bio geography evolution
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Biogeography and Evolution
Leith Nye and Rachel Schmidt
February 28, 2006
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Biogeography
the study of what organisms live
where on earth and why(from Humphries and Parenti, 1999)
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A naturalist in Europe
Carolus Linnaeus (17071778)
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From the Ark to Ararat
Bible (AD):
Young Earth
Single creation of perfectspecies
Origin: Mt. Ararat, Turkeywhere Ark landed
Linnaeus (1735):
Notes variation in form Mountainous island center of
origin theory
Possible remains of Noahs Ark, Mt. Ararat
Linnaeuss Mountainous Island Post Flood
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Buffon the Visionary
Georges Buffon (1761)
Noted faunisticdifferences and
similarities betweenregions of similar climate(Buffons Law)
Fossils, extinction,changes in species,climate and geography
Map of Artic from Histoire Naturelle
Georges de Buffon ca. 1760
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Continuing Exploration
Humboldt (1805)
Plant zonation, associations
and biomes
Candolle (1820)Coined term endemic
Defined ca. 20 regions of
endemism
Disjunctions: bipolar and
Africa-Austraila
Augustin Pyrame de Candolle
Alexander von Humboldt
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Geographical regions have characteristic biotas.
Similar/closely related taxa tend to be closer together
than more distantly related groups.
Similar environments are found in different areas BUT
the same species may not be found in all places where
they could be!
Not closely related species in similar environments
may appear similar due to convergence.
What are patterns of distribution
of species seen across the globe?
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How else might we explain thisdistribution without biogeography
principles??
What distributions would we expect
to see WITHOUT macroevolution??
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Worlds Biomes
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What broad distribution
patterns do we actually see?
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Distinct Faunas across Similar
Environments
Wallaces Faunal Regions
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Distinct Floras across Similar Environments
Goods Floristic Regions
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In considering thedistribution of organic beingsover the face of the globe,
the first great fact thatstrikes us is, that neither thesimilarity nor the dissimilarityof the inhabitants of variousregions can be wholly
accounted for by climataland other physicalconditions.
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species
A reasonable nonevolutionary prediction is that species should occur wherever
their habitat is. However, macroevolution predicts just the opposite there
should be many locations where a given species would thrive yet is not found
there, due to geographical barriers.
Futuyma, D. (1998) Evolutionary Biology. Third edition. Sunderland, Mass., SinauerAssociates
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The Origin of Species
Evidence: Geographical Distribution I and II
1. Regions with identical climate have different floras and
faunas (Buffons Law).2. Geographic barriers closely associated with breaks
between taxonomic groups.
3. Within a region, organisms are often closely relatedeven across environmental gradients and lowertaxonomic groups often show narrower distributionsthan higher.
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1. Similar Climate, Different Taxa
Cactaceae in North American deserts
Courtesy of K.J. Sytsma
Euphorbiaceae in southern African deserts
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Geographic Barriers and Distinct Biota
Very different marine biota
More similar marine biota
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3. Closely Related Taxa in Close Proximity
Wallaces Line
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Disjunctions: A Bur in Darwins Saddle
Darwin goes to great pains to show how disjunct patternsof species distributions can be explained throughclimate changes, geological changes and dispersal.
Examples:
1. Same alpine species on mountains between andacross continents result of cycles of glaciation andmigration.
2. Similarity of freshwater fish species across continentsdue to flooding, twisters, birds, salt water tolerance etc.
3. Islands biota can be explained by dispersal andprevious existence of now submerged island chains.
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Vicariance vs. Dispersal
similar pattern, different process
Disjunct (vicariad) species
Disjunct continental areas
Disjunct species
Disjunct continental areas
Species l imited to one area
Disjunct continental areas
Dispersal across ocean
barrier
Divergence inisolation
Widespread species
Continuous continental area
Erection of ocean
barrier
Divergence in
isolation
Vicariance
Dispersal
Courtesy of K.J. Sytsma
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Islands- Hawaii vs. MadagascarHe who admits the doctrine of creation of each separate species, will have to
admit that a sufficient number of the best adapted plants and animals werenot created for oceanic islands, for man has unintentionally stocked them
far more fully and perfectly than did nature.
-Darwin, The Origin of Species
Courtesy of K.J. Sytsma
Vi i Th L ki M h i
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Vicariance Theory Lacking MechanismOther authors have thus hypothetically bridged over every ocean and united
almost every island with some mainland. If indeed the arguments used by
Forbes are to be trusted, it must be admitted that scarcely a single island
exists which has not recently been united to some continent. This view cutsthe Gordian knot of the dispersal of the same species to the most distant
points , and removes many a difficulty; but to the best of my judgement we
are not authorized in admitting such enormous geographical changes within
the period of existing species.
Darwin, 1859
Courtesy of K.J. Sytsma
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Plate TectonicsEnter Alfred Wegener
Wegener relied heavily on biogeographical evidence for defending hiscontroversial continental drift theory
Glossopteris Permianfern
Mesosaurus Freshwater Permian Reptile
CynognathusTriassiclandreptile
Lystrosaurus Triassic land reptile
Courtesy of K.J. Sytsma
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Southern Hemisphere Temperate Flora
35 species of trees and shrubs, evergreen and deciduous, restricted to South
America, New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia, New Guinea,and fossilized in Antarctica
Nothofagaceae
????
Absent from Africa! odd continent out
Courtesy of K.J. Sytsma
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Three major patterns of dispersal/vicariance modality can be identified: 1) Cretaceous dispersal
to Madagascar with ensuing distributions from India (and/or South Africa) across Antarctica to
South America and Australo-E. Malesia during the time of the initial radiation of the
angiosperms; 2) Eocene-Oligocene (and continuing to the present) dispersal to Madagascar
(and Africa) from Laurasia and W. Malesia via India (pre- and post-collision with Asia) along"Lemurian Stepping-stones" in the western Indian Ocean; and 3) continuous (and recent) long
distance dispersal (LDD) to Madagascar as a function of the prevailing easterly winds and
Indian Ocean currents.
-G.E. Schatz, Malagasy/Indo-australomalesian Phytogeographic Connections
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Species and Areas: History of Ideas
1. Acceptance of plate tectonics
Up until the 1960s, most persons consideredthe earth's crust to be fixed. Finally, in the
1960s the geological evidence was at handthat made continental drift irrefutable.
Two important scientific advances in the mid 20th century
have revolutionized historical biogeography
2. Development of new phylogeneticmethods
Willi Hennig (1950) introduced the modernconcepts of phylogenetic theory (firstpublished in 1956). Using this methodology,hypotheses of historical lineages of species
could be reconstructed.
Courtesy of K.J. Sytsma
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What is the ID/creationist response
to biogeography?
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We see in these facts some deep organic bond,
throughout space and time, over the same areas
of land and water, independently of physical
conditions. The naturalist must be dull who isnot led to inquire what that bond is . . . The bond
is simple inheritance.
Darwin, The Origin of Species
References:
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References:
Cox, B.C. and P.D. Moore. 2005. Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell Publishing,Malden, MA, USA.
Darwin, C. 1859. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in theStruggle for Life. John Murray, London, UK.
Humphries, C.J. and L.R. Parenti. 1999. Cladistic Biogeography: Interpreting Patterns of Plant and AnimalDistributions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Johnson, W.E. et al. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:73-77.
Knox, E.B. and J.D. Palmer. 1995. Chloroplast DNA variation and the recent radiation of the giant senecios
(Asteraceae) on tall mountains of eastern Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92: 10349-1-353.
Lomolino, M.V., D.F. Sax and J.H. Brown, editors. 2004. Foundations in Biogeography. The Unversity of ChicagoPress, Chicago, IL, USA.
Wegener, A. 1915. Die Enstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane. Sammlung Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig.
Whitfield,J. 2005. Biogeography: Is everything everywhere? Science 310:960-961.
International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Gondwana Animation:
http://www.kartografie.nl/gondwana/index.asp