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The IliadDr.Le8ciaR.Rodriguez04.10.17

•  Epic–  Alongnarra-vepoemdealingwithheroicdeedsando6enassociatedwithwar,vengeance,andadventure

– Wri:eninanelevatedstyleandconcernsaheroicorsemi-divinefigurewhoseac-onshaveana-onalorevencosmicimportance

•  Myth–  Oncebelievedtobetruebyaspecificpeopleorculture–  A:emptstoexplainthethenatureoftheworld–  Providesara-onaleforsocialcustomsandbeliefs–  Establishesrulesbywhichpeoplecanlivetheirlives

Aeneassacrificing,fromtheAraPacisAugustae,Rome,ca.13BCE-9BCE

HeinrichSchliemann,andhismuchyoungerGreekwife,Sophia,wearing‘Priam’streasure’.

Excava8onsatTroyunderSchliemann.

Dr.Rodriguez,mydouble,atTroy.No,wearenotrelated.

AsillyTrojanHorse.

Homer,2nd-1stc.BCERomancopyofGreekoriginal.TheBri8shMuseum. dactylichexameter

Dawn.Saffronlightoveralltheearth.

Iliad8,1-2Dawnle6hersplendidTithonusinbedAndrosetobringlighttoimmortalsandmen,

Iliad11,1-2DawnshroudedinsaffronRoseoutofthedeepwaterwithlightForimmortalsandhumansalike.

Iliad19,1-3

Lombardotransla8on,1997

Aristeia=Excellence

PallasAthenanowgavetoDiomedes,Tydeus’son,thestrengthandcourageThatwouldmakehimshineAmongtheGreeksandwinhimglory.Starlightflowedfromhishelmetandshield,AsifSiriushadjustrisenfromtheseaBeforedawninautumn,andthatbrightestofstarsWasblazingfromhistorsoandfaceInsteadoffromthesky.Book5,1-9Thiswastheirlaborinthecrushofba\le.AsforDiomedes,youcouldnottellWhichsidehebelongedto,GreekorTrojan……Manyastheywere,Theycouldnotwithstandthissinglehuman8de.Book5,95-97,106-7“SayaprayertoZeusandtakeashotatthisman—Whoeverheis—whoisbea8ngthedaylightsOutoftheTrojans,someofourbesttoo.Itcouldbehe’sagod,angrywiththeTrojansOversomesacrifice.Thatwouldbetough.”Book5,195-199

Thehavoccon8nued,andwhenHerano8cedThattheGreekswerebeingcrushedinba\le,HerwordsflewfasttoPallasAthena:“Thisisadisaster,daughterofZeus.OurwordtoMenelausthathewouldgohomeWithTroydemolishedwillcometonothingIfweallowArestorageonlikethis.Come.It’s8mewerememberedhowtofight.”Athena,thegrey-eyedgoddess,agreed.AndHera,queenofheaven,daughterofCronus,Gotbusyharnessingthehorses,gold-frontleted,…Hebeboundthegoldenyoke,andonthatshehungThegoldenharness.Heraledthequick-hoovedhorsesBeneaththeyoke,herheartpoundingforwar.Athena,meanwhile,Zeus’favoritedaughter,Lethersupplerobeslipdowntoherfather’sfloor,Thisembroideredgarmentherownhandiwork.SheputononeofcloudyZeus’tunicsAndstrappedonherarmor.AroundhershouldersSheflungthetasseledaegis…Book5,764-790

And,likeabronzeboltinthecenter,Achilles,Whonowbegantoarm.

HiseyesglowedLikewhite-hotsteel,andhegri\edhisteethAgainstthegriefthathadsunkintohisbones,Andeverymo8onhemadeinpufngonthearmorForgedforhiminheavenwasanactofpassionDirectedagainsttheTrojans:claspingonhisshinsThegreavestrimmedinsilverattheankles,Strappingthecorseletontohischest,slingingThesilver-studdedbronzeswordaroundashoulder,Andthenlihingthemassive,heavyshieldThatspilledlightarounditasifitwerethemoon.…SotootheterriblebeautyofAchilles’shield,Afireinthesky.

HelihedthehelmetAndplaceditonhishead,anditshonelikeastar,Book19,389-401,407-410

TheJudgmentofParis,LucasCranachtheElder,ca.1528.Oilonwood.

AchillesdippedintotheRiverStyxPeterPaulRubens,ca.1630-35,oiloncanvas.MuseumBoijmansvanBeuningen

Laocoön,1stc.CERomancopyof2ndc.BCEPergameneoriginal.Va8canMuseums.

AchillesandAjaxplayingadicegame(detailfromanAthenianblack-figureamphora),EXEKIAS,ca.540–530BCE.MuseiVa8cani,Rome.

Achilles=Grief(akhos)+Fighters(laos)

1.Agamemnon(KingofMycenae):takesChryseisashisprize.2.Chryse(anoldpriestofApollo):comestoransomChryseis,hisdaughter,andAgamemnonrefuses.HepraystoApollotopunishtheGreeks.3.Apollo:sendsaplague(probablydysentery)totheGreeksforninedays.LotsofGreeksdie.4.Achilles:onthetenthdaysuggeststhattheyaskaprophetwhyApolloisangry.5.Kalchas(aseer):saysthathewillrevealApollo’sreasons,butonlyifAchilleswillprotecthim.

Atthistheblamelessseertookcourageagainandspokeforth:“No,itisnotforthesakeofsomevoworhecatombheblamesus,butforthesakeofhispriestwhomAgamemnondishonoredandwouldnotgivehimbackhisdaughternoraccepttheransom.” BookI,92-95

6.Agamemnon:respondsbysaying“Seerofevil:neveryethaveyoutoldmeagoodthing.Alwaystheevilthingsaredeartoyourhearttoprophesy,butnothingexcellenthaveyousaidnoreveraccomplished.” BookI,106-8

“Findmesomeprizethatshallbemyown,lestIonly amongtheArgivesgowithout,sincethatwereunfifng;”

BookI,118-19

“…butIshalltakethefair-cheekedBriseis,yourprize,Imyselfgoingtoyourshelter,thatyoumaylearnwellhowmuchgreatIamthanyou,andanothermanmayshrinkbackfromlikeninghimselftomeandcontendingagainstme.”

Agamemnon,BookI,184-87“Youwinesack,withadog’seyes,withadeer’sheart.”“”…Andthisshallbeagreatoathbeforeyou:somedaylongingforAchilleuswillcometothesonsoftheAchaeans,allofthem.Thenstrickenatheartthoughyoube,youwillbeabletodonothing,whenintheirnumbersbeforeman-slaughteringHektortheydropanddie.Andthenyouwilleatyourheartwithinyouinsorrow,thatyoudidnohonortothebestoftheAchaians.”

Achilles,BookI,225,239-44

Timē=respect Kleos=reputa8onKleosaphthiton=unwitheringfameThenAchilles,intears…Heprayedoverandovertohisbelovedmother:“Mother,sinceyouboremeforashortlifeonly,OlympianZeuswassupposedtograntmehonor.Well,hehasn’tgivenmeanyatall.AgamemnonHastakenawaymyprizeanddishonoredme.”…AndThe8s,nowweepingherself:“Mypoorchild.Iboreyouforsorrow,Nursedyouforgrief…Nowyou’redes8nedforbothanearlydeathAndmiserybeyondcompare.

BookI,361-77

AchillesbandagingPatroclus,(detailfromared-figurekylix)SosiasPainter,ca.500B.CStaatlicheMuseenzuBerlin--PreussischerKulturbesitz

Hydria(waterjar)withAchillesdraggingthecorpseofHector,Afc(Athenian).ca.520-510BCE.MFABoston

“ForninedaystherehasrisenaquarrelamongtheimmortalsoverthebodyofHektor,andAchilleus,stormerofci8es.Theykeepurgingclear-sightedArgeïphontestostealthebody,butIs9llputuponAchilleusthehonorthathehas,guardingyourreverenceandyourloveformeinto8meaherward.Gotheninallspeedtotheencampmentandgivetoyoursonthismessage:tellhimthatthegodsfrownuponhim,thatbeyondallotherimmortalsImyselfamangeredthatinhisheart’smadnessheholdsHektorbesidethecurvedshipsanddidnotgivehimback.PerhapsinfearofmehewillgivebackHektor.ThenIwillsendIristoPriamofthegreatheart,withanordertoransomhisdearson,goingdowntotheshipsoftheAchaiansandbringinggi>stoAchilleuswhichmightsohenhisanger.”

Zeus,BookXXIV,107-19

Geometrickrater,fromtheDipyloncemetery,Athens,ca.740BCE.MetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork.

HowisPriam’striptotheGreekcampdescribed?Thatis,whatkindof‘journey’isit?WhydoesAchillesreturnthebodyofHektor?HowdoesAchillesdifferfromAgamemnon?WhatisAchilles’‘journey’?WhatistheIliadabout?

PriamatthefeetofAchilles,JulesBas8en-Lepage,1876,MuséedesBeaux-ArtsdeLille