Bijlage 1a: Compound

Voorkant van een traditionele compound.

Binnenplaats van een traditionele compound.

2000m500

Co-residents, such as grandparents, can look after the children when parents are working or travelling.

1959 1968 1969 1991 2000 2010

As to tackle the uncontrolled and informal growth of Ashaiman, TDC designs a layout for the western part. The few structures that are already erected on the land are incorporated in the plan. As a kind of sites and services program, streets, gutters and streetlights are (partly) provided and dwellers have to build their own houses on the square plots.

In Tema New Town the houses were built very close to the shore. Due to severe sea erosion, these houses are no longer safe to live in. TDC makes plans to resettle the families occupying the endangered houses closest to the beach.

In an attempt to accommodate low-income households in the township, an experimental project in Community 8 is initiated by the university of Kumasi. The Tema Cooperative Housing Society is officially inaugurated in 1971. The objective is to provide incremental and self-help housing for workers at low cost. Finances come from a government loan and the members have to repay the loan through collective savings.

Based on our fieldwork sample, building multi-storey houses has become a more general practice since 2000.

Despite TDC’s increasing involvement in Ashaiman, the eastern part kept expanding into new spontaneous settlements such as Amui Djor where infrastructure and sanitary facilities are largely unavailable. The occupants organised themselves to improve their neighbourhood by requesting an official plot demarcation and the provision of basic infrastructure. Although a layout for the area exists since the 1990s, it is still not implemented.

Inauguration of the Amui Djor Housing Project, a pilot project for members of the Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor, the result of a collaboration between NGOs with local government support. The building comprises 32 household units, a few commercial spaces on the ground floor and toilet and bathing infrastructure for the neighbourhood. After revising the pilot project, two more stages should follow on the plot next to it.

1971

COMPOUND CULTURE REVISITED

Dwellers engage in HOME bASED ENTERPRISES, working from a room in the compound or from a detached structure next to the house.

cooking is typically done in the outdoor space in front of residents’ room. Households usually do not prepare the food together nor share their meals.

FAMILy MEETINgS are held in the courtyard, every Sunday or once a month, depending on the family’s preference.

1940 1947 2009

Four typological groups have been defined as repetitive elements of the urban housing fabric: courtyard houses, row houses, compounds and apartment buildings.

Diagram of a family compound house in Old Tema.

1993

bAyO AMOLE, DAVID KORbOE & gRAHAM TIPPLE: THE FAMILy HOUSE IN WEST-AFRICA

Rural compounds in Northern Ghana.

1976

Typical Ashanti compound in Southern Ghana.

Many migrant workers spontaneously settle in the eastern part of Ashaiman as an alternative to Tema Township which became off limits for anyone from a low-income situation such as job seeking migrants.

The construction of a new deepwater harbour and industrial city at Tema was part of the Volta River Project. The Ghanaian government therefore acquired land from the traditional owners. Tema Development Corporation was established and given a 125 years lease term to plan and develop this area known as ‘Tema Acquisition Area’. TDC engaged Doxiadis Associates to assist them in the planning of Tema Township, a modern city comprising different communities. Since the site for the harbour is already occupied by a fishing village, the inhabitants are resettled to a new town, east of Tema Township, designed by the British architects Fry and Drew.

DEbORAH PELLOW: LANDLORDS AND LODgERS. SOCIO-SPATIAL ORgANISATION IN AN ACCRA COMMUNITy

2002

Typical single-storey urban compound in Kumasi.

ERIC FIRLEy & CAROLINE STAHL: THE URbAN HOUSINg HANDbOOK

AbU MARMAH : HOUSINg TRANSFORMATIONS in ghana

MAXWELL FRy & JANE DREW: VILLAgE HOUSINg IN THE TROPICS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WEST AFRICA

MARgARET FIELD: SOCIAL ORgANISATION OF THE gA PEOPLE

The LAUNDRy is done in the courtyard and afterwards hung to dry on clotheslines

spanning the courtyard.

In Ghanaian culture, HOUSES ARE bUILT ‘SMALL SMALL’ according to family dynamics and financial means. Transformations and additions can be done in many different ways: extending inside

or outside the compound, attached or separated from the original compound, horizontally or vertically.

In low-income areas, RUNNINg WATER is not self-evident. Many of those who invest in a water connection try to recover their initial costs by selling the service to the neigbourhood. Others supplement this by providing sanitary facilities.

FISH SMOKINg is performed outside the compound. Some women also take up this activity as a commercial business.

SOCIAL INTERACTION is nourished by the multi-habitation of different households who share spaces and facilities.

Ghanaian housing, but also Ghanaian culture and lifestyle overall, is rooted in its compound house typology, dominating the urban housing stock. A COMPOUND HOUSE is a cluster of single rooms or units, having a shared space, usually an open space enclosed by those units and/or another enclosure such as a wall. The actual spatial organisation, appearance and materialisation varies throughout the country as there are many different Ghanaian or even West-African cultures for that matter, as they cross nations’ borders. In the specific context where this study is focusing on, a compound house is typically described as a large rectangular, one-storey structure consisting of singular rooms facing a courtyard with a veranda or porch in between. But compound houses are not simply defined by their physical appearance. Essentially they are ‘SOCIO-PHySICAL STRUCTURES’, originally centered around the concept of the ‘extended family’. In the physical form as described above, they are so commonly adopted in urban family houses that the term ‘FAMILy HOUSE’ is sometimes loosely applied to the indigenous house type. However, compound houses do not necessarily accommodate members of one and the same family anymore and as such do not need to be ‘family houses’. Instead, compounds more frequently feature the MULTI-HAbITATION of different households, whether or not of the same extended family, sharing outdoor spaces, facilities and infrastructure. Under multi-habitation, not only physical amenities but also human relationships are shared.

Several advantages are associated with multi-habitation in compounds, such as the social security systems and relations they establish, the low cost, the sharing of facilities and the integration of affordable rental units in a compact entity. Of course, the compound house typology is NOT FLAWLESS. Issues such as the lack of privacy and conflicts regarding maintenance and the sharing of space and facilities have always been intrinsic to compound housing. However, more recently, CHANgINg SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS and cultural attitudes in modernising and urbanising centres are leading to the individualisation of family systems. The increasing negative perception towards compound houses is also attributed to its limited economic value in the sense that they are owned in common. All these factors are contributing to the fact that compounds tend to be associated with indigenous lifestyles and as such SEEN AS OLD-FASHIONED or even stigmatised as housing for the poor, who cannot afford the modern ideal of the self-contained and uni-nuclear accommodation. This issue is enhanced by authorities and policymakers who focus on the latter and largely fail to recognise the value of indigenous and dynamic dwelling cultures, leading to a gROWINg MISMATCH with urban reality. Residents themselves take actions to deal with the problems inherent to indigenous compound as to attain a more modern, comfortable and individual lifestyle. This results in a gradual shift from multi-habitation in compounds to intermediate typologies or ‘hybrids’ which tend to combine the merits of the compound house with the ideals expressed by members of a changing society.

A compound is typically occupied by different households. This involves the SHARINg OF

SPACES, FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE such as the courtyard, electricity, a water connection

and bathhouses. Sharing reduces the cost of living and allows low-income households to enjoy facilities and

services they otherwise could not access.

teMa NEW TOWN

HARbOUR

INDUSTRIALarea

ASHAIMAN

c12

c11

c10

c6

c5

c3

c2

c1

c4

c7

c8

c9

Stef Turelinckx | Anke Vandenbempt | Eva Van Puyvelde

A lived-in assessment of low-income housing strategies in Tema and Ashaiman, through tenure, value and mobility

A household typically occupies a SINgLE ROOM and porch. Some, mostly the owning family members,

have the opportunity to obtain more than one room.

Bijlage 1b: Compound

Gebruik van ruimten in een traditionele compound.

Bijlage 2a: Hybriden

Uitbouw aan de achterkant van een compound tot een op zichzelf staande wooneenheid.

Compound over twee verdiepingen, bewoond door het gezin van de eigenaar, dat van de dochter en aangevuld met huurders in de vrije kamers.

1

5m

Eric

’s fa

mily

tena

nts

bloc

k w

alls

woo

den

or m

etal

wal

ls

gutte

r

sand

/unp

aved

neig

hbou

ring

build

ings

Eric

(int

ervi

ewee

)

hall

hall

hall

hall

hall

hall

Eric

’s ex

tens

ion

INDI

GEN

OU

S CO

MPO

UN

D

VILL

A

exte

nsio

n of

a ro

om w

ith a

n en

tran

ce

outs

ide

the

com

poun

d

attac

hed

exte

nsio

n of

a c

ompo

und

deta

ched

ext

ensio

n of

a c

ompo

und

com

poun

d w

ith si

ngle

ow

ner,

nucl

ear

fam

ily o

f thr

ee g

ener

ation

s and

tena

nts

com

poun

d fo

r nuc

lear

fam

ily o

nly

(thr

ee g

ener

ation

s)

self-

cont

aine

d co

mpo

und

for n

ucle

ar fa

mily

, un

its fo

r ten

ants

are

pla

ced

outs

ide

self-

cont

aine

d un

it ca

rved

out

of t

he c

ompo

und,

sti

ll us

ing

its sp

aces

and

rela

tions

with

the

fam

ilyse

lf-co

ntai

ned

unit

carv

ed o

ut o

f the

com

poun

d,

with

ver

y lim

ited

inte

racti

on b

etw

een

them

YET

TO B

E CO

NSTR

UCTE

D

self-

cont

aine

d ho

use

next

to th

e co

mpo

und

and

with

lim

ited

inte

racti

on

stor

ey h

ouse

nex

t to

the

com

poun

d,

with

ext

ende

d fa

mily

and

tena

nts

stor

ey h

ouse

for t

he n

ucle

ar fa

mily

nex

t to

the

com

poun

d, w

ith sh

ared

bat

hhou

ses

self-

cont

aine

d st

orey

hou

se fo

r the

nu

clea

r fam

ily a

nd te

nant

sse

lf-co

ntai

ned

hous

e fo

r the

nuc

lear

fa

mily

, nex

t to

the

com

poun

dse

lf-co

ntai

ned

apar

tmen

tsse

lf-co

ntai

ned

hous

e fo

r the

nuc

lear

fam

ily

and

tena

nts,

sepa

rate

d fr

om th

e fa

mily

rent

al u

nits

for t

he si

ngle

ho

useh

old,

alm

ost s

elf-c

onta

ined

as

ther

e ar

e to

ilets

, but

shar

edse

lf-co

ntai

ned

hous

e fo

r the

sin

gle

hous

ehol

d

COM

POU

NDS

EXTE

NSI

ON

S

SELF

-CO

NTA

INED

EXT

ENSI

ON

S

MU

LTI-S

TORE

YHO

USE

S

NO

N-C

OM

POU

ND

RELA

TED

HOU

SES

empt

y (s

earc

hing

te

nant

s)

shop

1969

| o

rigin

al h

ouse

1996

| ex

tens

ions

2011

| ex

tens

ions

Map

of T

ema

New

Tow

n.

The

cour

tyar

d of

the

fam

ily c

ompo

und.

Eric

’s se

lf-co

ntai

ned

exte

nsio

n.

Elev

ation

of E

ric’s

new

hou

se.

CASE

STU

DY: H

OU

SE B

5, T

EMA

NEW

TO

WN

(MAN

HEAN

)

Fabr

icati

ng h

ybrid

hom

es: n

eith

er co

mpo

und

nor v

illa

but s

omet

hing

in b

etw

een

Eric

’s ho

useh

old

It is

cert

ain

that

by

now

a s

hift

from

the

indi

geno

us c

ompo

und

typo

logy

tow

ards

a m

oder

n vi

lla-t

ype

is on

-go

ing.

How

ever

, mos

t of t

he re

siden

ts a

re n

ot a

ble

to a

chie

ve th

e id

eal o

f the

vill

a an

d ar

e w

ell a

war

e of

this

limita

tion.

Fur

ther

mor

e, m

any

resid

ents

are

con

tent

edly

resid

ing

in th

eir c

ompo

und

hous

es a

nd th

e se

vera

l va

riatio

ns o

f it,

rega

rdle

ss o

f the

‘dre

am’ t

hey

mig

ht h

ave.

Mea

nwhi

le th

ey p

erfo

rm a

ll ki

nds

of a

ction

s to

re

shap

e th

eir d

wel

ling

spac

es a

nd u

rban

live

s in

a co

ntex

t whe

re p

ro-p

oor p

ublic

pol

icie

s are

bas

ical

ly a

bsen

t.

Whe

n co

nsid

erin

g TE

NU

RE, i

t bec

omes

evi

dent

how

diffi

cult

it is

for t

he u

rban

poo

r to

acce

ss th

eir ‘

idea

l’ ho

me,

esp

ecia

lly w

hen

it in

volv

es co

-ow

ners

hip

and

whe

n pl

ots f

or si

ngle

hou

seho

ld d

wel

lings

are

as l

arge

as

a fu

ll co

mpo

und

hous

e. A

t the

scal

e of

the

hous

e its

elf,

varie

ty o

f ten

ure

type

s and

stat

uses

can

be id

entifi

ed.

The

com

poun

d ho

use

and

its v

aria

tions

pro

vide

acc

omm

odati

on f

or a

n ar

ray

of r

esid

ents

, fro

m w

ell-o

ff ow

ners

to

poor

ten

ants

, with

a w

ide

rang

e of

inte

rmed

iate

pos

sibili

ties,

res

ultin

g in

a s

ocia

lly m

ixed

but

co

here

nt e

ntity

.

Stat

e-le

d an

d m

arke

t-driv

en a

ppro

ache

s to

urb

an d

evel

opm

ent

coun

t on

hig

h re

siden

tial M

OBI

LITY

and

en

visa

ge r

esid

ents

’ ‘co

ntinu

ous

act

of m

ovin

g’. H

owev

er, r

esid

ents

ofte

n ex

pres

sed

a ra

ther

str

ong

iner

tia

agai

nst m

ovin

g, e

spec

ially

whe

n co

nsid

erin

g in

ter-r

esid

entia

l mob

ility

. It i

s cle

ar th

at m

ovin

g ph

ysic

ally

is n

ot

the

only

stra

tegy

ado

pted

by

the

urba

n re

siden

ts, r

athe

r soc

ial a

nd sy

mbo

lic m

obili

ty ca

n al

so b

e att

aine

d by

im

prov

ing

and

tran

sfor

min

g on

e’s

hom

e. B

ut re

siden

ts a

ppea

red

to b

e qu

ite m

obile

with

in th

eir r

esid

entia

l ar

eas a

s the

y to

ok fu

ll ad

vant

age

of th

e op

port

uniti

es fo

ster

ed b

y co

mpo

und

cultu

re. C

hang

ing

tenu

re st

atus

ap

pear

ed to

be

one

of th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t inp

uts

for

mov

ing

and

coul

d on

ly b

e ho

sted

by

a ty

pe o

pen

to

hosti

ng m

ixtu

res a

s the

com

poun

d ho

use

is.

Com

poun

d ho

uses

and

rela

ted

typo

logi

es c

ontr

ibut

e to

urb

an d

wel

lers

’ wel

l-bei

ng a

nd re

silie

nce

by h

ostin

g a

wid

e ar

ray

of d

iffer

ent V

ALU

ES, t

enan

cy s

tatu

ses

and

mob

ility

opti

ons

com

pare

d to

form

al h

ousin

g. T

he

latte

r is

far m

ore

narr

ow-m

inde

d as

val

ues

are

deriv

ed fr

om n

on-G

hana

ian

cont

exts

and

tend

s to

focu

s on

di

spla

ying

stat

us a

nd o

n m

onet

ary

valu

e, th

ough

exc

ludi

ng in

com

e-ge

nera

ting

oppo

rtun

ities

.

The

need

for r

evisi

ting

com

poun

d cu

lture

is ir

refu

tabl

e. H

ybrid

hom

es a

nd co

mpo

und

varia

tions

allo

w u

rban

re

siden

ts to

ada

pt to

, cop

e w

ith a

nd re

inte

rpre

t cha

ngin

g so

cio-

econ

omic

env

ironm

ents

. It i

s al

so v

ital f

or

the

surv

ival

of t

he c

ompo

und

cultu

re in

itse

lf. W

hile

it is

diffi

cult

to d

efine

an

idea

l hyb

rid in

this

cont

ext

ther

e ho

wev

er sh

ould

be

a w

orth

y al

tern

ative

to th

e ‘o

ld-fa

shio

ned’

com

poun

d as

wel

l as

to th

e ub

iqui

tous

sin

gle-

fam

ily v

illas

feat

ured

in c

onte

mpo

rary

subu

rban

spra

wl.

Urb

an d

wel

lers

cann

ot b

e pl

aced

in th

e sa

me

box

and

a w

ide

rang

e of

hyb

rid h

omes

sho

uld

- and

doe

s - e

xist

. Man

y of

them

are

cus

tom

-mad

e an

d w

ell

adap

ted

to e

very

dw

elle

r and

to h

is or

her

act

ual a

spire

d po

sition

som

ewhe

re b

etw

een

the

extr

emes

of t

he

indi

geno

us c

ompo

und

and

the

villa

.

The

B5 h

ouse

in M

anhe

an, a

mor

e re

cent

sett

lem

ent

in

the

outs

kirt

s of

Tem

a N

ew T

own,

is c

o-ow

ned

by E

ric a

nd

his f

amily

. Aft

er th

e de

ath

of h

is gr

andm

othe

r, th

e or

igin

al

owne

r, th

e ho

use

was

div

ided

am

ong

the

child

ren.

A lo

t of

room

s and

ext

ensio

ns a

re re

nted

out

. Som

e of

the

tena

nts

are

livin

g in

the

orig

inal

com

poun

d an

d sh

are

the

cour

tyar

d w

hile

oth

ers

are

livin

g in

ext

ensio

ns w

hich

are

orie

nted

ou

twar

ds a

nd d

o no

t hav

e a

cour

tyar

d.

In 1

996,

Eric

con

stru

cted

his

own

self-

cont

aine

d ex

tens

ion

to t

he c

ompo

und.

It h

as a

ll m

oder

n am

eniti

es s

uch

as a

ki

tche

n, a

toi

let

and

show

ers.

The

fam

ily c

anno

t us

e hi

s

show

er a

nd t

oile

t bu

t th

ey c

an fe

tch

wat

er a

t hi

s ta

p. H

e w

ante

d to

live

mor

e on

his

own

beca

use

‘the

peop

le in

the

com

poun

d al

way

s beg

for m

oney

and

food

’.

He n

ow s

tart

ed b

uild

ing

a ne

w h

ouse

or

villa

in M

anhe

an

beca

use,

alth

ough

he i

s liv

ing i

n hi

s ow

n de

tach

ed ex

tens

ion,

he

doe

s no

t lik

e liv

ing

next

to th

e fa

mily

hou

se. C

urre

ntly,

hi

s fa

mily

alw

ays

com

es t

o hi

m (

as a

pro

sper

ous

and

resp

ecte

d fa

mily

mem

ber)

for m

oney

and

solv

ing

quar

rels.

Er

ic o

wns

som

e ro

oms

in th

e co

mpo

und

as w

ell w

hich

he

will

giv

e to

his

child

ren

late

r to

bene

fit fr

om, i

nclu

ding

the

exte

nsio

n he

cur

rent

ly is

livi

ng in

.

1959

2013

1959

2013

1980

s20

13

1959

2003

2005

2013

1969

1975

2013

~196

319

93<

1976

2013

THE

COU

RTYA

RD IS

HER

E TO

STA

YPr

eser

ving

the

orig

inal

spac

e in

gov

ernm

ent-

built

hou

sing

in Te

ma

New

Tow

n.Gr

adua

lly c

reati

ng a

n en

clos

ed sp

ace

in se

lf-bu

ild c

ompo

unds

in A

shai

man

.

hous

e 36

C

hous

e B1

4

hous

e B6

hous

e E/

4

hous

e E/

320

hous

e E/

163

case

stud

y B5

orig

inal

hou

ses 1

959

built

env

ironm

ent 2

013

mul

ti-st

orey

bui

ldin

gs

orig

inal

pav

ed ro

ads 1

959

publ

ic to

ilets

poly

tank

s10

030

0m10

030

0m

orig

inal

self-

cont

aine

d TC

HS

hous

e fo

r the

nuc

lear

fam

ilyTC

HS h

ouse

with

nuc

lear

fam

ily o

f thr

ee

gene

ratio

ns a

nd tr

aditi

onal

use

of t

he c

ourt

yard

TCHS

hou

se fo

r the

nuc

lear

ho

useh

old,

with

out a

cou

rtya

rd

TCHS

hou

se fo

r the

nuc

lear

hou

seho

ld w

ith

priv

ate

gard

en (n

ot u

sed

as a

trad

ition

al

cour

tyar

d) a

nd a

driv

eway

for t

he c

ar

singl

e AD

HP u

nit w

ith o

wn

kitc

hen

and

shar

ed sa

nita

ry fa

ciliti

estw

o-be

droo

m se

lf-co

ntai

ned

ADHP

uni

t

TEM

A CO

-OPE

RATI

VE

HOU

SIN

G S

OCI

ETY

(TCH

S)

AMU

I DJO

R HO

USI

NG

PRO

JECT

(ADH

P)

Glaz

ing

inst

ead

of lo

uvre

s

Tile

s

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

mal

efe

mal

e

Pers

onal

bel

ongi

ngs

The

Amui

Djo

r Hou

sing

Proj

ect (

ADHP

) was

initi

ated

on

the

2002

UN

-Hab

itat c

onfe

renc

e on

Hou

sing

and

Urb

an D

evel

opm

ent

for

Low

Inc

ome

Hous

ing

in s

ub-S

ahar

an A

fric

a. I

n 20

05 U

N-H

abita

t es

tabl

ished

the

Slu

m U

pgra

ding

Fac

ility

(SU

F) t

o co

ordi

nate

initi

ative

s to

rai

se fi

nanc

ial m

eans

, brin

g to

geth

er r

elev

ant

acto

rs f

rom

diff

eren

t go

vern

men

t le

vels

and

the

priv

ate

sect

or to

pro

vide

bus

ines

s sol

ution

s for

soci

al h

ousin

g an

d to

impr

ove

urba

n in

fras

truc

ture

s thr

ough

slum

upg

radi

ng.

Ghan

a w

as c

hose

n am

ong

thre

e ot

her

coun

trie

s to

initi

ate

an e

xhib

ition

pro

ject

. TAM

SUF

(Tem

a As

haim

an M

etro

polit

an

Slum

Upg

radi

ng F

acili

ty),

a lo

cal b

ranc

h of

the

SUF,

was

in c

harg

e of

coo

rdin

ating

the

colla

bora

tion

betw

een

the

diffe

rent

st

akeh

olde

rs a

nd o

f pro

vidi

ng th

e te

chni

cal h

elp

that

the

com

mun

ity n

eede

d. T

hey

wor

ked

toge

ther

with

Gha

na F

eder

ation

of

the

Urb

an P

oor a

nd P

eopl

e’s

Dial

ogue

to c

ompl

ete

a PI

lOT

PRO

JECT

whi

ch to

ok th

e fo

rm o

f an

affor

dabl

e ho

usin

g bl

ock.

The

se c

omm

unity

-bas

ed o

rgan

isatio

ns s

uppo

rt th

e ur

ban

poor

nati

onw

ide

in d

iffer

ent w

ays

to o

rgan

ise th

emse

lves

an

d to

est

ablis

h re

latio

ns w

ith lo

cal g

over

nmen

ts to

pro

vide

nec

essa

ry in

fras

truc

ture

and

impr

ove

thei

r liv

ing

cond

ition

s.

ADHP

is a

hyb

rid h

ome

whi

ch a

ptly

revi

sits s

ome

of th

e co

mpo

und

hous

e its

mai

n fe

atur

es w

ith th

e ch

alle

nge

of ca

terin

g to

a

COll

ECTI

VE S

CAlE

. In

2010

the

thre

e-st

orey

bui

ldin

g, p

rovi

ding

a h

ome

for 3

2 nu

clea

r fam

ilies

, was

inau

gura

ted.

The

ho

usin

g un

its, d

ivid

ed in

to a

hal

l and

an

cham

ber,

are

loca

ted

on th

e fir

st a

nd s

econ

d flo

ors,

wra

pped

aro

und

an o

pen-

air

spac

e. A

ll ho

useh

olds

hav

e th

eir o

wn

kitc

hen

and

ever

y tw

o fa

mili

es s

hare

a to

ilet a

nd s

how

er b

ut th

ose

are

not a

ttach

ed

to th

e re

siden

tial r

oom

s. To

redu

ce b

uild

ing

cost

s ‘dr

y’ a

nd ‘w

et’ a

reas

are

gro

uped

sepa

rate

ly. A

ll to

geth

er a

stan

dard

uni

t ha

s a su

rfac

e of

16m

² whi

ch is

sim

ilar t

o th

e siz

e of

an

aver

age

room

in a

com

poun

d ho

use.

Fiv

e se

lf-co

ntai

ned

units

cons

ist

of tw

o be

droo

ms,

a li

ving

room

and

inco

rpor

ate

a ki

tche

n an

d ba

thro

om. B

ased

on

the

com

poun

d ty

polo

gy it

s fo

rem

ost

arch

itect

ural

ele

men

t, a

sem

i-priv

ate

cour

tyar

d fo

r the

resid

ents

, is

also

pre

sent

. As

ADHP

is a

ver

tical

bui

ldin

g an

d ot

her

func

tions

are

inco

rpor

ated

the

use

of th

e co

urty

ard

beco

mes

diff

eren

t.

The

inve

stm

ent

is re

gain

ed t

hrou

gh t

he te

n-ye

ar r

epay

men

ts o

f its

ben

efici

arie

s, a

fter

whi

ch t

hey

beco

me

owne

r of

the

un

it. T

o m

ake

the

proj

ect m

ore

affor

dabl

e ad

ditio

nal p

rofit

-mak

ing

func

tions

are

impl

emen

ted.

The

gro

und

floor

hos

ts 1

5 co

mm

erci

al u

nits

faci

ng th

e st

reet

that

are

rent

ed to

indi

vidu

als,

in a

dditi

on to

pub

lic to

ilets

and

bat

hing

faci

lities

for t

he

surr

ound

ing

com

mun

ity. B

y th

e sa

me

toke

n AD

HP te

nds

to im

prov

e th

e w

hole

Am

ui D

jor a

rea,

not

onl

y sy

mbo

lical

ly a

s a

pion

eer o

f im

prov

emen

t and

inve

stm

ent b

ut a

lso p

hysic

ally.

After

rev

ising

the

pilo

t pr

ojec

t, a

SECO

ND

PH

ASE

is e

xpec

ted

to b

egin

on

the

adja

cent

plo

t, ta

king

into

acc

ount

the

le

sson

s lea

rnt f

rom

the

first

pha

se. T

o lo

wer

the

cost

s for

the

bene

ficia

ries,

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

oth

er p

rofit

able

func

tions

w

ill b

e ne

cess

ary,

with

out s

atur

ating

the

offer

in th

e ne

ighb

ourh

ood.

The

pro

positi

on is

to se

ll 60

% o

f the

resid

entia

l uni

ts

on th

e re

gula

r mar

ket f

or m

iddl

e in

com

e w

orke

rs a

nd re

serv

e th

e re

mai

ning

40%

for t

he u

rban

poo

r. Co

mm

erci

al fu

nctio

ns

such

as p

rofe

ssio

nal k

itche

ns w

ill b

e ad

ded

as w

ell.

INDI

GEN

OU

S CO

MPO

UN

D

VIll

A

Step

s ahe

ad fo

r a fu

lly-fl

edge

d ci

ty co

mpo

und:

Am

ui D

jor H

ousi

ng P

roje

ct

Dwel

lers

are

not

alo

ne in

thei

r con

stru

ction

of h

ybrid

typo

logi

es a

nd re

visiti

ng o

f the

indi

geno

us c

ompo

und

typo

logy

. In

an e

ver-c

hang

ing

dial

ogue

with

the

spon

tane

ously

gro

win

g ci

ty, S

TATE

-lED

STR

ATEG

IES

for

the

urba

n po

or o

f Gre

ater

Acc

ra h

ave

resp

onde

d w

ith v

aryi

ng d

egre

es o

f rec

eptiv

ity to

indi

geno

us d

wel

ling

cultu

res,

infl

uenc

ed b

y ge

nera

l PA

RAD

IGM

ATIC

SH

IfTS

occ

urrin

g gl

obal

ly. H

ousin

g pr

ojec

ts a

nd

plan

ning

pol

icie

s mor

e re

cepti

ve to

use

r-bas

ed ch

ange

s hav

e al

so m

ade

thei

r sta

nce.

As t

he ca

se o

f the

Am

ui

Djor

Hou

sing

Proj

ect i

llust

rate

s, a

rchi

tect

s, a

utho

rities

and

/or o

ther

org

anisa

tions

hav

e be

en in

dev

elop

ing

hous

ing

units

mor

e ad

here

nt t

o re

aliti

es o

n th

e gr

ound

and

mad

e an

atte

mpt

at

impl

emen

ting

SOCI

Al

HO

USI

NG

. Com

poun

d cu

lture

as

embo

died

in k

ey c

ompo

nent

s is

scal

ed u

p to

the

leve

l of

a co

llecti

ve

hous

ing

typo

logy

with

mor

e th

an o

ne fl

oor.

The

cour

tyar

d - i

n its

full

pote

ntial

as a

n ur

ban

figur

e - i

n ad

ditio

n to

bed

room

and

hal

l con

figur

ation

s, p

hase

d im

prov

emen

ts a

nd sh

ared

faci

lities

are

all

to b

e fo

und.

How

ever

, no

t all

have

foun

d th

eir p

lace

as t

hey

norm

ally

hav

e in

the

cont

ext o

f the

com

poun

d ho

use.

As th

e Am

ui D

jor c

ase

illus

trat

es, T

YPO

lOG

ICA

l RE

VISI

ON

S an

d us

ing

feat

ures

of t

he co

mpo

und

hous

e ca

n be

of a

gre

at v

alue

, but

a s

ingl

e id

eal m

odel

hou

sing

typo

logy

with

in a

nor

mati

vely

pla

nned

city

is n

ot

wha

t wou

ld s

uit G

hana

’s ur

ban

cont

ext b

est.

A SU

PPO

RTIV

E fR

AM

EwO

Rk fo

r ur

ban

deve

lopm

ent,

allo

win

g th

e ex

isten

ce o

f a v

arie

ty o

f hyb

rid h

omes

, wou

ld b

e co

nsid

erab

ly m

ore

fitting

. A fo

cus o

n pr

ovid

ing

infr

astr

uctu

re, f

acili

ties

and

indi

vidu

al p

lot a

lloca

tion

for i

ndiv

idua

l con

stru

ction

wou

ld a

llow

aut

horiti

es to

be

sig

nific

antly

mor

e eff

ectiv

e in

thei

r pl

anni

ng. I

t sho

uld

be a

mod

el th

e ur

ban

dwel

lers

bel

ieve

in a

nd to

w

hich

they

are

abl

e to

con

trib

ute

by fa

bric

ating

hyb

rid h

omes

and

as

such

impr

ovin

g th

eir

cond

ition

s an

d th

ose

of th

e en

tire

neig

hbou

rhoo

d. T

he re

sulti

ng a

rtef

acts

are

func

tiona

lly h

ybrid

(or a

re d

e-fu

nctio

nalis

ed

tout

cour

t) a

nd in

tert

win

ed w

ith th

e vi

bran

t URb

AN

fA

bRIC

, con

stitu

ting

the

imag

e of

the

city

as a

who

le.

Resid

ents

ofte

n re

trea

t to

thei

r uni

ts, a

lone

or

with

gue

sts,

inst

ead

of u

sing

the

cour

tyar

d fo

r SO

CIA

l IN

TERA

CTIO

N. S

ome

resid

ents

ex

pres

sed

thei

r disa

ppoi

ntm

ent w

ith th

e ab

senc

e of

soci

al in

tera

ction

as o

ccur

s in

the

com

poun

d ho

use.

AMU

I DJO

R HO

USI

NG

PRO

JECT

The

COU

RTYA

RD is

not

as v

ibra

nt a

s in

com

poun

d ho

uses

, thi

s may

be

beca

use

of th

e di

stan

ce b

etw

een

it an

d re

siden

ts’ a

ctua

l liv

ing

units

, in

addi

tion

to th

e pr

esen

ce o

f pub

lic sa

nita

ry fa

ciliti

es th

at le

ads t

o ‘st

rang

ers’

com

ing

into

the

cour

tyar

d.

Alth

ough

eve

ry u

nit h

as it

s ow

n M

OD

ERN

kIT

CHEN

an

d th

e co

urty

ard

was

pla

nned

for t

radi

tiona

l coo

king

su

ch a

s the

pou

ndin

g of

fufu

, the

se sp

aces

are

not

in

tens

ivel

y us

ed a

s suc

h. In

stea

d, m

any

resid

ents

use

th

e op

en a

ir co

rrid

ors i

n fr

ont o

f the

ir un

its a

s wha

t w

ould

be

thei

r por

ch in

the

com

poun

d. It

is in

thes

e sp

aces

that

they

soci

alise

and

coo

k w

ith g

as c

ylin

ders

or

char

coal

.

The

INCR

EMEN

TAl

bUIl

DIN

G a

spec

t is p

rese

nt

in th

e AD

HP b

ut o

nly

in te

rms o

f int

erio

r fini

shin

g, to

re

duce

bui

ldin

g co

sts.

Uni

ts a

re v

ery

smal

l, bu

t con

trar

y to

indi

geno

us c

ompo

unds

, the

re is

no

poss

ibili

ty fo

r in

divi

dual

s to

enla

rge

thei

r uni

t in

the

futu

re.

Sinc

e th

e pr

ojec

t offe

rs n

o po

ssib

ilitie

s reg

ardi

ng

hom

e-ba

sed

ente

rpris

es a

s in

the

com

poun

d an

d th

e im

plem

ente

d CO

MM

ERCI

Al S

PACE

S ar

e ge

nera

lly

out o

f rea

ch fo

r mos

t res

iden

ts, m

any

self-

empl

oyed

re

siden

ts a

re st

rugg

ling.

GRO

UN

D FL

OO

R

SECO

ND

FLO

OR

Map

of A

shai

man

.pa

ved

road

s with

gutt

ers

gutte

rs c

onst

ruct

ed b

y re

siden

tsm

ulti-

stor

ey b

uild

ings

publ

ic to

ilets

priv

ate

com

mer

cial

sa

nita

ry fa

ciliti

es30

0m10

0

Amui

Djo

r Hou

sing

Proj

ect

300m

100

Bijlage 2b: Hybriden

Hyb

ride

n do

or h

et v

olk.

Hyb

ride

n ge

stim

ulee

rd d

oor d

e ov

erhe

id.

Bijlage 3a: Amui Djor Housing Project

Voorkant van het ‘Amui Djor Housing Project’ met verhuurbare commerciële ruimtes op het gelijkvloers en twee verdiepingen met sociale wooneenheden.

Binnenplaats van het ‘Amui Djor Housing Project’.

original self-contained TCHS house for the nuclear family

TCHS house with nuclear family of three generations and traditional use of the courtyard TCHS house for the nuclear

household, without a courtyard

TCHS house for the nuclear household with private garden (not used as a traditional courtyard) and a driveway for the car

single ADHP unit with own kitchen and shared sanitary facilities

two-bedroom self-contained ADHP unit

TEMA CO-OPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY (TCHS)

AMUI DJOR HOUSING PROJECT (ADHP)

Glazing instead of louvres

Tiles

lettable shop space

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

lettable shop space

letta

ble

shop

spac

e

lettable shop space

male female

Personal belongings

The Amui Djor Housing Project (ADHP) was initiated on the 2002 UN-Habitat conference on Housing and Urban Development for Low Income Housing in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2005 UN-Habitat established the Slum Upgrading Facility (SUF) to coordinate initiatives to raise financial means, bring together relevant actors from different government levels and the private sector to provide business solutions for social housing and to improve urban infrastructures through slum upgrading. Ghana was chosen among three other countries to initiate an exhibition project. TAMSUF (Tema Ashaiman Metropolitan Slum Upgrading Facility), a local branch of the SUF, was in charge of coordinating the collaboration between the different stakeholders and of providing the technical help that the community needed. They worked together with Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor and People’s Dialogue to complete a PIlOT PROJECT which took the form of an affordable housing block. These community-based organisations support the urban poor nationwide in different ways to organise themselves and to establish relations with local governments to provide necessary infrastructure and improve their living conditions.

ADHP is a hybrid home which aptly revisits some of the compound house its main features with the challenge of catering to a COllECTIVE SCAlE. In 2010 the three-storey building, providing a home for 32 nuclear families, was inaugurated. The housing units, divided into a hall and an chamber, are located on the first and second floors, wrapped around an open-air space. All households have their own kitchen and every two families share a toilet and shower but those are not attached to the residential rooms. To reduce building costs ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ areas are grouped separately. All together a standard unit has a surface of 16m² which is similar to the size of an average room in a compound house. Five self-contained units consist of two bedrooms, a living room and incorporate a kitchen and bathroom. Based on the compound typology its foremost architectural element, a semi-private courtyard for the residents, is also present. As ADHP is a vertical building and other functions are incorporated the use of the courtyard becomes different.

The investment is regained through the ten-year repayments of its beneficiaries, after which they become owner of the unit. To make the project more affordable additional profit-making functions are implemented. The ground floor hosts 15 commercial units facing the street that are rented to individuals, in addition to public toilets and bathing facilities for the surrounding community. By the same token ADHP tends to improve the whole Amui Djor area, not only symbolically as a pioneer of improvement and investment but also physically.

After revising the pilot project, a SECOND PHASE is expected to begin on the adjacent plot, taking into account the lessons learnt from the first phase. To lower the costs for the beneficiaries, the implementation of other profitable functions will be necessary, without saturating the offer in the neighbourhood. The proposition is to sell 60% of the residential units on the regular market for middle income workers and reserve the remaining 40% for the urban poor. Commercial functions such as professional kitchens will be added as well.

INDIGENOUS COMPOUND VIllA

Steps ahead for a fully-fledged city compound: Amui Djor Housing Project

Dwellers are not alone in their construction of hybrid typologies and revisiting of the indigenous compound typology. In an ever-changing dialogue with the spontaneously growing city, STATE-lED STRATEGIES for the urban poor of Greater Accra have responded with varying degrees of receptivity to indigenous dwelling cultures, influenced by general PARADIGMATIC SHIfTS occurring globally. Housing projects and planning policies more receptive to user-based changes have also made their stance. As the case of the Amui Djor Housing Project illustrates, architects, authorities and/or other organisations have been in developing housing units more adherent to realities on the ground and made an attempt at implementing SOCIAl HOUSING. Compound culture as embodied in key components is scaled up to the level of a collective housing typology with more than one floor. The courtyard - in its full potential as an urban figure - in addition to bedroom and hall configurations, phased improvements and shared facilities are all to be found. However, not all have found their place as they normally have in the context of the compound house.

As the Amui Djor case illustrates, TYPOlOGICAl REVISIONS and using features of the compound house can be of a great value, but a single ideal model housing typology within a normatively planned city is not what would suit Ghana’s urban context best. A SUPPORTIVE fRAMEwORk for urban development, allowing the existence of a variety of hybrid homes, would be considerably more fitting. A focus on providing infrastructure, facilities and individual plot allocation for individual construction would allow authorities to be significantly more effective in their planning. It should be a model the urban dwellers believe in and to which they are able to contribute by fabricating hybrid homes and as such improving their conditions and those of the entire neighbourhood. The resulting artefacts are functionally hybrid (or are de-functionalised tout court) and intertwined with the vibrant URbAN fAbRIC, constituting the image of the city as a whole.

Residents often retreat to their units, alone or with guests, instead of using the courtyard

for SOCIAl INTERACTION. Some residents expressed their disappointment with the absence

of social interaction as occurs in the compound house.

AMUI DJOR HOUSING PROJECT

The COURTYARD is not as vibrant as in compound houses, this may be because of the distance between it and residents’ actual living units, in addition to the

presence of public sanitary facilities that leads to ‘strangers’ coming into the courtyard.

Although every unit has its own MODERN kITCHEN and the courtyard was planned for traditional cooking

such as the pounding of fufu, these spaces are not intensively used as such. Instead, many residents use

the open air corridors in front of their units as what would be their porch in the compound. It is in these

spaces that they socialise and cook with gas cylinders or charcoal.

The INCREMENTAl bUIlDING aspect is present in the ADHP but only in terms of interior finishing, to reduce building costs. Units are very small, but contrary to indigenous compounds, there is no possibility for individuals to enlarge their unit in the future.

Since the project offers no possibilities regarding home-based enterprises as in the compound and the implemented COMMERCIAl SPACES are generally out of reach for most residents, many self-employed residents are struggling.

GROUND FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

Map of Ashaiman. paved roads with guttersgutters constructed by residentsmulti-storey buildings

public toiletsprivate commercial sanitary facilities300m100

Amui Djor Housing Project

300m100

Bijlage 3b: Amui Djor Housing Project

Gebruik van de ruimten in het ‘Amui Djor Housing Project’.