bio-diesel as alternative fuel (mod)
TRANSCRIPT
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PRESENTATIONPRESENTATION
ONONBIOBIO--DIESEL.DIESEL.
By
ARVIND LAL, M.Sc.( Chemistry)
IRIMEE,JAMALPUR.
E-MAIL:- [email protected]
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BIO-DIESEL
What is
PROPERTIES.
ADVANTAGE.
SOCIAL FACTOR.
WHY ?
MANUFACTURE
RAILWAY PLANNER.
ENVIRONMENT
Engine performance.
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FORANY DEVELOPED COUNTRY IT MUST BE
REQUIRED TOFOLLOW ORTOACHIEVE ITS
4-E goals.
Energy Security.
Environment protection
Energy conservation.
Employment
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TO ACHIVE 4-E goals
& IMPROVE THE WORLD ECONOMY.
BIO-DIESELMAY BE THE HOPE FOR TODAY &
TOMORROW
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TWO STRATEGIES FOR VEGETABLE OIL HAVE BEEN
PERFORMED AND EVALUATED.
1. ADAPTATION OFENGINE TO THE FUEL.
2. ADAP
TATIO
NOF
THEFU
EL TO
THE ENGINE.( Much work has been done in this area)
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Alternate Fuels
The use of vegetable oilsThe use of vegetable oilsfor engine fuels may seemfor engine fuels may seem
insignificant today. Butinsignificant today. Butsuch oils may become insuch oils may become incourse of time as importantcourse of time as importantas petroleum and the coalas petroleum and the coal
tar products of the presenttar products of the presenttime.time.""
DR RUDOLF DIESEL
(1858 1913) 1912
Alternate Fuels
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CUMMINS ENGINES ON BIO-DIESEL
WE APPRECIATED THE BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVE TAKEN BY
IR, MEASURE COUNSUMER OF HSD OIL.
CUMMINS IS PROUD TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH IRS
JOURNEY TOWARDS ECONOMICAL OPERATION
USING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE SUCH AS BIO-
DIESEL.
EVALUATE THE BIODIESEL ON DEMU ON 27.05.05.
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FUEL DOES GROW ON TREES
DIESEL GROWSON TREES.
TIMESOF INDIA . 1ST JULY,2005.
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WHAT IS BIO-DIESEL ?
Biodiesel is a domestically produced,renewable fuel that can be manufactured fromvegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled
restaurant greases.
Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reducesserious air pollutants such as particulates,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and airtoxics.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE.
RURAL EMPLOYMENT.
SAVE FOREIGN EXCHANGE.
DECENTRALIZED AND INTEGRATED POWER
GENERATION.
BIO DEGRADABLE AND NON-TOXIC.
REDUCTION OF GREEN LAYER GASES AND POLLUTION.
TECHNICAL FESSIBILITY.
VALUABLE BY PRODUCT.
ADVANTAGES OF BIO-DIESEL
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IMPACT OF BIO-DIESEL
ON
ENVIRONMENT
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India will become third biggest CO2 emitter by 2015
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An unconvenient truth: global warming
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Our Competitors
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Rail and energyWhere is the truth?
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Attention on exhaust gas
emissionRails share ofemissionscomparably small(1-3 %),
but
Increasingattention on airquality from publicand authorities
NOx emissions from the transport sector,
EU25, 1990-2001:
Source: European Environment Agency, TERM 2003 03 EEA31
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Road performance improvement
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Benefits
According to the National Biodiesel Board, using a
B20 biodiesel fuel blend can reduce vehicle
emissions:
oUnburned hydrocarbons - 20% reduction
oCarbon monoxide - 12% reduction
oParticulate matter - 12% reduction
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CO2 Cycle
Refining
Fossil CO2Release to Atmosphere
Petro Diesel BIODIESEL
Oil Crops
Potential CO2Neutral
Technology
Exploration
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Environmental Concerns
Emission Reduction (%)
CO 67
Hydrocarbon 30
Particulate Matter 68
SOOT 50
Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons(PAH)
85
CO2 100
NOX +/-2--6
SO2 80-100
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
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Advantages of Biodiesel PM,HC,CO reduction
Analysis fr PA420-P-02-001, O t b r 2002
EPA analysis:data from many
studies
engine models
through 1997
NOxNo change for B5
2% up for B20
10% up for B100
PM
5% down for B512% down for B20
48% down for B100
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Biodiesel is domestically produced, so its use helpsreduce the nation's dependence on imported oil and can
help boost the agricultural sector of the economy.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from domestically
grown crops like soybeans and mustard seed. Biodiesel
can also be produced from recycled cooking grease.
* When using biodiesel, lubricity is improved over
conventional diesel fuel.
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IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION.
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PONGAMMIA TREE
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PONGAMMIA TREE WITH FRUITS
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PONGAMIA PINNATA KARANJIA/ HONGE TREE
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JETROPHA CURCAS PLANT
JATROPHA CURCASAS ENERGYPLANT
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JATROPHA THE ANSWER?
Oil extracted from seeds of Karanj tree in Karnataka and seeds of
Jatropha bush grown in Gujarat when filtered & refined produce fuel
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild castor) thrives on any type
of soil
Needs minimal inputs Can survive long periods of drought
Rapid growth; forms a thick live hedge after only 9 months of
planting
Yield from the 3rd year onwards and continues for 25-30 years
Yield from established plantations in Brazil, 1.5 to 2.3 tons per
Hectare
The meal after extraction an excellent organic manure (38% protein,
N:P:K ratio 2.7:1.2:1)
JATROPHA THE ANSWER?
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Manufacture of Bio-diesel:
Conversion of the of long chain fatty acids of the oil in to
mono alkyl ester is called trans-esterification, which forms
the basis for the production of Bio-diesel.
Many technologies are currently available and used in theindustrial production of Bio-diesel.
Fatty acids available in the oil reacts with Methanol in
presence of a catalyst acid or base to yield Glycerine and
Methyl esters.
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BASIC REACTION
CH2COOR
|
CHCOOR
|
CH2COOR
3 ROH
Catalyst
CH2OH
|
CHOH
|
CH2OH
R'COOR
+
R''COOR
+
R'''COOR
Oil Alcohol NaOH/KOH
Glycerin
R, R and R indicates the fatty
acids chain associated withoils.
BIODIESEL
BASIC CHEMICAL REACTION.
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PROCESS VARIABLES IN TRANS-ESTERIFICATION.
Conditioning of vegetable oils
Oil temperature.
Reaction temperature.
Ratio to alcohal to oil
Types of catalyst and concentration
Intensity of mixing
Purity of reactants.
Glycerin neutralization.
Methyl ester wash.
Removal of water.
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BIO-DIESEL in IRSome trains & Road vehicle are
already run on blended Bio-diesel in
IR.
Supported of Bio-diesel.
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Jatropha Plantation in LW/PER
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Jatropha plantation
at Diesel Loco shed Tondiarpet.
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Jatropha plantation on track side
Bodinayakkanur. S.Rly
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Jatropha plantation at Bangalore
Railway premises
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BioBio--diesel productiondiesel production
Loco works, S.Rly, Perambur, Chennai took the
lead for Indian Railways in succeeding to produce
biodiesel as under
In a 150 litre capacity pilot plant with in housetechnology and efforts and
Presently in a production plant of300 litres
capacity
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Work done in diesel shed
shakurbastiPlant has been tested successfully and
can produce 200 lt of bio-desel from
the waste vegetable oil obtained free ofcoast from star hotel
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BIO-DIESEL PLANT SET UPAT IRIMEE.
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Fuel PropertiesThe fuel properties of raw karanja, bio-diesel obtained fromkaranja oil and their blends with varying proportion from 20% to
80% by volume (B20, B40, B60, B80) were determined as per the
test code prescribed by the various ASTM standards.
The measured properties are presented in table .
The kinematic viscosity of karanja oil was found to be 10.7
times more than that of diesel when determined at 40rC. After
esterification, the kinematic viscosity reduced to 2.1 times only. It
further reduced with increase in diesel amount in the blend.
Similar reduction in specific gravity was also observed.
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The calorific value of karanja was found to be 36.12
MJ/kg and is less than the calorific value of diesel (42.2
MJ/kg) but greater than that of pure oil.
As the percentage of bio-diesel in the blends increased, the
calorific value decreased.
Flash point of karanja and its bio-diesel were found to be
greater than 100r C which is safe for storage and handling.
Fuel Properties
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FUEL PROPERTIES OF KARANJA OIL, ITS
BIO-DIESEL AND BLENDS WITH DIESELFuel properties Karanja
oil
Karanja
bio-diesel
B100
B80 B60 B40 B20 Diesel Bio-diesel
standards
ASTM
Sp. Gravity 0.912 0.876 0.869 0.864 0.856 0.848 0.842 -
Kinematic
viscosity, cst
27.84 9.6 6.56 5.42 4.63 3.39 2.601 1.9-6.0
Calorific value
MJ/kg
34.0 36.12 36.47 37.25 37.85 38.28 42.21
Flash point rC 205 187 92 84 81 79 52 >130
Pour point rC 6 4 2.5 1.1 0.5 0 -4
Water content % 0.5 0.05 - - - - -
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Problem Areas
Biodiesel has strong solvent properties
Natural rubber and soft plastics especially vulnerable
Problem substantially reduced for the B20 blend
The only hose and gasket material that is truly resistantto biodiesel is Viton
Biodiesel Blends > 30%
Free fatty acids formed during combustion can harm the fuelinjection pumps
Low temperature performance can be a problem the pour point of the ester is higher
Emission of N0x may be higher
Because of the higher oxygen content in bio diesel
PROBLEMAREAS
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Problem Areas
Viscosity of bio-diesel is higher than petro diesel
Injection pressure in HP tube increases significantly with
viscosity. It is therefore essential to control the viscosity
limit while producing bio-diesel.
PROBLEMAREAS
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Engine Performance
The bio-diesel (B100) and its blends (B20, B40, B60 & B80)were used to test in a single cylinder, 4-stroke, DI, watercooled diesel engine having a rated output of 7.5 KW at3000 rpm with a compression ratio of 16:1. The engine wascoupled to an electric dynamometer to apply different loads.
Engine tests were done according to BIS:5994_II.After the engine reached the stabilized working condition,various parameters such as speed of operation, fuelconsumption and torque were measured at different engineloads (10, 25, 50, 75% of the load corresponding to load atmaxm power) at an average engine speed of 2000 rpmfrom which brake power,Brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermalefficiency were computed.
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Torque and Brake Power
The variation of Torque and brake power output of theengine with load for different fuels are presented. Bothtorque and brake power increased with increase in load.
This was due to increase in fuel consumption withincrease in load. The torque and brake power producedin case of B20 and B40 were higher than that of dieseldue to complete combustion of fuels due to presenceextra oxygen in bio-diesel as compared to diesel due to
decrease in calorific value of fuel with increase in bio-diesel percentage in blends.
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TORQUE AND BRAKE POWER.
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Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
The variation of brake fuel consumption with load fordifferent fuels is presented in Fig. For all the fuelstested, brake specific fuel consumption decreasedwith increase in load.
The explanation for this reduction is due to higherpercentage of increase in brake power with load ascompared to fuel consumption.
For an average speed of 2000 rpm, the brake specificfuel consumption for B20 & B40 was lower thandiesel.
This reverse trend was observed due to lowercalorific value with increase in bio-diesel percentagein the blends.
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Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
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Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
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Brake Thermal Efficiency
The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load fordifferent fuels is shown in Fig. In all cases itincreased with increase in percent load. This was dueto increase of power with increase in load.
The maxm brake thermal efficiency was obtained tobe 20.8 and 19.8 for B20 and B40 respectively whichwere higher than that of diesel.
The maxm brake thermal efficiency obtained for B60,B80 & B100 were 18.2, 17.6 & 16.9%.
This lower brake thermal efficiency obtained for B60to B100 is due to reduction in calorific value andincrease in fuel consumption as compared to B20.
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Exhaust Temperature
The variation of exhaust temperature withload for different fuels tested is comparedwith diesel in Fig. 6. For B20 to B100, the
exhaust temperature was varied between 260and 336 as compared to 262 and 335rC fordiesel indicating not much variation inexhaust temperature.
This could be due to nearly same quantity offuel being consumed per hour for both dieseland bio-diesel blends in each load setting ofthe engine.
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BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVES
Residents of Kagganahalli village near Bangalore in Karnataka get regular power &water supplied by generators run on bio-
diesel.P.Janardan Reddy of Hyderabad runs hisJeep for last few years on BioDiesel
DaimlerChrysler has test driven a Mercedes
C Class luxury sedan across India to promotebio-diesel.
In villages around Ahemadabad large scaleplantation of Jatropha has been done the
plants will grow to5-6ft in two years.
BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVES
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BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVES
Forest Department of UP has decided toundertake massive plantation of high yieldingJetropha species on 99000 Hectares in forestland.
Government of Tamil Nadu is planning tospend over 17000 crores for plantingJetropha in 5 million hectares of waste landand producing bio-diesel.
A national bio-fuel board (NBB) is proposedto be set up to promote bio-fuel.
Chhatisgarh , Orissa and Gujurat Govts. Areactively promoting Jatropha plantation.
BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVES
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BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVES
The national oil seeds and vegetable oildevelopment board has prepared Re.1430Cr. Project for bio-diesel production from
Jatropha seeds.
The project involves plantation of Jatropha
in 50, 000 ha. In each of the 8 states -AP, Karnataka, Gujrat, Rajsthan, MP, MH ,Chhatisgarh and UP.
BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVES
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BIO-DIESEL INITIATIVES
Ministry of Petroleum is roping in
Panchayats for mass cultivation of
Jatropha as it provides a source of incometo farmers and will reduce dependence on
imports.
RIL life sciences has taken up planting of
Jatropha on 200 acres of land near Kakinada . This will be expanded after
successful trials.
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IRs Initiative
Railways are inviting parties to plant Jatropha on Rlyland.
An MOU has been signed with IOC for a pilot project.
Rly will offer 500 hectare land on token lease and
IOC will take up plantation,extraction,transestrification,blending and testing
IOC has selected 81 hectares land for Jatrophacarcus plantation at Surendra Nagar district in Gujratunder Rajkot division.
IOC has set up a pilot plant with 200 litre per daycapacity for production of bio-diesel at Gurgaon.
Set up IROAF, to promote RE.
IRS INITIATIVE
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IRs Initiative
First train was run succeesfully on Dec30,2002with 5% biodisel mix.
It has been decided to run locos with 5% bio diesel to
start with and go upto 20% with field experience. Perambur loco workshop has set up a pilot plant for
producing Bio-diesel
IRIMEE also has set up a pilot plant for the traineesof IR officers & supervisors.
Three road vehicles are regularly being run on bio-diesel.
IRS INITIATIVE
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Indian Railways operate around 4000
Diesel Locomotives.
Approx two billion litres of diesel fuel areconsumed annually.
The annual expenditure on diesel fuel is
approx Rs. 4400 crores.
WHY for IR ?
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Anticipated Savings of HSD after blending with BioAnticipated Savings of HSD after blending with Bio
dieseldiesel
Annual consumption of HSD
in million liters
2000
Savings in HSD (in million
liters) as a result of
blending bio diesel
5% 10% 20%
100 200 400
Thus if B20 blend is used by IR, then 400 million liters of diesel shallbe saved.
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Indian Railways runs Shatabdi on biodiesel blendIndian Railways runs Shatabdi on biodiesel blend
Shatabdi run from Delhi to Amritsar on 31st
December 2002.
Fuel used 5% blend of bio diesel
Parameters monitored-
Filters
SFC
Fuel Injection Equipment
ResultsResults
No loss of hp, acceleration or any other problem observed
during run.
No unusual deposits observed on fuel filters.
T S i 00
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TataSumo runningon 100%Bio Diesel from May 2004
MAHINDRA VOYAGER
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MAHINDRA VOYAGERRUNNING ON 20% BIO DIESEL
FROM MAY 2004
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JATROPHA PLANT
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FRONT END LOADER WORKINGWITH B-20
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DEMU RUNNING ON 5% BLENDBIO DIESEL FROM MARCH 2005
BG Locomotive on 5% blend
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BG Locomotive on 5% blend
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DEMU RUNNING ON 5% BLENDBIO DIESEL FROM MARCH 2005
Meter gauge Locomotive
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Meter gauge Locomotiverunning on 5% blend Bio Diesel
from July 2004
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PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION BASEDON
BIO-DIESEL
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Technical Tasks AheadTechnical Tasks Ahead
Detailed study including sensitivity analysis.
Optimization of combustion process and minimization
of NOx emissions.
Sustained field trials to ascertain the long term impact
of the fuel on:
Fuel injection system
Filters
Deposits on pistons, valves, cylinder head
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Condition of Engine
componentsAll fuel injection equipment, enginepower pack components were stripped
& to our excitement found that all thesecomponents were in normal condition.
None of the components has shownabnormal wear & tear.
No abnormal soot was observed in thefuel injectors.
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Regular HSD oil B5 Bio-diesel oil
Horse power
(hp)
1294 1325
SFC (gms / bhp-hr) 171 170.72
Exhaust gas temp in F 1100 1080
Experience of GOC Diesel shed
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Condition of filters
The Bio-Diesel Locos never had fuel oil
filter blockage or fuel oil pressure
dropping.
Bio-diesel Locos had not experienced
fuel starvation problems even once.
E i f GOC Di l h d
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Experience of GOC Diesel shed
R
eduction in Lube oil consumption after useof Bio-diesel
0.52
0.42
1.17
0.98
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Lube to Fuel percentage Lube to 100 EKM
Before the use of Bio-Diesel
oil
After use of Bio-Diesel oil
E i i R ltE i i R lt
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Regular
Diesel
Bio Diesel Blends with Regular
Diesel
B10 B20 B50 B100
NOx at 8th notch (in ppm) 1422 1266 1480 1553 1491
Hydro carbons
(HC Hexane) in ppm13 12 9 11 6
Residual oxygen (% Vol) 12.2 12.3 12.2 12.1 12.2
CO (% Vol) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
CO2 (% Vol) 6.2 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.1
Emission results obtained are as follows:
Emission ResultsEmission ResultsTesting at RDSO April 2004Testing at RDSO April 2004
C l i f GOC i
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Conclusions of GOC experienceThe study conducted with B5 blend Bio-diesel
at GOC shed reveals that:Bio-diesel can be easily adopted for Diesel Locos with outany modification.
Bio-diesel is capable of developing full horsepower on the
ALCO/DLW engines.The exhaust gas temperature showed decreasing trend.
The lubricity property of the bio-diesel oil reduces wear andtear of the engine components and enhances the life of fuelinjection equipments.
Use of Bio-diesel oil reduces lube oil consumptionconsiderably.
Hence, it is clear that Bio-diesel oil has got tremendouspotential as alternate fuel for Diesel Locos. The experienceof Golden rock Diesel Loco shed with the Bio-diesel is very
much encoura in .
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Mileage with Bio-diesel
Vehicle Mileage (KMs/litre)
Bio-diesel Diesel
Jeep (B20) 5.9 5.9
Tata Sumo(B100)
10.1 10.1
Performance of Bio diesel
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Performance of Bio-dieselYDM4 Locos 6225 / 6275
SFC during load box test with Bio-diesel 170.72gms per BHP.Hr.
SFC during load box test for conventional HSD171.00 gms per BHP.Hr.
SFC of 1000 GTKM with Bio-diesel (June 2005Fig.) 5.57 ltr / 1000 GTKM
SFC of 1000 GTKM with Conventional oil 5.57 ltr /1000 GTKM
1 WDM2 loco No.16867 is running on 10% Bio-diesel from 7.7.2006 and is used as ashunting loco. The performance is
satisfactory.
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Performance of Bio-diesel
Loco WDM2 11008 was in use during 2005-06 with 5% Bio-diesel in TNP DSL. Shed.
No abnormalities noticed either in Fuel
Injection Equipment or in Primary, Secondaryfilters. There was no case of prematurechange of filters. Carbon deposits seems tobe less. Consumption of fuel could not be
assessed since the Loco was used for bothshunting & passenger trains. 10% blending ofBio-diesel was effected from April 2006 &performance is being monitored.
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Performance of Bio-diesel
4 DPCs Nos.14011 & 14012 (700 hp) and 14030 & 14031(1400 hp) were working on 5% Bio-diesel for more than 1
year & from 30.9.2006 are working on 10% in TPJ
division.
Engine service performance at all notches was found
Normal. No adverse effect or maintenance problem was
reported so far. Lube oil collected from the DPCs were
sent to M/s CIL, Pune on number of occasions, but no
report received so far. It is understood that the results will
be advised only in case of any adverse remark. Enginecheck was conducted by Cummins Diesel on 31.12.2005
for DPC 14030 & 14031 & nothing was found
abnormal.
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IRs Initiative
Sourthern Railway has started using bio-diesel blendof 5% in one MG shunting loco with oil supplied byPerambur Worskhop.
Detailed testing and evaluation of bio-diesel hasbeen conducted in May 04 at RDSO viz. 10% ,20%,50% and 100% bio-diesel on 3100 HP Engineon test bed.
Follow up service field trails were conducted in May
04 on Lucknow-Allahabad Janshatabdi with B-10bio-diesel blend in three round trips.
IRS INITIATIVE
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Field Trial Summary
ate Train
O.
eparture rrival Type o Fuel S
in itre
14/05/04 2054 O-0600 -1020 10 bio 750
14/05/04 2053 -1520 O-1930 10 bio 770
15/05/04 2054 O-0600 -1020 10 IO 700
15/05/04 2053 -1520 O-1930 10 IO 700
2054 O-0600 -1020 10 IO 700
17/05/04 2053 -1520 O-1930 10 IO 700
22/05/04 2053 -1520 O-1930 ormal S 700
FIELD TRIAL SUMMARY
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FollowFollow--Up Field TrialsUp Field Trials
Field Trial done on Lucknow-
Allahabad Jan Shatabdi
(2054/2053).
3 round trips of the train made
using B10 blend.
Field trial successful in terms of haulage and other
performance characteristics.
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Condition of Engine
componentsAll fuel injection equipment, enginepower pack components were stripped
& to our excitement found that all thesecomponents were in normal condition.
None of the components has shownabnormal wear & tear.
No abnormal soot was observed in thefuel injectors.
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Problems to be resolved
Optimization of trans-esterification process to enable the
bio-diesel out put to meet the BIS, ASTM and EN
standards
Effective disposal of by-products, viz. Crude Glycerin etc.
so as to minimize the production cost.
Procurement of suitable raw oil at reasonable rate
Obtain explosive license for storage of methanol
Setting up of an effective effluent treatment plant
R&D efforts for better catalyst to improve the yield of bio-
diesel.
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CONCLUSIONS
Technically bio-diesel can be used inmedium speed diesel engines without enginemodification and can attain full operatingpower.
Use of bio-diesel reduces amount of harmfulemissions released from fuel consumed bylocomotives. The benefit would be directlyproportional to the amount of petro diesel
replaced.A blend of B-20 appears most suitable for IR
which amounts to saving nearly 400 millionlitres of bio-diesel consumption on railways.
CONCLUSIONS
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Conclusions
Based on the results of this study, the followingspecific conclusions were drawn:
After esterification, the kinematic viscosity &specific gravity of karanja oil were reduced to9.6m2/sec and 0.876 from 27.84m2/sec and0.912 respectively.
The calorific value of esterified karanja oil is
36.12 MJ/kg which is 5.86% higher thanunprocessed karanja oil but 14.42% lower thandiesel.
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Conclusions
While running the engine with esterified
karanja oil and its blends emissions such
as CO, smoke density and NOx werereduced on an average by 86, 50 and +/-
2 to 6% as compared to diesel.
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Conclusions
Bio-diesel blends B20 B40 produced an
average 6% more torque and brake power
than diesel due to complete combustion offuel.
However, a reduction in brake power output
and torque was observed with increase in
bio-diesel percentage in the blends due toreduction in the calorific value of the fuel.
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Conclusions
For all fuels tested, the brake thermal
efficiency increased with increase in load.
Maxm brake thermal efficiency in case ofbio-diesel was found to be 26.79% for B20
as compared to 24.62% in case of diesel
and it decreased with increase in bio-diesel
percentage in the blend.
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CONCLUSIONS
Only pilot plants are available in the country.Commercial size plants are needed to meetthe requirement.
This would require government concessionsby way of tax benefits to producers of bio-diesel so that it remains price competitive.
CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS
It can benefit our domestic economy.Spending on foreign imports ofpetroleum takes dollars away from our
economy. Bio-diesel can help us shiftthis spending to domestically producedenergy, and offers new energy-relatedmarkets to farmers.
Commuter rail services and shuntingoperations can be the starting points forintroducing bio-diesel.
CONCLUSIONS
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IN CONCLUSION
BioBio--dieseldiesel hashas potentialpotential toto becomebecome thethe fuelfuel ofof thethe futurefuture && itit willwill notnot
onlyonly provideprovide employmentemployment opportunitiesopportunities inin ruralrural areasareas butbut alsoalso
energyenergy security,security, CleanerCleaner airair && savingssavings inin foreignforeign exchangeexchange..
IN SHORT WE WILL BE MOVING FROMIN SHORT WE WILL BE MOVING FROM
BLACK GOLDBLACK GOLD GREEN GOLDGREEN GOLD
Open questions
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p q
1.Technicals: is biofuel use for railways
feasible? Which blend? What
obstacles? When?
2.Economy: is the price right? Whatmeasures are needed?
3.Sustainability: How can we be sure that we
are helping the planet and not
ruining it instead?
Open questions
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