month of prenatal development, we are neither female nor male. development, we are neither female nor male.

At the third month, we begin to differentiate; At the third month, we begin to differentiate; the sex glands develop.the sex glands develop.

GONADSGONADS Sex glands differ in males and females. The male sex Sex glands differ in males and females. The male sex

glands are the glands are the testestestes. They secrete a hormone known as . They secrete a hormone known as testosterone testosterone which promotes male secondary sex which promotes male secondary sex characteristics that make the male look typically characteristics that make the male look typically masculine. masculine.

The female sex glands are the The female sex glands are the ovariesovaries. They secrete . They secrete estrogenestrogen and and progesterone. progesterone. Estrogen is responsible for Estrogen is responsible for the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics which the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics which make a girl look typically feminine. Progesterone make a girl look typically feminine. Progesterone stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining in stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy.preparation for pregnancy.

PARATHYROID GLANDSPARATHYROID GLANDS

Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid glands are the parathyroid glands. glands are the parathyroid glands.

These glands secrete the hormone These glands secrete the hormone parathormoneparathormone which controls the valance of which controls the valance of various minerals in the blood stream, particularly various minerals in the blood stream, particularly calcium. calcium.

PARATHYROID GLANDSPARATHYROID GLANDS

Deficiency of this hormone leads to low calcium Deficiency of this hormone leads to low calcium content of the blood resulting in content of the blood resulting in tetanytetany which is which is characterized by stiffening of the hands and characterized by stiffening of the hands and fingers, muscle cramps, and irritability. fingers, muscle cramps, and irritability.

Too much parathormone raises the calcium in Too much parathormone raises the calcium in the blood, causing lethargy and sometimes the blood, causing lethargy and sometimes unconsciousness.unconsciousness.

Pre-Frontal LobesPre-Frontal Lobes

The “Executive” brain –CEO– control The “Executive” brain –CEO– control centercenter

Motor pre-frontal lobes are last to myelinate Motor pre-frontal lobes are last to myelinate – e.g., teenagers– e.g., teenagers – – IdentityIdentity – – InsightInsight ––Sense of SelfSense of Self ––OFC part of the “limbic system”OFC part of the “limbic system”

Orbital frontal cortex (OFC)Orbital frontal cortex (OFC)

Social brainSocial brain Affect regulatorAffect regulator EmpathyEmpathy Attachment, warmth, and loveAttachment, warmth, and love

6 Executive Functions6 Executive Functionsimpaired with ADDimpaired with ADD

Activation—organizing, prioritizing, and activating to Activation—organizing, prioritizing, and activating to work (vs. impulsive or procrastinating)work (vs. impulsive or procrastinating)

Focus—Sustaining and shifting attention to tasksFocus—Sustaining and shifting attention to tasks

Regulating alertness--sustaining effort, and processing Regulating alertness--sustaining effort, and processing speed (vs. drossiness and running out of energy)speed (vs. drossiness and running out of energy)

6 Executive Functions6 Executive Functionsimpaired with ADDimpaired with ADD

Managing frustration—affect regulation and Managing frustration—affect regulation and modulating emotions (vs. affective liability)modulating emotions (vs. affective liability)

Memory—utilizing working memory and accessing Memory—utilizing working memory and accessing recallrecall

Action—monitoring and self regulating action (acting Action—monitoring and self regulating action (acting w/o sufficient forethoughtw/o sufficient forethought

Affect AsymmetryAffect Asymmetry

LEFT FRONTAL LOBELEFT FRONTAL LOBEPositive emotionsPositive emotionsApproach behaviorsApproach behaviorsLabeling thoughts and feelingsLabeling thoughts and feelingsDeveloping new narratives (helps Developing new narratives (helps

to alleviate anxiety and depression)to alleviate anxiety and depression)

Affect AsymmetryAffect Asymmetry

RIGHT FRONTAL LOBERIGHT FRONTAL LOBENegative emotionsNegative emotionsWithdrawal behaviorsWithdrawal behaviorsFeeling overwhelmedFeeling overwhelmed

Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions

Left HemisphereLeft HemisphereControls expression on the lower right Controls expression on the lower right

side of faceside of face

Is NOT adept at reading facial emotion Is NOT adept at reading facial emotion expression (e.g. alexithymics)expression (e.g. alexithymics)

Facial ExpressionsFacial Expressions

Right HemisphereRight HemisphereControls expression on the Controls expression on the lower left side of facelower left side of face

Is adept at reading facial Is adept at reading facial emotion expressionemotion expression

Smiling kindles Positive MoodsSmiling kindles Positive Moods

Perceiving the smiles of others triggers the release Perceiving the smiles of others triggers the release of DA (Depue & Morrone-Strupinsky)of DA (Depue & Morrone-Strupinsky)

Presenting smiles for a fraction of a second Presenting smiles for a fraction of a second followed by neutral stimulus increases the positive followed by neutral stimulus increases the positive reaction to that stimulus (Dimburg & Ohman, reaction to that stimulus (Dimburg & Ohman, 1996)1996)

Smiling during periods of stress cardiovascular Smiling during periods of stress cardiovascular arousal back to baseline (Fredrickson & Levenson, arousal back to baseline (Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998)1998)

Laughter is a Good MedicineLaughter is a Good Medicine

Improves cognitive function (Fry, 1992)Improves cognitive function (Fry, 1992) Exercises and relaxes the muscles (Kuhn, 1994)Exercises and relaxes the muscles (Kuhn, 1994) Increases heart rate and blood pressure (Pearce, 2004)Increases heart rate and blood pressure (Pearce, 2004) Decreases cortisol levels (Berk, et al, 1988)Decreases cortisol levels (Berk, et al, 1988) Increases natural killer cell activity (Takahashi, et al, 2001)Increases natural killer cell activity (Takahashi, et al, 2001) Altering gene expression (Hayashi, et al, 2006)Altering gene expression (Hayashi, et al, 2006) Stimulates the dopamine reward system (Mobbs, et al, Stimulates the dopamine reward system (Mobbs, et al,

2003)2003) Increased longevity (Yoder & Haude, 1995)Increased longevity (Yoder & Haude, 1995)

Kindling Laughter CircuitsKindling Laughter Circuits

Breathing out with laughter triggers the Breathing out with laughter triggers the vagal nerve and the parasympathetic vagal nerve and the parasympathetic nervous systemnervous system

Reduces heart rateReduces heart rateReduces blood pressureReduces blood pressureIncreases relaxationIncreases relaxation

Psychological Boost of HumorPsychological Boost of Humor

Decreases Anxiety Decreases Anxiety (Yovetich, et al, 1990)(Yovetich, et al, 1990) Decreases Stress Decreases Stress (Wooten, 1996)(Wooten, 1996) Decreases Depression Decreases Depression (Deaner & McConatha, (Deaner & McConatha,

1993)1993) Increases Self esteem Increases Self esteem (Martin, etal, 1993)(Martin, etal, 1993) Increases Energy and hope Increases Energy and hope (Bellert, 1989)(Bellert, 1989) Increases A sense of empowerment Increases A sense of empowerment (Wooten, 1996)(Wooten, 1996)

5 Healthy Habits5 Healthy Habits

Planting SEEDSPlanting SEEDS

S—Social MedicineS—Social MedicineE—ExerciseE—ExerciseE—EducationE—EducationD—DietD—DietS—Sleep HygieneS—Sleep Hygiene

Exercise OptimizesExercise Optimizes

MoodMood

Increases neurotransmittersIncreases neurotransmitters »»SerotoninSerotonin »»DopamineDopamine »»norepinephrinenorepinephrine

physical healthphysical health

Exercise OptimizesExercise Optimizes

CognitionCognition––alertnessalertness––attentionattention––motivationmotivation––cognitive flexibilitycognitive flexibility

Mood Regulation Exercise:Mood Regulation Exercise:Different ApproachesDifferent Approaches

Must be aerobicMust be aerobic Intensity in keeping with level of Intensity in keeping with level of

fitnessfitness 30 minutes 3-4 times a week30 minutes 3-4 times a week Two 10 minute periods of exercise Two 10 minute periods of exercise

every dayevery day

Drinking alcohol on a regular basis -- Drinking alcohol on a regular basis -- cognitive deficits such as:cognitive deficits such as:

Decreases performance on tests of visual and spatial Decreases performance on tests of visual and spatial perceptionperception

Decreases visual and spatial learning abilityDecreases visual and spatial learning ability Decreases ability to make fine motor movementsDecreases ability to make fine motor movements DecreasesDecreases adaptive abilitiesadaptive abilities DecreasesDecreases short-term memoryshort-term memory DecreasesDecreases non-verbal abstract learningnon-verbal abstract learning DecreasesDecreases abstract thinking abilityabstract thinking ability DecreasesDecreases conceptual thinking abilityconceptual thinking ability

Alcohol contributes to the following Alcohol contributes to the following problems as much as several days after problems as much as several days after

drinking:drinking:

Increases stress and anxietyIncreases stress and anxiety Decreases GABA — panic attacks commonDecreases GABA — panic attacks common

Increases depressionIncreases depression Decrease serotonin and DA for as much at least a few Decrease serotonin and DA for as much at least a few

weeks or months after the last drinkweeks or months after the last drink

Alcohol-related insomnia (mid sleep Alcohol-related insomnia (mid sleep cycle awakening).cycle awakening).

Skipping breakfast contributes to:Skipping breakfast contributes to:

problem solvingproblem solving

working memory attentionworking memory attention

concentrationconcentration

energyenergy

mood swingsmood swings

depressiondepression

stress reactivitystress reactivity

anxietyanxiety