bifidobacteria & prebiotic

Submitted by: Mohamed Mohamed Ahmed Yusuf

AgendaAgenda

What’s the probiotic ?What’s the probiotic ? Probiotic & Prebiotic .Probiotic & Prebiotic . Bifidobacteria .Bifidobacteria . Types of Bifidobacteria .Types of Bifidobacteria . Biological effects .Biological effects . Antibiotic & Probiotic .Antibiotic & Probiotic . Probiotics & tumors .Probiotics & tumors . Industrial application .Industrial application . Side effect.Side effect.

IntroductionIntroduction

Modern life and fast food Modern life and fast food (Takeaway) .(Takeaway) .

Increase the problems of digestion .Increase the problems of digestion . Poor eating habits when a lot of Poor eating habits when a lot of

people .people . The spread of diseases of the The spread of diseases of the

digestive system in particular digestive system in particular irritable bowel syndrome, colitis and irritable bowel syndrome, colitis and cancer colon . cancer colon .

HistoryHistory

Metchnikoff – 1907 – ingesting yogurt with Metchnikoff – 1907 – ingesting yogurt with Lactobacilli reduces toxic bacteria of the gut Lactobacilli reduces toxic bacteria of the gut and prolongs lifeand prolongs life

Kipeloff – 1926 – stressed importance of Kipeloff – 1926 – stressed importance of Lactobacillus acidophilus for good healthLactobacillus acidophilus for good health

Rettger – 1930’s – early clinical application Rettger – 1930’s – early clinical application of Lactobacillusof Lactobacillus

Parker – 1974 – 1Parker – 1974 – 1stst to use the term to use the term probioticsprobiotics

Fuller – 1989 – defined probioticsFuller – 1989 – defined probiotics

What’s the probioticWhat’s the probiotic? ? Non-pathogenic live microbial food Non-pathogenic live microbial food

supplements .supplements . Organisms that, when Organisms that, when

administered in adequate administered in adequate amounts, exert a positive amounts, exert a positive influence on the health of the host influence on the health of the host animal .animal .

Live organisms that benefit the Live organisms that benefit the host animal by improving intestinal host animal by improving intestinal microbial balance .microbial balance .

Usually administered in yogurt or Usually administered in yogurt or capsules .capsules .

What’s the probioticWhat’s the probiotic? ?

LactobacilliLactobacilli – anerobic, gram (+) rods – anerobic, gram (+) rods caseicasei plantarumplantarum acidophilusacidophilus reuterireuteri

BifidobacteriaBifidobacteria – anerobic, gram (+) – anerobic, gram (+) rodsrods B. lactis (various)B. lactis (various) B. longum BB536B. longum BB536

EnterococcusEnterococcus . . Streptococcus salivarius Streptococcus salivarius SaccharomycesSaccharomyces

Probiotic & PrebioticProbiotic & Prebiotic

Prebiotics acts as cofactors for Prebiotics acts as cofactors for probiotics.probiotics.

Complex carbohydrates pass Complex carbohydrates pass through the small intestine to the through the small intestine to the lower gut where they become lower gut where they become available for some colonic bacteria available for some colonic bacteria but are not utilized by the majority but are not utilized by the majority of the bacteria present in the colon.of the bacteria present in the colon.


The main end products of carbohydrate The main end products of carbohydrate metabolism are short-chained fatty acids, metabolism are short-chained fatty acids, namely acetate, butyrate and propionate, namely acetate, butyrate and propionate, which are further used by the host organism which are further used by the host organism as an energy source.as an energy source.

Synbiotic combining the effects of probiotic Synbiotic combining the effects of probiotic and prebiotics to produce health enhancing and prebiotics to produce health enhancing functional foods (food ingredients)functional foods (food ingredients)


Lactulose Galactosaccharides Fructo-oligosaccharides Isomalto-oligosccharides Lacto-sucrose Gentio-oligosaccharides Xylooligosaccharides

BifidobacteriaBifidobacteria

Bifidobacterium was first isolated in 1899 Bifidobacterium was first isolated in 1899 from a healthy breast-fed infant by Tissier from a healthy breast-fed infant by Tissier of the Pasteur Institute in France. It is an of the Pasteur Institute in France. It is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-sporeforming, and was originally named sporeforming, and was originally named Bacillus bifidus communis. Bacillus bifidus communis.

In 1960s, it was accepted as an In 1960s, it was accepted as an independent genus and classified as independent genus and classified as Bifidobacterium.Bifidobacterium.

Types of BifidobacteriaTypes of Bifidobacteria

BifidobacteriumBifidobacterium species speciesB. longumB. longumB. lactisB. lactisB. bifidumB. bifidumB. infantisB. infantisB. breveB. breve


Bifidobacteria lactis Bifidobacteria lactis - Enhances resistance to oral - Enhances resistance to oral salmonella typhimurium. Enhances natural salmonella typhimurium. Enhances natural immune function. Helps alleviate constipation, immune function. Helps alleviate constipation, prevents diarrhea and decreases chronic prevents diarrhea and decreases chronic inflammation of the colon.inflammation of the colon.


Bifidobacterium longum Bifidobacterium longum - Able to eliminate - Able to eliminate harmful nitrates commonly found in foods. harmful nitrates commonly found in foods. Inhibits the development and growth of colon, Inhibits the development and growth of colon, liver and breast cancers in laboratory animals. liver and breast cancers in laboratory animals. Helps prevent diarrhea caused by antibiotic use, Helps prevent diarrhea caused by antibiotic use, helps constipation and reduces fecal odor.helps constipation and reduces fecal odor.

Physiological propertiesPhysiological properties

First, the most important physiological effect is First, the most important physiological effect is the action of intestinal conditioning.the action of intestinal conditioning.

As mentioned earlier, in addition to lactic acid, As mentioned earlier, in addition to lactic acid, bifidobacteria produce acetic acid with a strong bifidobacteria produce acetic acid with a strong bactericidal action, which has been shown to bactericidal action, which has been shown to suppress harmful bacteria .suppress harmful bacteria .

Bifidobacterial cell or cell component have been Bifidobacterial cell or cell component have been reported to induce specific and nonspecific reported to induce specific and nonspecific antibody production, nonspecific resistance to antibody production, nonspecific resistance to toxins, and antitumor effects. toxins, and antitumor effects.

Conditions and growth factorsConditions and growth factors

Anaerobic conditions .Anaerobic conditions . High acidity .High acidity . Lactulose .Lactulose . Lacto-sucrose .Lacto-sucrose . Fructo-oligosaccharidesFructo-oligosaccharides

Bifidobacteria & PrebioticBifidobacteria & Prebiotic

Effect of lactulose on the fecal Bifidobacterium (Terada 1992)

Biological effectsBiological effects

Produce compounds . Produce compounds .

Regulation of the digest .Regulation of the digest .

Impact on harmful Impact on harmful microbes .microbes .

Cells productionCells production

Produce a wide range of antimicrobial substances -Produce a wide range of antimicrobial substances -acidophilin and bacteriocin etc. help to control acidophilin and bacteriocin etc. help to control pathogenic bacteria .pathogenic bacteria .

Produce vitamins (especially Vitamin B and Produce vitamins (especially Vitamin B and vitamin K)vitamin K)

Produce lactic acid- lowers the pH of intestines and Produce lactic acid- lowers the pH of intestines and inhibiting bacterial villains such as inhibiting bacterial villains such as Clostridium, Clostridium, Salmonella, ShigellaSalmonella, Shigella, , E. coli, E. coli, etc.etc.

Production of Production of ββ- D- galactosidase enzymes that - D- galactosidase enzymes that break down lactose .break down lactose .

Regulation of the digestRegulation of the digest

At birth, many bacterial species gain access into At birth, many bacterial species gain access into the intestinal tract, but bifidobacteria gradually the intestinal tract, but bifidobacteria gradually become established as the main bacteria, and become established as the main bacteria, and predominate in the intestinal microflora during predominate in the intestinal microflora during the neonatal period. the neonatal period.

Even in adults, Even in adults, Bifidobacterium Bifidobacterium is one of the is one of the main and important component of the intestinal main and important component of the intestinal microflora. The number ofmicroflora. The number of bifidobacteria is bifidobacteria is further reduced during old age, accompanied by further reduced during old age, accompanied by increases of increases of Clostridium Clostridium and other speciesand other species. .


The concentrations of intestinal putrefactive The concentrations of intestinal putrefactive products such as ammonia and indole and the products such as ammonia and indole and the activities of enzymes involved in the production activities of enzymes involved in the production of these substances are extremely low in breast-of these substances are extremely low in breast-fed infants compared to adults.fed infants compared to adults.

Although these changes cannot be attributed Although these changes cannot be attributed entirely to the differences in the intestinal entirely to the differences in the intestinal microflora, a strong effect can be expected. microflora, a strong effect can be expected.


Infant (3 months) Adult (23 ages) Bifidobacteria (%)* 96%19%

pH5.306.4

Ammonia (μ mol/g)13.2054.0

Indole (μg/g)0.7656.2

p-cresol (μg/g)-68.7

Phenol (μg/g)0.727.6

Urease**22.50911.0

Tryptophanase**0.333.7

β-glucronidase**2.0933.4

*Bifidobacteria percentage in fecal microflora **Enzyme activity: μ mol/h/g


Effect of BB536 yogurt administration on the fecal ammonia concentration (n = 11) (Yaeshima 1997)

Impact on harmful microbesImpact on harmful microbes

These intestinal bacteria can These intestinal bacteria can be classified into 3 groups be classified into 3 groups depending on their effect on depending on their effect on the intestinal environment; the intestinal environment; that is, beneficial bacteria, that is, beneficial bacteria, harmful bacteria and bacteria harmful bacteria and bacteria exhibiting an intermediate exhibiting an intermediate property .property .

Impact on harmful microbesImpact on harmful microbes

Antibiotic & ProbioticAntibiotic & Probiotic

DiseaseDisease Antibiotic treatmentAntibiotic treatment Diarrhea Disturbance ofDiarrhea Disturbance of intestinal microbiotaintestinal microbiota

Clostridium Clostridium overgrowthovergrowth produces toxinproduces toxin

Antibiotic & ProbioticAntibiotic & Probiotic

DiseaseDisease Antibiotic treatmentAntibiotic treatment Probiotics Probiotics Disturbance ofDisturbance of intestinalintestinal

MicrobiotaMicrobiota Clostridium Clostridium overgrowthovergrowth in balance produces toxinin balance produces toxin

Effect on tumorsEffect on tumors

Administration of lyophilized Administration of lyophilized B. longum BB536 B. longum BB536 has has been reported to inhibit cancers or aberrant crypt been reported to inhibit cancers or aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation induced by imidazoquinoline foci (ACF) formation induced by imidazoquinoline derivative (IQ) (Reddy & Rivenson 1993) or derivative (IQ) (Reddy & Rivenson 1993) or azoxymethane azoxymethane ..

Administration of IQ to untreated mice induces Administration of IQ to untreated mice induces cancers in the liver, intestines, and mammary cancers in the liver, intestines, and mammary gland. However administration of gland. However administration of B. longum BB536 B. longum BB536 inhibits cancers in all these organs, especially, a inhibits cancers in all these organs, especially, a 100% inhibition is achieved in the large intestine. 100% inhibition is achieved in the large intestine.

Effect on tumorsEffect on tumors Enzymes Enzymes (Glycosidase, B- glucuronidase , azoreductase , (Glycosidase, B- glucuronidase , azoreductase ,

and nitroreductase ) of the intestinal flora convert the and nitroreductase ) of the intestinal flora convert the precarcinogens to active carcinogensprecarcinogens to active carcinogens

Probiotics Probiotics reduce:reduce: Faecal concentrations of enzymes Faecal concentrations of enzymes Secondary bile saltsSecondary bile salts Reduce absorption of harmful mutagens that may contribute Reduce absorption of harmful mutagens that may contribute

to colon carcinogenesis.to colon carcinogenesis. Enhancing the host’s immune response Binding and degrading carcinogens Altering the physiochemical conditions in the colon Enhancing the host’s immune response

Industrial applicationIndustrial applicationCultured Dairy ProductsCultured Dairy Products Beneficial BacteriaBeneficial Bacteria

YoghurtYoghurt

CheesesCheeses

Acidophilus milkAcidophilus milk

Bulgaricus milkBulgaricus milk

YakultYakult

Bifidus milkBifidus milk ButtermilkButtermilk Sour creamSour cream

KefirKefir

S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus & L. S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus & L. acidophilusacidophilus

L. acidophilus, L. brevis, L. casei, L. L. acidophilus, L. brevis, L. casei, L. caucasicus, L. helveticus, L. lactis, L. caucasicus, L. helveticus, L. lactis, L. plantarum, S. cremoris, S. faeciumplantarum, S. cremoris, S. faecium

L. acidophilusL. acidophilus

L. bulgaricusL. bulgaricus L. casei,L. casei,

B. bifidum, B. longumB. bifidum, B. longum L. Lactis, S. cremorisL. Lactis, S. cremoris S. cremorisS. cremoris

L. acidophilus, L. caucasicuL. acidophilus, L. caucasicu

Industrial applicationIndustrial application

Side effectSide effect11--Bifidobacteria are LIKELY SAFE for adults when used for Bifidobacteria are LIKELY SAFE for adults when used for

up to one year up to one year..22--In some people, treatment with bifidobacteria might upset In some people, treatment with bifidobacteria might upset

the stomach and intestine, causing bloating and gasthe stomach and intestine, causing bloating and gas..33--Bifidobacteria are POSSIBLY SAFE in children, including Bifidobacteria are POSSIBLY SAFE in children, including

those under 2 years of age and critically ill infants, when those under 2 years of age and critically ill infants, when used for up to 12 monthsused for up to 12 months..

44--Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Not enough is known Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Not enough is known about the use of bifidobacteria during pregnancy and about the use of bifidobacteria during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid usebreast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use..

bifidobacteria & prebiotic

Health & Medicine