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Managing BiosolidsHay Production
Hay is cut 6 to
Hay Production
Hay is cut 6 to 9 times per yearHay is cut and left to dry for 3-4 days4 daysHay is rowed and baled within 1 day
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Managing BiosolidsRound Bales
Typically
Round Bales
yp yround bales are shipped to dairiesto dairies across the island
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Managing BiosolidsRound BalesRound Bales
Dairy cattle benefitbenefit greatly from the higherhigher protein content
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Managing BiosolidsSquare BalesSquare Bales
Square bales are typically for local d i i d fdairies and farms
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Managing BiosolidsSquare BalesSquare Bales
Square bales are typically for local d i i d hdairies and horses
Paso Fino
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Managing BiosolidsGreen ChopGreen Chop
Green Chop is sold to local farmers for cattle and horsescattle and horses, care must be taken due to the high protein contentprotein content
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Managing BiosolidsGreen Chop
Local farmers mix
Green Chop
Local farmers mix the high protein green chop with local grasses lower in protein
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Managing BiosolidsSilageSilage
Silage is sold exclusively to d i idairies
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Managing BiosolidsSilageSilage
When mixed with native forage grassesforage grasses the silage improves milk prod ctionproduction, reproductive health and muscle growth
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Managing BiosolidsMonitoring
Regulatory sampling
Monitoring
and analysis is conducted regularly18 wells and 14 canals18 wells and 14 canalsGround water, biosolids and vegetation
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Managing BiosolidsForage Analysis
Analysis Used Description
Forage Analysis
Analysis Used Description
Fermentation Started various silageFermentation Analysis
Started various silage acids; lactic, acetic, proprionic and b ibutyric
Microbial Analysis Annual Yeast and mold countscounts
Mycotoxin Screens Monthly Levels of Aflotoxin, produced by molds
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produced by molds
Managing BiosolidsMonitoring
Parámetros de Aguas Aguas Parámetros en
Monitoring
Cumplimiento Frecuencia Subterráneas Superficiales cumplimiento
(pozos) (canales) ^RECASólidos di ltdisueltos totales trimestral x x xCarbón órganico total trimestral x x xpH trimestral x x xDemanda química de oxígeno trimestral x x xColiformes totales trimestral x x x
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Managing BiosolidsMonitoring
Parámetros de Aguas Aguas Parámetros en
Monitoring
Cumplimiento Frecuencia Subterráneas Superficiales cumplimiento
(pozos) (canales) ^RECATKN trimestral x x xNitrógeno-nitrato trimestral x x xNitrógeno-amonia trimestral x x xSodio trimestral x x xSodio trimestral x x xCloruro trimestral x x xFósforo total trimestral x x xSulfuro-sulfato trimestral x x x
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Managing BiosolidsMonitoring
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Monitoring
Calidad de Biosólidos Inyectados Clase B
EPA Ceiling Part 503 Compliance
Part 503 Concentration period YEAR 2000
Pollutant limits (mg/kg) min avg max
Arsenic 75 2.9 4 4.8
Cadmium 85 1 1 1.3
Cromium 3,000 21 33 38
Copper 4,300 310 395 470
Lead 840 16 18 21
Mercury 57 0.6 1 1.2
M l bd 75 10 12 15Molybdenum 75 10 12 15
Nickel 420 25 36 59
Selenium 100 2 3 3.9
Zinc 7,500 345 439 630
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Fecal Coliform < 2,000,000 3 10,472 60,531
Treatment Conclusion•VOC’s and Hydrogen Sulfide presented the greatest challenges,•Constant MLSS Strategy worked best,•No Chlorination,•Extensive testing proved forage crops g p g psafe for dairy and meat cattle and other livestock,• High nitrogen wastes require careful• High nitrogen wastes require careful application modeling,
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E iEmerging C t i tContaminants
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Why are Emerging C t i t f C ?Contaminants of Concern?
IncreasingIncreasing degradation of available water from
th ianthropogenic sources
Di f dDiscovery of adverse health effects at increasingly minute c eas g y uteconcentrations of contaminants
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Why are Emerging C fContaminants of Concern?
Sensational media reports of EDCs and PPCP i tPPCPs in water
Customer trust can be built through effectivebuilt through effective communications on ECs
Pro-active approach to o ac e app oac odealing with ECs when engaging in master planning
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planning
What are Emerging C t i t (EC)?Contaminants (EC)?
How to define “emerging contaminants”How to define emerging contaminantsNo regulatory definitionPossible definition: Contaminant with two or morePossible definition: Contaminant with two or more of these characteristics:
Not regulated Not regulated under SDWAunder SDWA
Limited info on Limited info on fate, transport, fate, transport,
and/orand/or
Limited info on Limited info on toxicological toxicological
effects on effects on h d/h d/
Limited Limited occurrence occurrence
d td t
Detected in Detected in drinking water drinking water
sources at sources at l l bl l bunder SDWAunder SDWA and/or and/or
treatmenttreatment humans and/or humans and/or ecosystemsecosystems
datadata levels above levels above backgroundbackground
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Surface Waters Impacted by A th i A ti itAnthropogenic ActivityEffluent organic matter
Precursors to disinfectant byproducts (DBPs)Effluent derived micropollutantsp
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs)Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)( )
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Groundwater Contamination
Perchlorate MTBE
NDMA 1,4-Dioxane
WW + CLM
VOCs/SOCs EDCs/PPCPs
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E l f EDCExamples of EDCs
- Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals(EDCs) interfere with endocrinesystem function Examples
- EPA formed Endocrine DisruptorScreening & Testing AdvisoryCommittee in 1996
• Alkyl phenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates• Bisphenol A• Cadmium• Dioxin• Hormones and metabolites (estradiols
- Estimated 87,000 EDCs (62,000 thatcould potentially cross
bi l i l
Hormones and metabolites (estradiols, testosterone, progesterone)
• Lead• Organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan,
lindane, methoxychlor, atrazine, DDT)• Phthalates [diethyl di (2 ethylhexyl)]biological
membranes)• Phthalates [diethyl, di (2-ethylhexyl)]• Polychlorinated biphenyls
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Source: AWWA
E l f PPCPExamples of PPCPs
- Pharmaceutical and Personal CareProducts (PPCPs) often enterwaters through sewage,
Examples• Antibioticswaters through sewage,
antibioticuse in animals
EPA has sponsored extensive
• Antibiotics • Anti-inflammatory medicines • Antiepileptic medicines• Blood lipid regulators
- EPA has sponsored extensivePPCP research into fate andtransport, exposure
pathways,ecological and human health
• Cough syrup• Fragrances• Hormones• Pain medicationecological and human health
effects, and monitoring toolsPain medication
• X-ray contrast media
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Source: AWWA
USGS National Reconnaissance: Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U S StreamsContaminants in U.S. Streams
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Source: USGS
Oth ECOther ECsDisinfectant byproductsyp
Trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids
P i t t ( d i )Persistent (and emerging) pathogens
e g Legionellae.g., LegionellaSalinityNutrientsNanoparticles and nanotechnology
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C l i ti f F tCulmination of FactorsOur drinking water supplies are increasinglyOur drinking water supplies are increasingly affected by trace pollutants
Influence of wastewater and human activityN t l l l ti itiNatural algal activities
Improved analytical techniques are allowing studies on the impact of low levels contaminantsp
New trace contaminantsNew DBPs
Very minute concentrations of contaminants mayVery minute concentrations of contaminants may be significant from health and environmental perspectives
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Water and Wastewater I d t O tl kIndustry Outlook
Additional thoughts on regulatory trends that could result inAdditional thoughts on regulatory trends that could result in more treatment needs:
Regulation of PPCPs and EDCs: It is not anticipated that PPCPs will be regulated for wastewater treatment plants in the next 5 10will be regulated for wastewater treatment plants in the next 5-10 years except maybe for WWTP discharges to a sensitive habitatMCLs established for new contaminantsMultipurpose treatment may gain popularity: e.g., U.S. EPA may eventually regulate by treatment process due to increasing difficulty associated with regulating contaminants one at timeT t t i t f l d t i j ti i t ifTreatment requirements for recycled water injection into aquifers
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Regulatory Significance of ECECs
Continuum of emerging contaminants
Federal Regulations
• Some EDCs
Regulations in some states
• Perchlorate
Notification Levels
• 1,4-Dioxane
Unregulated
• Hexavalent
Federal Regulations
• Some EDCs
Regulations in some states
• Perchlorate
Notification Levels
• 1 4-Dioxane
Unregulated
• Many EDCs• pesticides such as atrazine, chlordane, DDT, eldrin, lindane, methoxychlor, i i d
Perchlorate• MTBE
1,4 Dioxane• Some
nitrosamines• 1,2,3-TCP
Hexavalent chromium
• Many EDCs and PPCPsNanomaterials
Some EDCs• pesticides such as
atrazine, chlordane, DDT, eldrin, lindane, methoxychlor,
• Perchlorate• MTBE
• 1,4-Dioxane• Some
nitrosamines• 1,2,3-TCP
• Many EDCs and PPCPs
• Nanomaterials• Others
simazine, and toxaphene;
• other organics, such as benzo(a) pyrene, di(2-eth lhe l phthalae
• Nanomaterials• Others
y ,simazine, and toxaphene;
• other organics, such as benzo(a)pyrene, ethylhexyl phthalae, dioxin, and PCBs)
• Inorganics such as Cd, Pb, Hg
di(2-ethylhexyl phthalae, dioxin, and PCBs)
• Inorganics such as Cd, Pb, Hg
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Conventional Wastewater T t tTreatment
Influent
Effluent
Bar ScreenGrit Chamber Activated Sludge,
Trickling FiltersSecondary Primary Clarifier
DisinfectantClarifier
y
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Ad ti PAdsorption Processes
Activated Activated C bC bGACGAC PACPACCarbonCarbonGACGAC
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
PAC Treatment Results
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007
GAC Treatment Results
Iopromide
Meprobamate
S lf h l
Hydrocodone
Ibuprofen
p
Estrone
Iopromide
Sulfamethoxazole 5%Breakthrough 20% Breakthrough
Atrazine
Caffeine
Estradiol
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000
Acetaminophen
BedVolumes
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Bed Volumes
Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007
Adsorption – Pros and Cons
Effective for Broad Spectrum of EDCs/PPCPs
Competitive Adsorption
Provides Other Cost of CarbonWQ Benefits
Cost of Carbon
No By-Product Issues
Spent Media Disposal / Replacement
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Replacement
Advanced Oxidation Processes
UV(AOPs)
+ H2O2
AOP UV‐O3‐ AOP AOPAOP
O+ H2O2
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
O3
UV and UV AOP Results
8090100
val
40506070
nt Rem
ov
10203040
Percen
0
minop
hen
Atrazine
Caffeine
Estradiol
Estron
e
ocod
one
buprofen
osterone
etho
prim
C t S d t l WRF 2007
Acetam
Hydro Ib
Testo
Trime
UV (548 mJ/cm2)
UV (537 mJ/cm2) + H2O2 (7.5 mg/L)
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007
Ozone and Ozone AOP Results
80
90
100
%)
Ozone=1.3 mg/L
50
60
70
Rem
oval
(% Ozone=1.2 mg/L + H2O2=0.0625 mg/L
20
30
40
Perc
ent R
0
10
fylline
ffeine
eron
e
eron
e
dion
e
rofen
lantin
epam
DEET
omide
amate
azine
Pentoxif
Caf
Testoste
Progeste
And
rosten
ed
Ibup Dil
Diaze
Iopro
Mep
roba Atr
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Courtesy: Snyder et al., WRF, 2007
AOP Treatment – Pros and Cons
Effective for P ti lEffective for Broad Spectrum of EDCs/PPCPs
Partial Oxidation Products
Provides WQ Energy IntensiveProvides WQ
Other BenefitsIntensive Processes
Disinfection Scavenging & Interferences
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Membrane Treatment
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Integrated Membrane T t t
MF/UF NF/RO
Treatment
Pre‐Treatment
MF/UF NF/RO
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
RO Treatment - Pros and Cons
Effective for Broad Spectrum of EDCs/PPCPs
Disposal of Brine Stream
l d Energy IntensiveBottled Water Quality
Energy Intensive Process
Other BenefitsHigh Life‐Cycle Cost
INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS
Cost
Questions
Jess Richard NeffSenior Consultant
Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.645 Griswold St.S it 1950Suite 1950Detroit, MI
313-964-2526
jneff@pirnie,com
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jneff@pirnie,com