AA Presentation Presentation

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Presented BY : Presented BY : RAJENDRA KUMAR SINGHRAJENDRA KUMAR SINGH

B.TECH.(BT) – 7B.TECH.(BT) – 7thth SEM. SEM.

What is Biological ControlWhat is Biological Control??

De Bach (1964)De Bach (1964) - - ““The action of parasites, predators or pathogens in The action of parasites, predators or pathogens in maintaining another organism’s density at a lower maintaining another organism’s density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”average than would occur in their absence.”

•Biological control of pests in agriculture is a method of controlling pests (including insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases) that relies on predation, parasitism, or other natural mechanisms.

Biological Control Biological Control AgentsAgents

•Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens.

•Predators, such as lady beetles and lacewings, are mainly free-living species that consume a large number of prey during their lifetime.

PredatorsPredators

•An organism that lives intimately in, or on, a host organism from which it derives nourishment.

Parasites

•A parasitoid is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life history attached to or within a single host organism which it ultimately kills (and often consumes) in the process.

Parasitoid

•A pathogen , infectious agent, or more commonly germ, is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host .

Pathogen

Biological Control Agents Biological Control Agents (BCAs)(BCAs)

BCAs can be classified as follows :BCAs can be classified as follows : Macrobial : beneficial nematodes, … Macrobial : beneficial nematodes, … Microbial : virus, fungi, bacteria, … Microbial : virus, fungi, bacteria, … Natural products : plant extracts with Natural products : plant extracts with

insecticide, fungicide insecticide, fungicide

ExamplesExamples- - Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Baculoviruses, Azadirachta indica (Neem) ,Trichoderma, Trichogramma etc

Techniques of Biological Techniques of Biological ControlControl

1. Introduction or Importation2. Augmentation3. Conservation

•Introduction or Importation

If sufficient effective natural enemies are not present to control pests, introduction of effective natural enemy species is necessary.

• Augmentation Augmentation is the periodic release of a natural

enemy that does not occur naturally in sufficient numbers to keep a pest below damaging levels .

• Conservation Conservation as a biological control method includes

crop management practices that protect and encourage natural enemies and increase their impact on pests

•Biopesticides are derived from animals, plants and micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses.

• The advantages are:

• They are inherently less harmful than chemical pesticides;• They are more target specific than chemical pesticides affecting only the target pests and their close relatives. In contrast, chemical pesticides often destroy friendly insects, birds and mammals.• They are often effective in small quantities. Also, they decompose quickly and do not leave problematic residues.

The most commonly used biopesticides include Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Baculoviruses and neem. In addition to these, trichoderma, which is a fungicide, is also used. Biocontrol agents, such as Trichogramma, are parasites and predators of pests and their eggs.

Biopesticides and Bio-control Agents

Mass Production of Trichogramma for the control of lepidopterous pests

Trichogramma Forester Moth (lepidopterous pest)Corcyra cephalonica

Scientific classification

Butterflies / skippers, moths

Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterflies. It is one of the most speciose orders in the class Insecta, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth-butterflies. Members of the order are referred to as lepidopterans

Lepidoptera

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Subclass: Pterygota

Infraclass: Neoptera

Superorder: Endopterygota

Order: Lepidoptera

Corcyra (Corcyra cephalonica )

Order: Lepidoptera

PEST STATUS

C. cephalonica is a major pest of stored grains of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum. Considering the long storage period of pearl millet,

which may be several years. 

Fig:- Corcyra cephalonica

COMMON NAME:- Rice moth (English)

DESCRIPTION

The caterpillar of Corcyra is up to 15 mm long and white or cream in colour. The body is covered with fine hairs. The adult moth is grey, often with darker patterns on the wings. The wingspan is 20-23 mm. The moth is usually seen in large numbers on walls, poles or containers where grains are stored. Infested grains are spun together in a tight web and white caterpillars and cocoons are found in the grain.

The name Trichogramma refers to a number of tiny wasps belonging to the family Trichogrammatidae.

They are stout-bodied, minute wasps that attacks the eggs over 150 species of moths, including cabbage looper, codling moth, oriental fruit moth, twig borers and fruitworms. Adults are less than 1 mm (1/25 inch) long.

Forewings are broader and hairy. Larvae develop entirely inside the eggs of moths, which darken when they are parasitized.

Trichogramma(moth egg parasitoid)

Biology of Trichogramma

•It completes its life cycle on the eggs of lepidopteran pests. Duration of different stages are as follows –

Summers - 8-10 days Winters - 12 days

•A single adult female lays about 100 eggs. It can fly up to 18-20 m.

Egg stage – 16-24 hrs

Larval period – 2-3 days

Pupal period – 2-3 days

Adult lives for 1-2 days.

Biodiversity of Trichogramma species used in INDIA200 Hosts ,26 Species from India, 7 spp Lab Prod.

Trichogramma Species Insect Host Crop/ Tree

Sugar cane borer Sugar cane

Tomato fruit borer

T. chilonis cotton boll worms Cotton

Maize stem borer Tomato

Leaf eating caterpillar

T. exiguum

T. achaeae Cotton spotted boll worm

and pink boll worm Maize

Sugarcane top borer

T. japonicum Paddy stem borer Citrus

T. brasiliensis Cotton boll worms Paddy

T. eldanae Tomato fruit borer

Sugarcane borer

T. embryophagum Codling moth Apple

Trichogramma is an important bio-control agent as they are egg parasitoids, mainly of Lepidopteran eggs. Up to three wasp larvae may develop in each Lepidopteran egg.

They are very important biological control agents because they kill pests before they hatch and start feeding on your crop.

Several different species of Trichogramma are used in various crop ecosystem. Trichogramma chilonis in sugarcane, tomato, capsicum, beans and cotton., Trichogramma japonicum in sugarcane and paddy, T. embryophagum for codling moth.

Optimum conditions are moderate temperatures of 20-27 ºC (68-81 ºF) and relative humidity 60%.

Trichogramma Use in Biocontrol

•The idea of "farming" Trichogramma for control of caterpillar pests was discussed in detail in 1895 at a meeting of the London Entomological and Natural History Society.

Mass Rearing Trichogramma for Commercial Release

•They are mass multiplied in captivity on surrogate host like Corcyra

cephalonica.

•Rearing Trichogramma requires first rearing an insect, typically a species of moth, to produce eggs in which the wasps will develop. The Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella, and the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, are easily and inexpensively reared on wheat or other grains and

are commonly used to rear Trichogramma.

Laminar flow 1Laminar flow 1 Incubator 1Incubator 1 Deep freezer 2Deep freezer 2 Humidifier 1Humidifier 1 Oven 1Oven 1 Culture boxes 50 ( size 15x12x10 inches ) Culture boxes 50 ( size 15x12x10 inches ) Movable shelves Movable shelves Vacuum cleaners 2Vacuum cleaners 2 Oviposition cages 10Oviposition cages 10 Bucket, big size 2Bucket, big size 2 Culture of trichogramma species, Culture of trichogramma species, T.chilonisT.chilonis Formalin Formalin Crushed maizeCrushed maize Yeast powder Yeast powder Water soluble gumWater soluble gum SieveSieve HoneyHoney

Requirements for production of trichogramma Requirements for production of trichogramma cardscards

Flow chart for preparation of Flow chart for preparation of Trichogramma cardsTrichogramma cards

Charging of culture boxes

Collection of adults of host of Trichogramma (Corcyra cephalonica)

Egg collection from adults

Preparation of trichocards from these eggs

UV treatment of eggs for 15 min

These cards are exposed to trichogramma sp. for parasitization

The parasitized eggs turn black on 5th day

Trichocards stored for up to 10-15 days in refrigerator at 10 °C at pupa stage

Mass Production Technology of Trichogramma

How are the parasitoids released?

•For field release, the trichocards are cut into small pieces and the pieces are stapled underneath the leaves. This method is relatively easier and the distribution of the parasitoid is uniform.

•Trichogramma should preferably be released in the evening hours

•Thirty minutes after emergence, the parasitoids actively search for their hosts.

•Trichogramma is available in the form of cards containing 20,000 parasitized eggs which have 90-96 %

hatching within 7-10 days of parasitization.

•Trichocards are released @ 1 trichocard / acres.

Release of Tricho card released in the Rice field

Release rates

Trichogramma parasitizes the eggs, thus killing bollworms and other lepidopterous pests before they could inflict damage on the host plant.

The use of trichogramma reduces chemical spraying and preserves predators or natural enemies.

They are host-specific, thus safe to use.

They are cheap and can be mass-reared cheaply and conveniently in the laboratory on unnatural hosts.

Why use Trichogramma?

Wasps live longer when they have access to flower nectar. Flowering plants in the field may enhance parasitism levels.

Choose insecticides carefully when you have to spray. Broad spectrum chemical insecticides, including the synthetic pyrethroids, are usually very toxic to Trichogramma and should be avoided whenever possible.

Maintaining habitat diversity on-farm - This can be achieved by growing a mixture of crops and avoiding monocultures. Sorghum and maize are particularly good nursery crops for Trichogramma because they often contain high numbers of eggs.

Things to keep in mind when using Trichogramma

Limitations of TrichogrammaLimitations of Trichogramma

•Trichogramma eggs have to be used within a short period (before the eggs hatch). This limits their production and marketing on a large scale, and is also the reason why Trichogramma is not sold through dealers and shopkeepers

Special ThanksSpecial Thanks…… Mr.Neeraj Mishra (HOD of Mr.Neeraj Mishra (HOD of

Biotechnology) Biotechnology) Dr.Vinod Bihari (Project guide)Dr.Vinod Bihari (Project guide) Mr. Gopal Tiwari (Class teacher)Mr. Gopal Tiwari (Class teacher) Dr.Seema Rathour (Controller of Dr.Seema Rathour (Controller of

training)training) Er.Kamna Dubey (Programme Er.Kamna Dubey (Programme

coordinator)coordinator)

Thanks