bio day 18

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Biology Class Day 18: How do we make DNA copies in vitro? In the lab? Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): a lab technique to amplify DNA, that is, to make many copies of a piece of DNA what are some uses for the lab method PCR? 3 days ago…DNA evidence helps Oklahoma police make arrest in 1997 child abduction. Kirsten Hatfield, 8, disappeared from her home in Midwest City, Oklahoma, one night in May 1997. “new DNA techniques” match of 1 in 293 septillion 10 !" there are 2 main reasons why you want to amplify DNA: 1) simply create multiple copies of a rare species of DNA. for example, a forensic scientist may want to amplify a tiny piece of DNA from a crime scene 2) to compare two different samples of DNA to see which is more abundant. DNA analysis requires amplification in order for there to be enough DNA to give a detectable signal for quantification. if you amplify both samples at the same rate, you can calculate which sample had the highest copy number of the target of interest to begin with what are some practical applications of PCR technology? genotyping (gene testing), paternity testing, forensic analysis, disease testing (rapid detection of pathogens, especially important in testing for HIV, tuberculosis) what’s the basic idea of PCR? PCR is a technique for amplifying DNA what will we need to do that?

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Bio Day 18

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Page 1: Bio Day 18

Biology  Class  Day  18:      How  do  we  make  DNA  copies  in  vitro?  In  the  lab?    Polymerase  Chain  Reaction  (PCR):       -­‐a  lab  technique  to  amplify  DNA,  that  is,  to  make  many  copies  of  a  piece  of     DNA     -­‐what  are  some  uses  for  the  lab  method  PCR?       -­‐3  days  ago…DNA  evidence  helps  Oklahoma  police  make  arrest  in         1997  child  abduction.  Kirsten  Hatfield,  8,  disappeared  from  her  home         in  Midwest  City,  Oklahoma,  one  night  in  May  1997.  “new  DNA           techniques”  match  of  1  in  293  septillion  10!"       -­‐there  are  2  main  reasons  why  you  want  to  amplify  DNA:           1)  simply  create  multiple  copies  of  a  rare  species  of  DNA.  for           example,  a  forensic  scientist  may  want  to  amplify  a  tiny  piece           of  DNA  from  a  crime  scene         2)  to  compare  two  different  samples  of  DNA  to  see  which  is           more  abundant.  DNA  analysis  requires  amplification  in  order           for  there  to  be  enough  DNA  to  give  a  detectable  signal  for           quantification.  if  you  amplify  both  samples  at  the  same  rate,           you  can  calculate  which  sample  had  the  highest  copy  number           of  the  target  of  interest  to  begin  with     -­‐what  are  some  practical  applications  of  PCR  technology?         -­‐genotyping  (gene  testing),  paternity  testing,  forensic  analysis,  disease       testing  (rapid  detection  of  pathogens,  especially  important  in  testing         for  HIV,  tuberculosis)       -­‐what’s  the  basic  idea  of  PCR?         -­‐PCR  is  a  technique  for  amplifying  DNA     -­‐what  will  we  need  to  do  that?                                        

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   Different  segments  of  the  gene:       -­‐Exons  are  part  of  DNA  that  are  converted  into  mature  messenger  RNA     (mRNA).  The  process  by  which  DNA  is  used  as  a  template  to  create  mRNA  is     called  transcription.       -­‐Introns  are  parts  of  genes  that  do  not  directly  code  for  proteins.     -­‐Remember:  introns  are  intervening  sequences  and  exons  are  expressed     sequences.                                                                              

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Transcription:    -­‐Transcription  is  making  an  RNA  molecule  that  is  complementary  to  one  side  of  the  DNA.    What  are  some  differences  between  DNA  and  RNA?       -­‐DNA:  sugar  deoxyribose,  ATCG,  double  strand     -­‐RNA:  sugar  ribose,  ACGU,  uracil,  single  strand      

             -­‐DNA  is  the  permanent  information  storage  molecule.  Messenger  RNA  is  a  working  copy  of  the  gene  for  a  protein.       -­‐How  does  RNA  differ  from  DNA?       -­‐What  enzyme  makes  RNA?    -­‐A  gene  codes  for  a  protein.  What  type  of  information  have  to  be  in  a  code?    -­‐What  are  the  elements  in  a  code?       -­‐code  is  non-­‐overlapping     -­‐either  side  of  DNA  could     contain  a  gene  but  DNA  is     read  only  one  side  at  a  time                  

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 -­‐What  is  the  word  length?       -­‐DNA  has  4  bases:  ATTCG    -­‐What  is  the  start  signal  for  translating  the  code?       -­‐AUG  on  mRNA  is  the  start  codon.  That  is  the  first  triplet  that  is  “read”  in     translation,  and  it  sets  the  “reading  frame”  for  the  triplets.