big questions: 1.are all mutations bad? explain.. 2.can evolution occur in absence of mutations?
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIG QUESTIONS:
1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN..
2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCEOF MUTATIONS?
![Page 2: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mutations
![Page 3: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Mutations
• Errors in the DNA sequence that are inherited.
• Possible negative, positive or unknown side effects.
![Page 4: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of Mutations
A) Silent Mutation (Point Mutation)• A single substitution of one base.• No change in the amino acid; therefore, no effect.• Occur in introns / non-coding regions of DNA.
![Page 5: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Types of Mutations
B) Missense Mutation• A single substitution of one base.• Results in a different amino acid; therefore, different protein
is made.
![Page 6: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Types of Mutations
C) Nonsense Mutation• A single substitution of one base.• Forms a premature stop codon; therefore, leading to the
formation of an incomplete polypeptide.• Often lethal.
![Page 7: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Types of Mutations
Substitution Replaces a nitrogenous base pair
with another, different one. Silent / Missense / Nonsense
Insertion The addition of one or more extra
nucleotides in the DNA sequence.
Deletion The removal of one or more
nucleotides in the DNA sequence.
Leads to a change/shift in the reading frame (mRNA strand).
![Page 8: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Types of Mutations
D) Frameshift Mutation• Causes changes in the reading frame.• Caused by an insertion or a deletion.
![Page 9: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION:
HEY MAN HOW ARE YOU BRO
and
HEY MAN HWA REY OUB RO(remove “O” in original HOW) or
HEY MAN HOQ WAR EYO UBR O(insert “Q” at W position in original HOW)
![Page 10: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The resulting nonsense (or malformed protein) is a result of a random insertion
or deletion of information (nucleotides)
and our “frame”, the manner in which we interpret this information.
![Page 11: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of Mutations
E) Translocation• The transfer of a fragment of
DNA between two nonhomologous chromosomes.
• Large segments of DNA can move from one location on the genome to another.
![Page 12: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Types of Mutations
F) Inversion• The reversal of a segment of DNA within a chromosome (i.e.,
copied backwards).• No gain or loss of genetic information.• A gene may be disrupted.
![Page 13: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Causes of Genetic Mutations
Spontaneous Mutations• Caused by errors in DNA replication.• DNA polymerase I rereads duplicated DNA for errors,
but it isn’t perfect…point mutations may result (insertion / deletion / silent mutation / missence mutation / nonsense mutation)
![Page 15: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Causes of Genetic Mutations
Induced Mutations• Caused by mutagenic agents.• Mutagenic agents include UV radiation, cosmic rays,
X-rays and certain chemicals.
![Page 16: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Nature is constantly shuffling the human genome, creating a genetic cocktail of human chromosomes and trying out different changes as it does so.
![Page 18: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mutation of brown eyes to blue represents neither a positive nor a negative mutation. It is one of several mutations such as hair colour, baldness, freckles and beauty spots, which neither increases nor reduces a human’s chance of survival.
![Page 19: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
BIG QUESTION:
How did “human like” traits such as a smaller jaw (relative to apes) and hairlessness pop up when they don’t appear in the wild in any real frequency?
![Page 20: BIG QUESTIONS: 1.ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? EXPLAIN.. 2.CAN EVOLUTION OCCUR IN ABSENCE OF MUTATIONS?](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649f295503460f94c41b1a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Our diets changed and our brains got bigger, pressures that caused a smaller jaw.
Another way to look at this – what if our diets changed and our brains got bigger due to proto-human society adapting to mutation of the jaw?