bilingualismandthelatinlanguage -...

BILINGUALISM AND THE LATIN LANGUAGE

Bilingualism has become since the s one of the main themes ofsociolinguistics, but there are as yet few large-scale treatments of thesubject specific to the ancient world. This book is the first work todeal systematically with bilingualism during a period of antiquity(the Roman period, down to about the fourth century AD) in thelight of sociolinguistic discussions of bilingual issues. The generaltheme of the work is the nature of the contact between Latin andnumerous other languages spoken in the Roman world. Amongthe many issues discussed three are prominent: code-switching (thepractice of switching between two languages in the course of a singleutterance) and its motivation, language contact as a cause of linguis-tic change, and the part played by language choice and languageswitching in conveying a sense of identity.

J. N. ADAMS is aSeniorResearchFellowofAll SoulsCollege,Oxfordand a Fellow of the British Academy. He was previously Professor ofLatin at the Universities of Manchester and Reading. In addition toarticles in numerous journals, he has published five books: The Textand Language of a Vulgar Latin Chronicle (Anonymus Valesianus II) ()The Vulgar Latin of the Letters of Claudius Terentianus ( ), The LatinSexual Vocabulary (), Wackernagel’s Law and the Placement of theCopula Esse in Classical Latin () and Pelagonius and Latin VeterinaryTerminology in the Roman Empire ().

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BILINGUALISM AND THELATIN LANGUAGE

J. N. ADAMSSenior Research Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford






PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

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C© J. N. Adams

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeface Baskerville Monotype /. pt System LATEX ε [TB]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Adams, J. N. ( James Noel)Bilingualism and the Latin language / J. N. Adams.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN (hardback). Latin language – History. . Languages in contact – Rome – History – To .. Latin language – Influence on foreign languages. . Latin language – Foreign

words and phrases. . Bilingualism – Rome – History – To . . Code-switching(Linguistics) – Rome. I. Title.

PA .A ′.–dc

ISBN






To the memory of

H. D. Jocelyn

–






Contents

Preface page xixAcknowledgments xxivList of abbreviations xxvi

INTRODUCTION

I Introductory remarks; some issues in the study ofbilingualism

II Bilingualism

III Elite and sub-elite bilingualism: anecdotal evidence andits shortcomings

III. Non-elite bilingualism

IV Romans, Greeks and others as language learners

V Code-switching, interference and borrowing

VI A further note on loan-words

VII Sources of information

VII. Bilingual texts

VII. Transliterated texts

VII.. Latin in Greek script: introduction

VII.. The use of Greek script for Latin as a matter of choice

VII.. Latin written in Greek script by possible illiterates inLatin script

VII.. Some other scripts

VII. Mixed-language texts

vii






viii Contents

VII. Texts which implicitly reflect a bilingual situation

VII.. Orthographic interference and alphabet-switching

VII.. Translations of cliches, formulae, etc.

VIII The authorship of inscriptions

IX Pidgins and ‘reduced’ languages

X Some concluding remarks

Appendix: attitudes to the Greek accent in Latin

LANGUAGES IN CONTACT WITH LATIN

I Introduction

II Oscan, Umbrian, Venetic, Messapic

II. Testimonia and literary evidence

II. Bilingual texts

II. ‘Mixed-language’ texts, ‘Latinised’ Oscan and ‘Oscanised’Latin (?)

II.. Conclusions

II. Bilingual areas: some remarks about Pompeii

II. Greek and Italic

II. Conclusions

II.. Latin ‘influences’ Italic

II.. Italic ‘influences’ Latin

III Etruscan

III. ‘Roman’ Etruscan

III. Loan-words and calques

III. Greeks and Etruscans

III. Etruscan and Italic

III. Etruscan and Latin: anecdotal evidence

III. Inscriptions

III. The prophecy of Vegoia

III. Conclusions






Contents ix

IV Celtic (Gaulish)

IV. Introduction: loan-words and interpreters

IV. Gaulish and bilingual texts

IV. Interference from Gaulish

IV. Marcellus of Bordeaux

IV. The spindle whorls from eastern France

IV. Conclusions

V Punic

V. Introduction

V. The early period

V. Coins

V. Sardinia

V. Africa

V.. Bilingual texts and names

V.. Punic borrowing from and imitation of Latin

V.. Miscellaneous

V.. Conclusions

V. The ‘Latino-Punic’ inscriptions

V.. Conclusions

V. Bu Njem

V. Later literary evidence

V. Punic (Phoenician)–Greek code-switching or language mixing

V. Conclusions

VI Libyan, Berber

VII Aramaic

VII. Introduction

VII. Palmyrenes abroad

VII. Palmyra

VII. Nabataean






x Contents

VII. Native speakers of Latin and contact with Aramaic

VII. Conclusions

VIII Hebrew

IX Germanic

X Hispanic languages

XI Egyptian

XII Getic and Sarmatian

XIII Thracian

XIV Conclusions

XIV. Regional Latin and language change

XIV. Code-switching

XIV. Language death and Romanisation

XIV. Bilingual inscriptions

XIV. Language learning

XIV. Accommodation

CODE-SWITCHING

I Introduction

II Code-switching and imperfect competence

III Cicero’s letters

III. Introduction

III. Critical terms

III. Code-switching as a form of coding or exclusion

III. Code-switching as distancing or euphemism

III. Code-switching and proverbial or fixed expressions

III. Code-switching and the mot juste

III. Code-switching and medical terminology

III. Special cases: the evocativeness of code-switching






Contents xi

III. The chronology of code-switching in Cicero

III. Some concluding remarks

IV Solidarity: some inscriptional and other evidence

IV. Accommodation as an act of solidarity and as a formof disparagement

V Identity

V. Identity: language shift across several generations

V. Identity: code-switching and names

V. Identity: code-switching in names in some otherlanguages

V. Identity: filiations

V. Identity: official titles

VI Code-switching, language choice and power

VI. Bilingual transcripts of hearings

VI. Code-switching and dates

VI. Power: code-switching and passwords and the like

VII A special case: code-switching in the subscriptio of letters

VIII Code-switching and the expression of bureaucraticinformation: some remarks on ‘diglossia’ and thelanguage of authority

IX Code-switching and the evocation of the exotic

X Unmotivated code-switching?

XI Further institutionalised code-switching

XII Conclusions

XII. Code-switching and the notion of the ‘mixed language’

XII. The significance of funerary inscriptions

XII. Code-switching and markedness

XII. Code-switching and social intention: power and solidarity/accommodation






xii Contents

XII. ‘Retention’: some further observations about the code-switchingof Roman Greeks

XII. Code-switching and gender

BILINGUALISM, LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND LANGUAGE

CHANGE

I Introduction

II Borrowing and its diversity

III Interference again: a problem of interpretation

IV Second-language acquisition and regional variation inlanguage: some introductory remarks

V Borrowing and interference: types and case studies

V. Phonetic interference: accent

V.. Greeks’ Latin: some evidence concerning phoneticinterference and accent

V.. Some other accents

V.. Phonetic interference: Celtic interference in Gallic Latin

V. Vocabulary

V.. ‘Regional’ loan-words

V.. Greek

V.. Germanic

V.. Hispanic languages

V.. Punic and Libyan

V.. Celtic

V.. Miscellaneous

V.. The use of regional words as a marker of regional identity

V.. Latin loan-words as regionalisms in Greek

V.. Conclusions

V.. Calques and loan-shifts

V.. Translations of idioms






Contents xiii

V. Morphology

V.. Greeks’ Latin: dative and genitive singular of femalefirst-declension names in Latin

V... The genitive in -aes

V... Venusia and convergence

V... A new Latin suffix determined partly by contact withGreek

V... The typeMarciane

V... Some concluding remarks

V.. Genitive plural

V.. Nominative singular

V.. Accusative plural

V.. Suffixation: some Latinate suffixes in the Greek of Egypt

V. Syntax

V.. Roman Greek again: the Greek dative

V... The use of the dative in the Greek translations ofsenatus consulta

V... The dative in consular dates

V... The dative of duration of time

V... Another use of the dative

V... Conclusions

V.. Greeks’ Latin: the genitive (of time) in Latin

V.. The genitive of filiation in Latin

V.. African Latin: the use of the vocative for the nominative

V.. The definite article: Romans’ Greek and Roman Latin

V.. Bilingualism and the system of gender

VI Conclusions VI. Contact-induced linguistic change of the creative type

VI. Factors facilitating linguistic change in situations oflanguage contact

VI. Bilingualism and the diversity of Latin






xiv Contents

VI. The limitations of language contact as a determinant oflanguage change

LATIN IN EGYPT

I Introduction

I. Latin, Greek and Egyptian

I. Some questions

I. Diglossia

I. The availability of scribes as a determinant of language choice

II The evidence from Egypt

III Language choice as an expression of power or actof accommodation

IV Latin as a language of power

IV. Greek and Latin inscriptions at the Colossus of Memnon

IV. The Abinnaeus archive

IV.. P. Oxy. LXIII.

IV. The past and some miscellaneous texts

IV. Bilingual transcripts of hearings

IV. Latin as a language of power: the citizenship

IV. The citizenship: some mixed-language official documentsfrom Egypt

IV. Some bilingual inscriptions: building inscriptions

V Accommodation: introduction

V. Accommodation in the religious sphere

V. Pilgrimage and tourist sites

V. Kalabcha (Talmis, the temple of Mandulis)

V. The Syringes of Thebes

V. Dakka (Pselchis)

V. Inscriptions on the route from Coptos to Quseir

V. Deir el-Bahari

V. Conclusions






Contents xv

VI Further aspects of diglossia in Egypt

VI. Mundane practical bilingualism: linguistic competence as adeterminant of language choice

VI. The archive of Tiberianus and the roles of Greek and Latin

VI. Conclusion: diglossia in Egypt

VII Language use in the army in Egypt

VII. Latin as the ‘official’ language of the army?

VII. Latin as a super-high language in the army

VII.. Latin and the transmission of orders

VII.. Receipts

VII.. Diplomata

VII.. Dedications to emperors

VII.. Some epitaphs

VII. Evidence for the learning of Latin in the army

VIII The learning of Latin in Egypt

IX Conclusions

Appendix: the trilingual inscription of Gallus

BILINGUALISM AT DELOS

I The community of negotiatores at Delos

II Linguistic integration of Romans / Italians on Delos

III Italici, � �� and identity: a type of inscription

III. Formulaic structure

III. � �� and ��

III. Accusative of the honorand

III. Gemination of vowels

IV Further aspects of language choice

IV. Dedications to Roman dignitaries

IV. A social dimension to language choice: the collegia






xvi Contents

V Some linguistic features of the inscriptions

V. Uses of ��: aspects of imitation, accommodation andcode-switching

V. Regionalisms (?)

VI The Myconos curse tablet

VII Conclusions

BILINGUALISM AT LA GRAUFESENQUE

I Introduction

II La Graufesenque

III Language differentiation

IV Code-switching

IV. Intra-phrasal switching

IV. Code-switching in names

IV. Names, continued: the possible influence of the etymologyof a name on the selection of its ending

IV. Inter-sentential switching

IV. Morphological code-switching

IV. Some formulae

IV. Conclusions

V Latin at La Graufesenque

THE LATIN OF A LEARNER (P. AMH. II.):A CASE STUDY

I A translation of Babrius

I. Commentary

II Verb-morphology in Claudius Terentianus and someVindolanda texts

III Conclusions






Contents xvii

SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS

I Introduction

II Identity

III Diglossia

IV Language attitudes

V Language policies

VI Language death

VII The army

VIII Slavery

IX ‘Hellenisation’ of the Latin language (?)

X Vulgar Latin

XI Literacy

Bibliography Indexes






Preface

I first began working on contact between Latin and other languages inan organised way when I had the good fortune to be Visiting SeniorResearch Fellow at St John’s College, Oxford, in –. The projectwas given impetus by the invitation to deliver the J. H. Gray Lecturesin the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, in May . Thetitle of the lectures was the same as that of the present book. The subjectturned out to have such ramifications, and the material relevant to it tobe so scattered, that I might never have finished the book had I nothad the even greater good fortune to be elected to a Senior ResearchFellowship at All Souls College, Oxford, in .An account of the full range of bilingualism in the ancient world across

the whole of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern areas and at allrecorded periods would be virtually unmanageable, unless a team of col-laborators was assembled. I have restricted myself to the Roman period,from the early Republic to the late Empire (approximately the fourthcentury). I have not adopted a fixed cut-off point, but on the whole haveavoided entering into the period of the barbarian invasions in the west.In the western Empire Latin came into conflict with a number of verna-cular languages and eventually effected their death. In the east similarlythe Romans behaved as if vernacular languages did not exist, but hereby contrast they were prepared to use Greek as a lingua franca, andconsequently Latin did not cause language death, since it remained verymuch in the background. The eastern Empire is represented in the bookby case studies devoted to Egypt, where the evidence is far superior tothat from other eastern regions, and to the trading community at Delos;various eastern languages are also dealt with in Chapter . But the fullstory of bilingualism in the east would not be the story of bilingualismand the Latin language, and I have left much of the area to others.Bilingualism has become since the s one of the major themes

of sociolinguistics. It has also attracted some attention from classicists.

xix






xx Preface

Students of bilingualism in the Roman world have tended to concen-trate on the quality of upper-class Romans’ knowledge of Greek, onloan-words (which as often as not are used by monolinguals and arethus not necessarily relevant to bilingualism), on anecdotal rather thanprimary evidence, and on the pretentious bilingual games played by theeducated in genres such as epic (I refer, for example, to etymologisingand to what has been called ‘(mis)translation by paronomasia’ in a recentbook byO’Hara ()). I have first and foremost looked for primaryma-terial, and have had at least as much to say about ordinary bilinguals asabout the literary classes. Unlike virtually all previous writers on Romanbilingualism, I have not restricted myself to Latin in relation to Greek,but have collected for the first time most, if not all, of the evidence forcontact between Latin and languages other than Greek. In Chapter material is cited and discussed from about sixteen languages, thoughadmittedly some of these are scarcely attested. The evidence for Oscan,Gaulish, Punic and Aramaic in contact with Latin seems to me to beparticularly important.Perhaps the best recent works about aspects of bilingualism in the

Roman world are the book by Bruno Rochette (Le latin dans le monde grec( )), and various papers on code-switching by Otta Wenskus (sonwards). Both scholars confine themselves to Latin and Greek in con-tact. Rochette’s approach is mainly historical, whereas that of the presentbook ismainly sociolinguistic.Wenskus uses literary evidence rather thaninscriptions and papyri, and her work is thus complementary to mine,in which more attention is given to texts on wood, stone and papyrus,though I have also covered the literary texts ofmost importance (e.g. thoseby Plautus, Lucilius, Cicero, Varro, Petronius, Juvenal and Martial).In this book I make one of the first attempts to deal systematically

with bilingualism during a period of antiquity in the light of recent socio-linguistic discussion of bilingual issues. I consider a host of texts whichmay well be unfamiliar to many classicists, ancient historians and lin-guists. Three major topics (among others: see the next paragraph) havebeen identified and discussed in the book: code-switching (the practiceof switching between two languages in the course of a single utterance)and its relationship to interference and borrowing, language contact asa determinant of linguistic change in the languages in contact, and thepart played by language choice and language switching in the projectionof a sense of identity. Code-switching has emerged in recent years as themost problematic feature of bilinguals’ performance. There is a massof evidence for the practice from Roman antiquity, in primary sources






Preface xxi

(inscriptions and papyri) and literature (e.g. Plautus, Lucilius andCicero),and involving several languages in addition to Greek in contact withLatin, but it has scarcely been recognised as a phenomenon separatefrom borrowing (or ‘grecism’) by classicists (but see above on the work ofWenskus). I have assessed the determinants of code-switching partly inthe light of recent explanatory models, and attempted to bring out theimportance of the ancient evidence (neglected by linguists) to the generaldebate. Linguists have had little to say to date about code-switching inwritten form, and I have stressed the inadequacy of applying to a writtentext the samemethodologies as those used by linguists investigatingmod-ern speech communities. Language change has usually been regarded byhistorical linguists as a response to pressures operating within a languageitself, but there is now a growing awareness that outside contacts are in-fluential. Latin was subject to influence from a variety of languages, andGreek and various vernacular languages for their part were subject toinfluence from Latin. As far as identity is concerned, there has been muchwritten on the subject in recent years by classicists, but one will look invain for a serious discussion of the bilingual dimension. Bilinguals canconstantly be seen to be conveying types of identity by linguistic meanswhen they speak or write in bilingual contexts (see the summary in thesecond section of Chapter ).Anassortment of other topics familiar in current studies of bilingualism

is discussed. Roman language policies and linguistic nationalism withinthe spheres of imperial administration and the armyare dealtwithmainlyin the chapter on Egypt. I discuss second-language acquisition at sociallevels below that of the elite, in the Roman army, in various commer-cial communities and within the civil administration of Egypt. Relatedto this subject is the question whether there were pidgins or creoles inthe period, and I have identified forms of communication conducted bymeans of what I call ‘reduced language’. Diglossia is discussed particu-larly (but not exclusively) within the Egyptian context under Romanrule, and standard claims about the phenomenon questioned. Accom-modation (whereby a speaker or writer modifies his language in someway to suit the addressee) is another topic which bulks large in recentsociolinguistic literature, and there is a good deal of interesting evidencefor the practice from Roman antiquity which is assessed here. Regionalvariation in Latin as determined by contact with other languages is amajor theme of Chaper ; the definitive account of regional variation inthe Roman period (anticipating the fragmentation of the Latin languageinto differentRomance languages) has yet to bewritten, and this book has






xxii Preface

much evidence which has been little noticed, if at all. Inseparable fromlanguage shift (whereby a people moves from one language to another,as happened in Gaul, Spain, Africa, Etruria and the Oscan, Umbrianand Venetic territories in the material covered by this book) is the habitwhich speakers have of changing or modifying their names in responseto the pressures of language contact. Names and name changing in avariety of languages are discussed. The tendency of scholars to treatlower-class Latin as monolithic is noted, and a sub-category of VulgarLatin identified,which I call ‘Greeks’ Latin’.Themes such as bilingualismin the army, provincial elites and language learning, Jewish communi-ties and bilingualism, bilingualism and slavery, language choice as a formof power or as an expression of solidarity, also come up. The bilingualdimension to literacy (usually disregarded in accounts of ancient liter-acy) is considered. What, for example, is the relationship between theacquisition of a second language, and the acquisition of literacy in thatlanguage? What is the significance of transliterated texts (e.g. Latin textswrittten in Greek script)?The book falls loosely into two parts. The first four chapters are

thematic, and the next four present case studies devoted to particularplaces and texts. It goes without saying that there are many places inthe Roman world where bilingualism must have been commonplace(e.g. Sicily) which are passed over in silence here.It must be acknowledged that there are many other ways of approach-

ing bilingualism. A historian, for example, would presumably be moreinterested than I am in the chronology of language learning and lan-guage shift in particular areas, and in establishing linguistic boundariesacross the Empire. Nevertheless, though the book is written from theviewpoint of a philologist, a good deal of it will, I hope, be of interest tohistorians, and much of the earlier part has to do with Latin literature.I have made it a principle to cite the ancient evidence in the text.

Much of the evidence on which this book is based (such as that to dowith Aramaic and Punic) will be inaccessible to many readers, and itseemed sensible to bring together this little-known material in a formwhich would allow future readers to subject it to their own analysis.Evidence is a given, but modern ideas about that evidence come andgo, and what seems a clever idea to one generation may well seem ineptto the next; there can be no doubt that theories about bilingualism willcontinue to evolve. I have not followed themodern practice of translatingevery single word and passage in a foreign language into English, thoughI have used my judgment in translating selectively. Most of the material






Preface xxiii

in languages other than Greek and Latin is translated, if, that is, it istranslatable: some fragmentary texts in poorly attested languages simplydo not admit of translations of the type found in the Loeb series. WhenI choose not to translate, the issues raised by the passage in question aremade clear in the accompanying discussion.I should point out here that in the transliterated Latin texts in Greek

script which come up often in the book I have not attempted to accentthe Latin. Therefore if a text in Greek letters is in a mixture of twolanguages (Greek and Latin) only the parts I consider to be in Greek willbe accented.I owe a considerable debt tomany people. David Bain, Alan Bowman,

James Clackson, Nicholas Horsfall, Nigel Kay, David Langslow andHarm Pinkster read all or substantial parts of the manuscript, andmade many corrections and criticisms and provided me with items ofbibliography. John Penney responded generously and with considerablelearning to the numerous queries I sent him over a long period. Manyothers gave me bibliographical material or information and help of onesort or another, and to all of them I would like to express my gratitude:Frederique Biville, Paul Brand, John Briscoe, Alison Cooley, EleanorDickey, Matthew Dickie, Andrew Dyck, Penny Fewster, Jane Gardner,Stephen Harrison, John Healey, Tony Honore, Mark Janse, JoshuaKatz, Christina Kraus, Csaba La’da, JohnMa, Robert Maltby, TorstenMeissner, FergusMillar, StephenOakley,Mark Pobjoy, Nicholas Purcell,Michael Reeve, BrunoRochette, DonaldRussell, IanRutherford, SimonSwain, SaroltaTakacs,DavidTaylor,OttaWenskus.Myold friendHarryJocelyn sadly died while the book was being written. He would, I amsure, have found much in it to annoy him, and it would certainly havecontained fewer errors and less jargon if he had been able to direct hiscaustic gaze at the manuscript. I dedicate the book to his memory.

J. N. Adams






Acknowledgments

The following translations are reprinted by permission of the publishersand the Trustees of the Loeb Classical Library:(Chapter ) Sidonius Apollinaris, Epist. .., from SIDONIUS

VOLUME II, Loeb Classical Library Volume L, translated byW. H. Semple, E. H. Warmington and W. B. Anderson; Cicero, Brutus, from CICERO VOLUME V, Loeb Classical Library Volume L,translated by G. L. Hendrickson and H. M. Hubbell; Cicero, De Off.., from CICERO VOLUME XXI, Loeb Classical Library VolumeL, translated by J. E. King; Cicero, Tusc. Disp. ., from CICERO

VOLUME XVIII, Loeb Classical Library Volume L, translated byWalter Miller; Dionysus of Halicarnassus .., from DIONYSUS OF

HALICARNASSUS VOLUME VII, Loeb Classical Library Volume L,translated by Ernest Cary;(Chapter ) Livy ..–, from LIVY VOLUME V, Loeb Classical

Library Volume L, translated by B. O. Foster; Cicero, Fam. ..,from CICERO VOLUME XXVI, Loeb Classical Library Volume LN,translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey; Livy ..–, from LIVY

VOLUME IV, Loeb Classical Library Volume L, translated by B. O.Foster; Livy .., from LIVY VOLUME IV, Loeb Classical LibraryVolume L, translated by B. O. Foster; Pliny, Nat. Hist. ., fromPLINY VOLUME V, Loeb Classical Library Volume L, translatedby H. Rackham; Livy .., from LIVY VOLUME IV, Loeb ClassicalLibrary Volume L, translated by B. O. Foster;(Chapter ) Lucilius –, from REMAINS OF OLD LATIN

VOLUME III, Loeb Classical Library Volume L, translated by E. H.Warmington; Suetonius, Claud. , from SUETONIUS VOLUME II, LoebClassical Library Volume L, translated by J. C. Rolfe; Pliny, Nat. Hist.. , from PLINY VOLUME VIII, Loeb Classical Library Volume L,translated by W. H. S. Jones;

xxiv






Acknowledgments xxv

(Chapter ) Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. , F, from PLUTARCH

MORALIA VOLUME IV, Loeb Classical Library Volume L, trans-lated by Frank C. Babbitt; Cicero, Brutus , from CICERO VOLUME

V, Loeb Classical Library Volume L, translated by W. H. Semple, E.H. Warmington, W. B. Anderson; Quintilian .., from QUINTILIAN

VOLUME I, Loeb Classical Library Volume LN, translated byDonald A. Russell;(Chapter ) Valerius Maximus .., from VALERIUS MAXIMUS

VOLUME I, Loeb Classical Library Volume L, translated byD. R. Shackleton Bailey;(Chapter ) Babrius , , from BABRIUS AND PHAEDRUS, Loeb Clas-

sical Library Volume L, translated by Ben E. Perry;Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, , , , ,

, , , , , , , , , , ,, , , . The Loeb Classical Library ® is a registeredtrademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College.






Abbreviations

For abbreviations of editions of papyri and ostraca, see J. F. Oates,Checklist of Editions of Greek Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets, th edn (Atlanta,)

CEL see Cugusi ()CGL G. Goetz et al. (eds.), Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum, vols.

(Leipzig and Berlin, –)ChLA A. Bruckner, R. Marichal et al. (eds.), Chartae Latinae

Antiquiores (Olten, Lausanne etc., – )CIE Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum (Leipzig etc., – )CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin, – )CIS Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (Paris, – )CJI J.-B. Frey (ed.), Corpus of Jewish Inscriptions. Jewish Inscriptions

from the Third Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.(New York, )

CLE F. Buecheler (ed.), Carmina Latina Epigraphica, vols.(Leipzig, –)

CPL R. Cavenaile, Corpus Papyrorum Latinarum (Wiesbaden, )CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna, – )FEW W. von Wartburg, Franzosisches etymologisches Worterbuch

(Bonn, – )FIRA S. Riccobono et al. (eds.), Fontes Iuris Romani Antejustiniani, nd

edn, vols. (Florence, –)GL H. Keil (ed.), Grammatici Latini, vols. (Leipzig, –)ICUR Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae (vol. I, Rome, ;

n.s., vols. II–IX, Vatican City, –)ID F. Durrbach et al. (eds.), Inscriptions de Delos (Paris, – )IG Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin, – )IGBulg G. Mihailov (ed.), Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae,

vols. (Sofia, – )

xxvi






Abbreviations xxvii

IGLS J.-P. Rey-Coquais (ed.), Inscriptions grecques et latinesde la Syrie VI (Paris, )

IGPhilae see A. Bernand ()IGPorto see Sacco ()IGRRP R. Cagnat et al. (eds.), Inscriptiones Graecae ad res

Romanas pertinentes, vols. (I, III, IV) (Paris, – )IGUR L. Moretti (ed.), Inscriptiones Graecae Urbis Romae,

(Rome, – )ILAlg S. Gsell and H.-G. Pflaum (eds.), Inscriptions latines

de L’Algerie, vols. (Paris, –)ILBulg B. Gerov (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae in Bulgaria

repertae (Sofia, )ILCV E. Diehl (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae Veteres,

vols. (Berlin, –)ILGR see Sasel Kos ()ILI see A. and J. Sasel ()ILLRP A. Degrassi (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei

Publicae, vols. (I, nd edn, , II, )(Florence)

ILS H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, vols.(Berlin, –)

IM see Parlangeli ()IMS M. Mirkovic et al. (eds.), Inscriptions de la Mesie

Superieure (Belgrade, – )IPO see Thylander ()IPT see Levi Della Vida and Amadasi Guzzo ( )IRB see Mariner Bigorra ()IRT see Reynolds and Ward Perkins ()ISM D. M. Pippidi and I. I. Russu (eds.), Inscriptiones

Daciae et Scythiae Minoris antiquae (Bucharest,– )

KAI see Donner and Rollig (–)Lewis and Short C. T. Lewis and C. Short, A Latin Dictionary

(Oxford, )LSJ H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon

(revised and augmented by H. S. Jones, with arevised supplement, ) (Oxford, )

MAMA W. M. Calder et al. (eds.), Monumenta Asiae MinorisAntiqua, vols. (Manchester, –)

OCD Oxford Classical Dictionary, rd edn (Oxford, )






xxviii Abbreviations

OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford, –)PAT see Hillers and Cusini ()PG Patrologia Graeca (Patrologiae cursus completus, series Graeca, ed.

J.-P. Migne) (Paris, – )PL Patrologia Latina (Patrologiae cursus completus, series Latina, ed.

J.-P. Migne) (Paris, – )PLRE A. H.M. Jones, J. R. Martindale and J. Morris, The

Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, vols. (Cambridge,–)

REW W. Meyer-Lubke, Romanisches etymologisches Worterbuch,rd edn (Heidelberg, )

RIB R. G. Collingwood, R. P. Wright et al. (eds.), The RomanInscriptions of Britain (Oxford, – )

RPC A. Burnett, M. Amandry and P. P. Ripolles, Roman ProvincialCoinage (London and Paris, – )

SB see Shackleton Bailey (–)SB F. Priesigke (ed.), Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Agypten

(Strassburg, – )TLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (Leipzig, – )






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