bio 597z – mammalogypeople.cst.cmich.edu/gehri1tm/mammalogy/mammal - overview.pdf · bio 597z –...
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BIO 597Z – Mammalogy• 4,629 species• Phylum Chordata
"back-boned animals"Four Distinct Features1) notocord = rod extending
the length of the body; structural support
2) dorsal, hollow nerve cord located above notocord
3) pharynx, with gill slits4) tail
Mammal Characteristics
• Subphylum VertebrataVertebrates = true back-bone- Vertebral column or
backbone, generally replaces notocord
- Brain enclosed in cranial cavity (e.g., skull)
- Endoskeleton
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Mammal Characteristics
• Class Mammalia– Subclass Prototheria
(monotremes)– Subclass Theria
• Infraclass Metatheria(marsupials)
• Infraclass Eutheria(placentals)
Mammal Characteristics• Class Mammalia
Distinguishing Features1) Hair2) Mammary glands (= milk
for young)3) Endothermic4) Most bear live young*5) Behavioral advancements
over other classes, due to increased brain size/intelligence
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Mammal Characteristics
*Exception to the Rule: 1) monotremes: e.g., duck-
billed platypus = egg laying mammal
2) marsupials: e.g., opossums, koala = bear live young which are immature; young develop in specialized pouch
Mammals in Michigan9 Orders of Mammals in MI
– Didelphimorphia– Insectivora– Chiroptera– Primates– Carnivora– Perissodactyla– Artiodactyla– Lagomorpha– Rodentia
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A. Monotremes (Order Montremata)e.g, echidnas & duck-billed platypus
MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: AN MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: AN ORDERLY OVERVIEWORDERLY OVERVIEW
MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: AN ORDERLY OVERVIEWAN ORDERLY OVERVIEW
B. Marsupials1. South American Marsupials
a. Order Didelphimorphia
Wooly opossum Virginia opossum Mouse opossum
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B. Marsupials2. Australian Marsupials
a. Order Dasyuromorphia
MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: AN ORDERLY OVERVIEWAN ORDERLY OVERVIEW
Tasmanian devil
B. Marsupials2. Australian Marsupials
b. Order Peramelemorphia
MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: AN ORDERLY OVERVIEWAN ORDERLY OVERVIEW
Rabbit-eared bandicoot
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B. Marsupials2. Australian Marsupials
c. Order Diprotodontia…
MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY: AN ORDERLY OVERVIEWAN ORDERLY OVERVIEW
C. Placental Mammals–Order Xenarthra (= Edentata)
(anteaters, sloths, armadillos)
Giant anteater NineNine--banded armadillobanded armadillo
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C. Placental Mammals
– Order Insectivora(shrews, moles, tenrecs)
ShortShort--tailed shrewtailed shrew Eastern mole
Streaked tenrec
C. Placental Mammals–Order Dermoptera
(colugos)
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C. Placental Mammals–Order Chiroptera
(bats)
Mastiff batMastiff bat
C. Placental Mammals–Order Primates
(lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans)
Ring-tailed lem
ur
Orang-utan
Japanese macacques
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C. Placental Mammals
–Order Carnivora
(dogs, cats, weasels, bears, hyenas, mongooses, civets, pinnipeds)
C. Placental Mammals–Order Cetacea
(whales, dolphins)• toothed whales (odontocetes)
Orca whale
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C. Placental Mammals–Order Cetacea
(whales, dolphins)
• baleen whales (mysticetes)Blue whale
C. Placental Mammals–Order Proboscidea
(elephants)African elephant
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C. Placental Mammals–Order Perissodactyla
Odd-toed ungulates(horses, rhinos, tapirs)
Asiatic tapir
–Order ArtiodactylaC. Placental Mammals
Even-toed ungulates(pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, giraffes, deer, antelope, sheep, goats, cattle)
Dromedary camel Caribou
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C. Placental Mammals–Order Lagomorpha
(rabbits, hares, pikas)Rocky Mountain pika
C. Placental Mammals–Order Rodentia
(squirrels, gophers, kangaroo rats, voles, porcupines, capybara)
N. pocket gopher
Prairie vole
Capybara
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Mammal Characteristics –Soft Anatomy: Hair/Fur/Pelage
• key distinguishing featureOriginally tactile bristles
• Dreiartgruppen: hair in threes; primitive pattern
Mammal Characteristics –Soft Anatomy : Hair/Fur/Pelage
Hair = body covering for:1) insulation; helps maintain
body temperature in hot & cold climates
2) coloration a) broadly camouflagedb) countershading (dorsal dark, ventral light) -destroys depth perception
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Mammal Characteristics –Soft Anatomy : Hair/Fur/Pelage
2) Coloration
c) disruptive coloration -"blobbed pattern"
d) warning coloration - classic black & white
• Pelage consists of stiff guard hairs and downy underfur
Mammal Characteristics –Soft Anatomy : Hair/Fur/Pelage
• vibrissae: "whiskers" --tactile purpose
• - Majority of mammals (excluding humans) molt hair annually or bi-annually
• hair follicle: living cells in skin from which hair grows
• hair: nonliving; consists of dead epidermal cells; strengthened by keratin (a structural protein)
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Figure 2-2
Mammal Characteristics –Soft Anatomy : Hair/Fur/Pelage
Structure of Hair1) medulla: inner layer of
cells; location of pigment granules
2) cortex: middle layer of cells; location of pigment granules
3) cuticular scales: outer layer of cells, scale-like; used for identifying hair samples from various mammal species
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Figure 2-3
Mammal Characteristics –Soft Anatomy: Special Skin Glands
Mammary glands - milk production for young; key distinguishing feature – Consists of alveoli for
milk secretion – alveoli: small sacs of
epithelial tissue– Alveoli connect to milk
ducts which open into nipples (except in Monotremes)
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Mammal Characteristics –Soft Anatomy: Special Skin GlandsEndocrine Control:
– Mammary gland development linked to estrogen
– Milk production stimulated by secretions of prolactin & somatotropin (growth hormone) from the anterior lobe of the pituitary (link to placenta)
– Nursing provides the stimulus to the pituitary to continue prolactin production & lactation
Mammal Characteristics –Soft Anatomy: Special Skin Glands• Endocrine Control:
– Nursing also stimulates the release of oxytocin, thus allowing "milk letdown" (squeezing of milk into milk ducts)
– Lactation and nursing forces a close relationship between mother & young; closely linked to parental investment