bim-driven components library for islamic facilities (bim-if)

Almaimani and Nawari Visualization in Engineering (2017) 5:6 DOI 10.1186/s40327-017-0041-6

RESEARCH Open Access

BIM-Driven components library for IslamicFacilities (BIM-IF)
Ayad K. Almaimani* and Nawari O. Nawari
Abstract

Islamic architectural history encompasses a substantial amount of information that needs to be categorized anddigitally modeled so it can be utilized proficiently in the design phases of any project that seeks Islamic constructioncharacter. This paper centers on developing BIM-driven three-dimensional object library for Hejazi Islamic Architecture(HIAC) styles, construction methods, structural elements, and architectural components. The Ottoman style architecturehas had profound effects on the Hijazi region for more than three hundred years. This influence remains largelyuncategorized and digitally undocumented. Building Information Modelling (BIM) approach is used to developparametric three-dimensional models of HIACs that are used in the structure and construction of Hijazi buildings. TheHIACs are aggregated and classified according to their type and origin with respect to the chronological timeline ofIslamic Architecture (IA). The creation of this BIM-Driven Components Library for Islamic Facilities (BIM-IF), thus allowsfor the use of HIACs in the design phases of projects that aim to incorporate IA styles. Each HIAC in the BIM-IA librarycontains architectural, structural and constructional data that is categorized using informatics tables appended with thedigital models. In addition to the essential design data, the BIM-IF library provides designers with various historicalinformation and details about numerous unique Ottoman styles.

Keywords: Building Information Modeling (BIM), Hijazi Islamic Architecture Character, BIM libraries, Ottoman style,Digital classification

BackgroundThroughout history, Islamic Architecture (IA) has beenregarded to possess distinctive characters that describe re-gional variations in both Islamic and non-Islamic countries.These peculiarities are observable in numerous buildingssuch as mosques, houses, and gardens which employunique arches, tile designs, towers and interior spaces.Islamic Architecture (IA) is a receptacle of Islamiccivilization, and it is significant that the interchange of thesetwo facets is recognized when dealing with Islamicconstruction projects. Islamic Architecture is a huge sourceto be taught as His Highness Aga Khan mentioned in oneof his interviews, that the people from outside the Islamicworld felt that there was a lot to be learned from and aboutthe Islamic culture. (Ivy, 2001). Within the IA, HijaziIslamic Architectural Character (HIAC) is a style thatencompasses architectural features made popular by

* Correspondence: [email protected] of Florida, College of Design, Construction & Planning, School ofArchitecture, P.O. Box 115702, 1480 Inner Road, Gainesville, FL 32611-5702,USA

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the Ottoman Empire over a period of 300 years be-ginning in the 16th century. As the Ottoman Empire’sspan of influence expanded across the Red Sea coastalregion so did the replication of the HIAC in variouscoastal cities (Greenlaw 1995). The HIAC can be seen inthe ornamentation of major city buildings such as mos-ques and on the homes of wealthy citizens scatteredthroughout these coastal cities. HIAC style ornamentationincludes various doors, window types, woodwork designs,trimmings, and the creative use of internal and externalspaces.Grube (1973) defined IA as a set of architectural and

spatial features, such as introspection, that are ‘inherent inIslam as a cultural phenomenon. Hence, establishing digitallibrary of IA will assist in enabling a better understandingof IA while also providing a resourceful library for practicalapplications in the IA design domain. Currently, data andresearch efforts in digital Islamic Architecture is scarce.Examples of these research efforts comprise the work ofDjibril et al. (2006)) who developed a region based indexingand classification system for Islamic star pattern images

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using rotational symmetry information. Their classificationsystem is based on the number of folds by which an imageis characterized and the image’s fundamental region andclass. Okamura et al. (2007)) have likewise establishedsemantic digital resources of Islamic historical buildingsfocusing on Islamic architecture in Isfahan, Iran. Their re-search work revealed that a topic maps-based semanticmodel applied to collaborative metadata management para-digms can be easily exploited as a tool to enhance trad-itional architectural design and interdisciplinary studies.Further efforts are shown in the work conducted by Djibriland Haj Thami (2008)), who examined geometrical patternsin IA and developed an indexing and classification systemusing discrete symmetry groups. It is a general computa-tional model for the extraction of symmetry features ofIslamic Geometrical Patterns (IGP) images. IGPs areclassified into three pattern based categories. The firstpattern-category describes the patterns generated by trans-lation along one direction. The second-pattern containstranslational symmetry in two independent directions. Thethird, which is called rosettes, describes patterns that beginat a central point and grow radially outward. Ma et al.(2016) discussed utilizing the BIM application in restorationand maintenance of wooden structures for architecturalheritage in Taiwan. A more recent research effort on thetopic is represented by work conducted by Baik et al,(2013), 2014, 2015). They used Terrestrial Laser Scanningand Architectural Photogrammetry to document a histor-ical buildings in Old, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data cap-tured using these techniques was transformed into digitalbuilding information model (BIM).The objective of this work is to develop a Building

Information Models for Islamic Architecture (BIM-IA)library with the intent of using the library as a repositoryfor Islamic Architecture components. The availability ofBIM-IAS classified database to aid users in the compre-hension of IA culture virtually results in “… increasingnumbers of architects have acknowledged the fact thatdigital three-dimensional modeling can help better un-derstanding of data and are moving beyond static 2Drepresentation” (Muir & O'Neill, 1994). BIM is a soft-ware platform that allows users to sort, organize andpreserve designs in a single Building Information Modelfile which includes three-dimensional elements and em-bedded data. The BIM objects in the file can be editedand controlled according to a user’s needs (Denis, 2015).BIM objects are digital, three-dimensional, measurable,and comprehensive in the sense that they meet thedesigner’s intent, a building’s performance needs andother functions, are accessible to the entire AEC, and re-usable during all phases of the design process. Also, asdefined in the original NBIMS document, "BIM is adigital representation of physical and functional charac-teristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared

knowledge resource for information about a facilityforming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecyclefrom inception onward." (National BIM Standard, 2016).In BIM the professional user can draw the component

and set it as a parametric model, then apply differentvalues and use it in the project according to a design de-cision. Furthermore, the model can be used multipletimes as a base model to create another version of it inoutside the current project using the family system toapply it to other projects. As it appears as an example inthe BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 2 – DigitalLibraries. (Almaimani and Nawari 2015a, 2015b; Nawariand Kuenstle, 2015). BIM opens to the architect and de-signer the opportunity to examine then analyze varioussolutions that can be through one of the different kindsof the parametric molding software as a part of the BIMtechnology. The iterative process leads the design teamto a solution that fits the project requirements. Thecollaboration of the BIM software eases transferringbetween them which gives the designer the ability toprovide more options to the other team members fromother fields to collaborate efficiently on the project. Es-pecially when it comes to the aspect of architectural andconstructional documents synchronizing and matchingwhich BIM technology has been applied.BIM technology aids the architect by guiding the

direction of the design and abbreviating the amount oftime spent determining whether certain priorities of theproject accomplished. Also, finding out the solutionswhether that is for producing a project focusing on sus-tainability or interested in producing a traditional buildingstyle for a particular region. The obstacle in working ontraditional styles is that the architect does not have accessto an authenticated, organized, and classified BIM digitallibrary for the architectural and structural elements. ThisBIM library transfers the possibility of making the appro-priate decision which does not contradict with othermajors. A BIM library guides architects and designers touse tools that make a project well-rounded and readily ac-cessible through the database to owners, planners, real-tors, appraisers, designers, engineers, estimators, specifies,safety, occupational health, environmentalists, contractors,subcontractors, fabricators, code officials, operators, andrenovators. There are multiple design methods and ap-proaches developed over time; BIM technology was one ofthe approaches developed in the last few decades to bringchange to the way databases and tools which acceleratethe design process and decision to produce a project areused. The existence of the equipped BIM-IA supportsachieving the goals of the project from exploiting thearchitectural and structural data of the elements and theappended information to control and manage the sched-ules, fabrications, materials quantity, and other benefits tobe valuable for the software user.


This BIM-Driven Components Library for Islamic Facilities(BIM-IF) categorizes architectural objects and then sortsthem chronologically based on their appearance in the IAtimeline. The parametric three dimensional architectural ele-ments are accompanied by schema, data, models, shapes,and both structural and construction elements. Thispaper centres on developing library for the OttomanIslamic Architecture styles of the Hijazi Region. By creat-ing a digital classification of the Hijazi Islamic Architec-tural Characters (HIAC), this work will assist designers inbetter comprehending the HIACs once used in the Otto-man Empire. It also aims to provide a method by whichfuture utilization and application of HIACs in contempor-ary buildings can be readily and efficiently engaged. The

Fig. 1 Classification chart concentrating on Hijazi Islamic Architecture Char

contribution of this research is pertaining and promotingthe Architectural culture of the Hejazi Islamic Architec-ture Character (HIAC) through initiate digitalized archi-tectural Islamic style library.

MethodsClassification SystemModels in architecture have always played an importantrole throughout history. Ancient Egyptian used models inform of drawings and physical objects. Plans of the Tombof Rameses IV and the drawing of the shrine from Ghorâbare good examples (Clark and Engelbach, 1990). Modelsalso existed in ancient Greeks and Romans (Schattner,

acter (HIAC)


1990, Marconi, 2015). During the middle ages modelswere used increasingly for the design and construction ofcathedrals (Kostof, 1977). These models were planned as anintegral part of the design of building exteriors as well as intheir interior decoration. The Roman architect Vitruvius(European Architecture Series) had traced the originationof architecture to the imitation or modelling of nature.Seeking shelter, humans learned lessons from swallows andbees built their habitations. Then, they started using naturalmaterials to create forms that are based on shapes and pro-portion of nature. Certainly, Vitruvius affirmed that the fig-ure of a man could be inscribed both in the circle and thesquare; the fundamental geometrical forms on which thedesign universe was ordered.In the digital era, modelling has advanced significantly

in the last decades. Particularly, building informationmodelling (BIM), which is fundamentally changing therole of computation in building design by creating adatabase of the building objects to be used for all aspectsof the building from design to construction and beyond(Nawari, 2014). This research aims to develop BIM li-brary for Hijazi Islamic Architecture.There are numerous publications and other resources

related to Hijazi Islamic Architectural Characters (HIAC)that are not aggregated and assorted in one single BIMdigital library. This work seeks to enrich the HIAC archi-tectural, structural, constructional elements by assortingand organizing the three-dimensional elements in hier-archical classification system.The proposed methodology has been contrasted with

the recent work with similar focus. The distinct feature ofthe proposed library includes: The classification applied inthe BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture sorts the root andsources of the architectural and structural data based ontheir availability. The filtered data is then distributed ac-cording to the architectural and structural information

Fig. 2 Hierarchal schema of the digital classification of HIAC

while being sorted by chronological style which has notbeen available in any previous literature or applications.Furthermore, the approach of categorizing followed uti-lizes various BIM components making it more compre-hensive than other systems cited in the literature. This isespecially true for applications that call for a variety ofparametric components.Almaimani & Nawari (2015a, 2015b) developed the

general classification chart system of the BIM – DrivenIslamic architecture library. This paper aims to demon-strate how the styles included in the BIM-IA classifica-tion system can be used to create a BIM library. Theclassification of three dimensional HIAC components isrestricted to styles that have originated from the Hijazregion as indicated by the blue color outline in Fig. 1. Inthis figure, the methods of classification used in theBIM-IA library are delineated. The first is the historicalperiod in which the style can be found, which in this ex-ample is the Ottoman Khilaphia period. The secondclassification type uses building names as a category thatthen subdivides into subclasses of object types.Figures 2 and 3 outline the hierarchical schema of the

digital classification system used to organize the BIM-Driven Component Library Islamic Facility. The data usedto generate these figures is extracted from various IslamicArchitectural references collected by the Aga Khan Pro-gram for Islamic Architecture (Islamic architecture - AgaKhan Documentation Center, 2015). Additional sources ofdata include: The Coral Buildings of Suakin by Jean-PierreGreenlaw (1995), The Traditional House of Jeddah: AStudy of The Interaction Between Climate, Form andLiving Patterns by Sameer Al-Lyaly (1990), Suakin: On Re-viving an Ancient Red Sea Port City by Abdel RahimSalim (1997), and the Development of Housing in Jeddah:Changes in Built Form The Traditional to The Modernby Thamer Alharbi (1989).

Fig. 3 Classification chart and Hierarchal schema process concentrating on Hijazi Islamic Architecture Character (HIAC)



The hierarchal schema presented in Fig. 2 outlinesthe organization for the Ottoman time period and theHijazi styles. For instance, if one seeks informationabout an HIAC window then that window’s origin,style, period and building could be readily identified.Figure 2 is also a representation of the general logicof classification and how well each object in theBIM-IF is synchronized. For example, windows andother components are each assigned a unique identifi-cation number (ID) that describes the design originof each object so that other similar styles can beeasily cross referenced. Figure 3 illustrates how all ofthe data found in Figs. 1 and 2 are connected via asequenced classification system that includes data onobjects’ origin, style, and relationship to other similarobjects.

Fig. 4 a, b, and c: Architectural Elements

SchemaThe BIM-Driven Component Library Islamic Facility(BIM-IF) for HIAC encompasses details about variousarchitectural objects such as window’s details, designtypes and related information (see Fig. 4). The schematicworkflow for a user begins with window details depictedin Fig. 1, and then proceeds to Figs. 2 and 3. As the useridentifies and then selects a particular component, suchas a window, details of that object are then displayed.About forty HIAC components have been collected andclassified so far in the BIM-Driven Components Libraryfor Islamic Facilities. Each object includes details thatdescribe: object themes, element type, style history, char-acter history, as well as additional architectural stylesthrough the use of pictures and illustrations. All of thesedetails are essential to designers who seek to employ the


HIAC into their buildings as well as to those who are in-terested in similar styles.The data used to generate these charts are extracted from

genuine Islamic Architectural references accredited andrecommended primarily by Harvard and MIT universitiesthrough the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture

Fig. 5 Examples of application of the BIM-Driven Component Library IslamWindow, (b) Arch: Agd Mawshah

(Islamic architecture - Aga Khan Documentation Center,2015). Other references include Art of Islam by TitusBurckhardt (2009), Historical Atlas of The Islamic World(Malise Ruthven and Azim Nanji (2004), and Atlas TarikhAleslam by Hussain Moans (1987). Additional sources ofdata include: The Coral Buildings of Suakin by Jean-Pierre

ic Facility (BIM-IF). Style: Ottoman; Character: Hijazi; Form: (a) Bay

Fig. 6 BIM Model Data Pyramid. (Nawari and Kuenstle, 2015)


Greenlaw (1995), The Traditional House of Jeddah: A Studyof The Interaction Between Climate, Form and LivingPatterns by Sameer Al-Lyaly (1990), Suakin: On Revivingan Ancient Red Sea Port City by Abdel Rahim Salim(1997), and The Development of Housing in Jeddah:Changes in Built Form The Traditional to The Modern byThamer Alharbi (1989).

Fig. 7 Hierarchal nested components of the Bay and Casement windows o

There are more than 300 BIM detailed parametricalelements. These elements Level of Development (LOD)are 200, 300, 350, and 400. Referring into Fig. 2 and 3will explain the depth and extensive of the workprovided in our research in compare with any other re-searches. Every one of the elements in Figs. 4 are LOD400.

f HIAC components digital library


BIM componentsEach HIAC construction component is defined by its para-metric three dimensional representation and its attacheddataset as described in the previous sections. Figure 5 illus-trate and example of how HIAC components can be uti-lized in projects. Each component geometric parameterssuch as width, length, and depth can be controlled to ad-just to a specific conditions. These adjustments can madeto either the whole component or only to a specific part ofits subcomponents.The information of the BIM model builds through the

project phases; every time the project proceeds the info

Fig. 8 Nested components in modelling windows

becomes more reliable and precise for use after every de-sign phase is completed and every structure is prepared.As described in the book BIM framework for StructuralDesign, information in the BIM process expand in a pyra-mid form (Fig. 6) (Nawari and Kuenstle, 2015).Building information data is appended to every object in

the building; a report can then generated with each objectestimated usage. This type of service is not available in theCAD system unless the user does it manually. All originaldata that exists in the BIM system can be utilized toproduce many different operations, for example, the speci-fications and standards, schedules and documents of the


materials, components, and any other object in the pro-ject. All this information increases the level of trust in theBIM technology. The benefits the designer gains fromusing BIM elements varies between the level of detailscompared with other object sources, the credibility of thesources, and decreased redundancy in the collected data.

Nested componentsThe BIM-Driven Component Library Islamic Facility (BIM-IF) is based on hierarchal order and nesting of components.Figure 6 illustrates how the segments of a component arebuilt using other components. For example, if designersintended to add a window to their building, they also havethe options to select various subcomponents for a particu-lar segment of the window (top, middle, and bottom)(Fig. 7). Figure 8 demonstrates how the various window’ssegments can be designed using a BIM authoring tool.

ApplicationsTo facility use and application of the developed BIM-Driven Components Library for Islamic style in any con-temporary or historical facilities, a plug-in is created as anextension built for use with Autodesk Revit BIM platform.The BIM-IA plug-in is a catalogue of Islamic Architecturecharacters that can be accessed via the Add-In softwareribbon found in Revit. It is developed using Microsoft’sVisual Studio and each architectural style presented in the

Fig. 9 Plug-in for Autodesk Revit

digital library includes a description (both of chronologyand usage), as well as a three-dimensional model. TheBIM-IA library aimed to provide a practical design sourceas well as a reference for various designers such as archi-tects, engineers, interior designers, landscape architects,planners, and other related fields when designing a newfacility or retrofitting historical structures. Hijazi IslamicArchitecture Character (HIAC) is an example of the firstcompleted set of components in the BIM-IA library.

ConclusionThe architectural information coupled with digital para-metric models of Islamic construction is critically im-portant for designing contemporary project of Islamicstyles. This work aims to develop BIM-driven library ofIslamic Architecture styles for architects, engineers, andother related trades. The intent of this research is theclassification and organization of Islamic constructionstyles using spatial and temporal categories to representthe styles of different Islamic cultures. The prototypeused to demonstrate the BIM-IA library is the HijaziArchitecture Character of the Ottoman period. Hijaziarchitecture is categorized based on components typeand each component is characterized with various geo-metric, materials, and historic information parametersthat can be readily adapted. This informatics platformcan be implemented in any projects seeking Islamic style


while also serving as method by which Islamic architec-ture can be integrated into contemporary aesthetics.

AcknowledgmentAuthors would like to thank King Abdul-Aziz University, College of environmentalDesign, Architecture Department, for sponsoring Mr. Ayad Almaimani Ph.D.research at the University of Florida.The individual contributions of authors to the manuscript, it is part of AyadAlmaimani PhD dissertation and associate professor Nawari Nawari is thesupervisor of the dissertation. Please let me know, would you have anyquestion. Thank you for your time and consideration.

FundingThere is no funding for the research reported should be declared.

Authors’ contributionsBoth authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interestsBuilding Information Modeling, Islamic Architecture.

Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.

Received: 25 October 2016 Accepted: 6 March 2017

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