bidirectional reflectance measurements from an aircraft over natural

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RASA TM X-635 6't

BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCEMEASUREMENTS FROM AN AIRCRAFT

OVER NATURAL EARTH SURFACES

BARBARA BRENNAN

1

MAY 1969

------ GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTERGREENBELT, MARYLAND

_- ^' , 45-IAC E 91 SERI ' ( TIMRU)

(PAOLS)

^NA^A Clf

ICODEI

OR TMA OR AD ITV, 6ER1ICATEOu RYi

Barbara Brennan

X-622-69-216

w

BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS FROM ANAIRCRAFT OVER NATURAL EARTH SURFACES

t

MAX 1969

i

stlEC,EDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ......................................

INSTRUMENTATION ...................................

DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND DATA REDUCTION .........

RESULTS. ,. .; . . . . . •. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .

REFERENCES .......................................

I

Page

1

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2

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} ^,yf•

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1*

BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS FROM ANAIRCRAFT OVER NATURAL EARTH SURFACES

INTRODUCTION

As part of a program to determine the reflectance patterns of solar radiationfrom Natural surfaces, measurements were made over a variety of surfaces witha scanning radiometer mounted on a CV-990 aircraft. Of particular interest wasthe reflectance pattern dependence on surface type and solar zenith angle. Sincemany present meteorological satellites utilize narrow beam scanning radiometersand are not capable of measuring reflected energy in all directions, reflectancepatterns for natural earth surfaces are needed to interpret these measurementsin terms of the albedo of the earth.

INSTRUMENTATION

During the spring of 1966 and 1967 reflectance measurements were madewith a Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer (MRIR)* flown on NASA's Convair-990 high altitude research aircraft. This radiometer was a model of the MRIRinstrument flown on the Nimbus meteorological satellites.

The MRIR is composed of five Casagrainian telescopes which focus incomingradiation reflected from a scan mirror into five optical channels characterizedby different filters. Thermistor bolometers are used as detectors in all itschannels.

A photograph of the MRIR is shown in Fig. 1. The scan mirror is mounted atan inclination of 45° to the axes of the telescopes on the left, seen reflected inthe scan mirror. The scan mirror rotates so that the 50 milliradian instaltaneousfield of view scans through a 360 0 arc in a plane perpendicular to the axis of ro-tation in 7-1/2 seconds. The aircraft-borne instrument, shown inside an aero-dynamic fairing in Fig. 2, scans in the vertical plane containing the longitudinalaxis of the aircraft. Scanning is fore-to-aft in the downward looking direction,as depicted in Fig. 3.

*The term "Medium Resolution (r4ra-red Radiometer" (MRIR) is actually a misnomer, since thesatellite instrument contains a channel which responds in part to visible radiation (.2µ to 4µ),and the airborne instrument contains two such channels (0.55/u to O.85µ, and 0.2µ to 4µ). How-ever, the term "MRIR" has been so.widely adopted as to compel its use here.

J

Three MRIR channels are sensitive to infrared radiation. The other two,sensitive to solar radiation in the intervals 0.55-0.85,u and 0.2-4y' , were used inthis study. Their effective spectral response functions are shown in Fig. 4.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The geometric relationships involved in a study of cloud reflectances areshown in Fig. 5. Energy from the sun impinges on the earth 's surface at a zenithangle t o and is reflected at a zenith angle e, with an azimuth angle 0 measuredwith respect to the principal plane of the sun from the forward scattering direc-tion. The amount of energy reflected is generally dependent on these three angles.For this study, the reflectance zenith and viewing nadir angles can be consideredto be equal.*

The term bidirectional reflectance is often used to characterize the reflec-tion of a beam of solar radiation from a plane surface (as illustrated in Fig. 5).The effective bidirectional reflectance p can be expressed mathematically by

P ^$, o) to) (s t e r` 1) (^)

H* cos to

where N (8, Cb, to ) is the effective radiance measured by a narrow beam radiom-eter, i.e., the integral over all wavelengths of the product of the actual radianceat the radiometer and the appropriate spectral response function shown in Fig. 4.

H* is the effective solar irradiance and is obtained by integrating the productof the spectral solar irradiance, H* and the appropriate spectral response func-tion OX shown in Fig. 4 over all wavelengths.

H "`fo

H* OX dX (2)

E(The spectral solar irradiance given by Johnsto p, 2 was used here.)

*A beam emerging from the surface at a zenith angle of 90 0 is observed at a nadir angle of 87°from an aircraft flying at an altitude of 40,000 feet. The difference between the two angles de-creases to 0° as the viewing nadir angle goes to 0.

2

JIM

I

x _.

The effective directional reflectance, R (^), may be obtained by integratingthe effective bidirectional reflectance over the upward hemisphere, once thedependence of '^ on 8, q6, and ^o is !mown. The effective directional reflectancecan be expressed mathematically by

tar 7r/2

R( Q ) p(0, 0, Vin) cos 0 sin O dO dc5 (3)

0 fo

From Eq. (3) it follows that the directional reflectance of an isotropicallyreflecting surface is 7rp.

Albedo is defined as the ratio of the amount of electromagnetic radiationreflected by a body to the amount incident upon it. 3 Measured earth surfaceaibedoes, however, are dependent on -the time and spectral interval of the measure-ments. For global heat balance studies, Raschke defines albedo as "... thatpart of the daily incoming flux of solar radiation which is reflected back to space 4"The daily time-averaged effective albedo A may be found by integrating themeasured effective directional reflectances with respect to time from sunrise {(t ^) to sunset ( t2),

t

t2

R(^ O (t) cos ^0( t) dt

A i(4)

t2

cos ^0 (t) dt

The albedo of a constant surface may be obtained from narrow beam satellitemeasurements, X1(6, 0, to) once models for the spectral and time dependentfunctions are made.

I

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND DATA REDUCTION I

tion Towith thecae c£ aftt born^la

radiance, , it is

effective advantageousa ou c to Hake measurements

ect ice cacula-s wn it r _ e MR , a age s _ t at

as many nadir angles and azimuthal directions as possible. Since the solara zenith angle and cloud patterns are constantly changing, it is necessary to

3

3

measure the effective bidirectional reflectance of a surface in as short a timeas possible. The CV-990, however, requires ten minutes just to turn around tochange azimuthal direction. The rosette flight pattern, shown in Fig. 6, waschosen as a compromise between requirements for a large number of azimuthaldirections on the one hand and a fairly short period of time required to fly thepattern on the other. With this one-and-a-half hour flight pattern, effective bi-directional reflectances with nadir angles (0 S 6 < 90°) are measured in fiveazimuths). By assuming symmetry around the principal plane, (directions 1 and2 in Fig. 6), effective bidirectional reflectan-- es are obtained for eight directions.These reflectance measurements are then integrated over a hemisphere to obtaineffective directional reflectance.

The rosette pattern was changed in 1967, to check the assumptions of sym-metry around the principal plane of the sun, to that shown in Fig. 7.

Each leg of a rosette lasted four to eight minutes, yielding thirty-two tosixty-four MRIR scans. These data were averaged by a computer in 1 0 nadirangle steps for each leg to produce one set of ;o(e, 0, t o ) vs. 6 values for eachleg. ;5(0, g Y /

g.^ o ) was integrated numerically from 8 = 4° to 8 = rr 2 for a evenazimuthal direction by Eq. (3) Each integrated value was plotted against q5 anda curve was fitted thiough the points. The area under the curve was measuredwith a planimeter in order to find the effective directional reflectance.

RESULTS

Table I, (page 14) lists flight number, type of surface, aircraft and surfaceheight, range of solar zenith angles over which a complete rosette was flown,and the calculated directional reflectance.

Table II, (page 61) , lists flight number, type of surface, aircraft and surfaceheight, and the range of solar zenith angles over which measurements in theprincipal plane of the sun where made.

It

The average bidirectional ref lectances are plotted against nadir angle foreach azimuth direction, and a polar plot for each complete rosette with isoplethsof bidirectional reflectance is shown in Figs. 8-74.

Clouds, (Figs. 8-37, and 57-65) show a strong forward scattering peak anda slight backscattering peak with a minimum around the nadir. Measurementsin the .2-4fc band are generally lower than those in the .55-.854 region indicatingthat albedo measurements should not be taken in a narrow s pQ,ctral interval butrather., should be taken in a wide interval encompassing as much of the solarspectrum as possible.

4

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0

The ocean surfaces, shown in Figs. 46-53, and 66-74, show a slight backscattering penk with stronger forward scattering. The reflectance pattern Isinfluenced by sun glitter in the forward scattering direction.

A forest, Figs. 38-45, shows a pattern similar to the strato cumulus patternwith strong forward and backward scattering with a minimum at low nadir angles.Bidirectional reflectances observed over sandy desert soils show very littleanisotropy, as can be seen in Figs. 54-56 A slight back scattering peak has beenobserved in sand and grassland for very low sun angles by Salomonson s andCoulson, et al. 6 The measurements presented here do not show a forwardscattering peak, presumably because the sun is not low enough in the sky toproduce it.

The reflectance of most of the earth surfaces measured shows stronganisotropy, especially in the principal plane of the sun. The degree of anisotropyis dependent or the type of surface and generally increases with increasing solarzenith angle.

i

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6

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REFERENCES

1. K. D. Coupon, "Effect of Surface Reflection on the Angular and SpectralDistribution of Skyligh^,' r J.A.S. 25 0 769-77LO (1968).

2. Johnston, Satellite Environment Handbook, (Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford,1961.).

3. R. E. l uschke, Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society,Boston, Mass., (1959).

4. E. Raschke, "The Radiation Balanco of the Earth-Atmosphere System fromRadiation Measurements of the Nimbus R Meteorological Satellite," NASATech. Note TN A-4589, Washington, D.C., (4968).

5. V. V. Salomonson, "Anisotropy in Reflected Solar 'Radiation," Ph. D. Thesis,Atmospheric Science Technical Paper No. 128, CoR.ira,do State University,Fort Collins, (1968).

6. K. K. Coulson, G. M. Bouricius and E. L. Gray, "Optical Reflection Propertiesof Natural Surfaces," J. Geophys. Res., 70, 4601 (1965).

f

u

0

0

u0cr.O^r2

OL7

ucr

E

-v

I

N

LL

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Figure 2— MRiR mounted on aircraft fairing.

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S

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VERTICAL

FORWARD MOTION

t

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ul

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r/ 0NN OF C OpF NGIrq /RCRAP /qL

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o =SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE9 = NADIR ANGLE OF REFLECTED ENERGY

HORIZONTAL ANGULAR DEPARTURE OF 990'S FLIGHT PATH OUTOF THE PRINCIPAL PLANE OF THE SUN

SZY = PRINCIPAL PLANE OF THE SUN.

Figure 5--Diagram showing nadir angles, azimuth and solar zenith angles. The sun'senergy enters with a zenith angle of ^0 and is reflected with an angle of 0 in the

azimuthal direction.

u

SUN

THE EXTENT OF THETARGET AREA ISABOUT 80 x 80 nm

• •^ FOR 10 MINUTE LEGS,too 3

met

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Figure 6-1966 rosette flight pattern.

12

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10 MINUTEARGET AREAT80x80nm

Figure 7-1967 rosette flight pattern.

1111177, 7,7741 wpr

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W

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0

NADIR ANGLE (dpras)0.55-0,4

NADIR ANGLE (d"rm)U.2-4.Ow

STRATO CU 4,500 FT. (BOTTOM 2,000 FT.) OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,300 FT.)MAY 6, 1967, FLT. 01 DAY 126AZIMUTH - 0.0ZENITH . 72.8

(.55-.85p)

r

it

45 STRATO CU 4,500 FT, (BOTTOM 2 1 000 FT.) OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,300 FT,)MAY 61 1967, FLT. 01 DAY 126

40 AZIMUTH x 180.0

z ZENITH = 71.4

u5

iU.W 30—CGJQZ

O25

c20 (.55-.85A)

UjO 15—

r^""^^ (*2-iµ)

Q 10

5

0L—0

I I 1-- I I -1 I10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50

45 51 RATO CU 4,500 FT. (BOTTOM 2e000 FT.) OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,301, FT.)

g 40 MAY 6, 1967, FLT. 01 DAY 126w AZIMUTH = 90.0U ZENITH 79.0

35UWJW 30wJQ 25

Pw 20ca !

0m iW 15

Q (.55-.85µ)

Q

f

if

I

e

Y

t ^^

5—

^.I I I 1

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 9—Bidirectional reflectances of strato cumulus

4tops at 4,500 ft., bases at 2,000 ft.

I

F16

STRATO CU 4,500 FT. (BOTTOM 2,000 FT.) OVER18

PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,300 FT.) (.2-4µ)SOLAR ZENITH 79.0-71' .4, MAY 61 1967

16

4 14

12V

100u

iQ, $

a III 6

4DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 41.1 %

2—

jp

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 :.360AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

205TRATO CU 4,500 FT. (BOTTOM 2,000 FT.) OVER18 PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,300 FT.) (45-.35A)SOLAR ZENITH 79.0-71.4 MAY 6, 1967

16

14mS 12

ois

U8

o IIP 6--

4— DIRUJIONAL REFLECTANCE 51.2

2

t 1 IG 0` 30 60 9U 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

Figure 11—Numerical integration of P over 0 vs azimuthal direction for strato-cumulus, tops at 4,500 ft., bases at 2.000 ft. over Pacific Ocean.

rx

18

-- r

. ,,,0'

I

4

4d

10 20 10 0 10 20 00NADIR ANGLE (dprm)

0,55.0,950

_ 20!

90•

NADIR ANGLE (dogtoo)0.2-4.00

UNIFORM STRATO CU OVER PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40 ,000 FT,)50 JUNE 1 50 1%6, FLY. 36 DAY W

AZIMUTH n 0.0

45ZENITH r $2.1

^

W 40

a30-/^

//(.^/

^ I

ii

'zJ

^i

ft

.JW UNIFORM STRATO CU OVER PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT,}JUNE 13, 1966, FLT. 36 DAY 166

45 AZIMUTH - 130.0ZENITH = 50.7

w `0vZ

► - 35U

ti30

Q

O 25

20

m

w15- ---------

•---(.2-4p)

10—

5^

0 L..- __ _1 I _ I I i I0 In 20 0 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50UNIFORM STRATO CU OVER PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.)JUNE 15, 1966, FLT, 36 DAY 166

45 AZIMUTH = 90.0ZENITH = 56.7

40wV

35

U- 3w0aJZ 25

11M^

!7 QH

Uj 15 (.55-.85y)

5 1(.2-4p)

0 1 1 1 1 _I

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ` 80 90

NADIR ANGLE {0} {

Figure 13—Bidirectional reflectances of uniformstrato cumulus over Pacific Ocean,

I

UNIFORM STRATO CU OVER PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.)45-- DUNE 15, 1936, FLT. 36 DAY 166

AZIMUTH n 225.0W ZENITH ix 54.7

40M

35iuIK

a 30 -ZO_

25

m0m 20wO

15-

__

r2-4N)

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

K

UNIFORM STRATO CU OVER PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.)

45JUNE 15, 1966, FLT. 36 DAY 166AZIMUTH = 315.0ZENITH = 58.7

WUZQ

U 35--

LLW

30J

Z0 25

w /0 20+

w (.55-.85N), i

15-

- - (.2-4N)

^0 .10 20 36' 40 50 60 70 80 90IR

I

I

I

f

20 UNIFORM STRATO CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.) (, 2-4N)

18 JUNE 15, 1966SOLAR ZENITH 50.7•-58.60

16

Q 14--

12

10--0U

I IQ $

` c)Ii 6

4

2 DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 33.0%

0-

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

d

20 UNIFORM STRATO CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.) (.55-.85N)

18 JUNE 15, 1966SOLAR ZENITH 50,7-58,70

r: 16

q 14

•N 12

# 100U

IQ. 8

Q ^o.^ II 6

t 4

2- DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 39.0%

0— I I J

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 j

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

Figure 15-Numerical integration of p over 8- vs. azimuthal direction foruniform strata cumulus over Pacific Ocean.

ii 224.

7.

w, y

/130.'0

3

3.

X22,0

f 5.0 25.0,20.0

23,0

1800

90 80, 70, 60 50^ 40 30 20! 10 0 10' 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (degrees)

0,55-0.85p

—19 .0—

1—17.08.0

30.020.0

0 35.0 25.0 j

122.0

40.0, 20.0

00, 1800

0 80; 70 60, 501 40! 30- 20( 10. 0 10 20' 30 40 50, 60 70' 80, 901


o.2-4,op

50-STRATO CU AT 6,300 FT. OVER FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 41,000 FT.)/MAY 11, 1966, FLT. 14 DAY 131

45 - AZIMUTH = 0.0

ZENITH 54.6

40-UjUz

35-

W-ju-Uj 30-

z 25- (. 2-4N) 0

U21:

2coLu 15

oe10-

5-

0'01 Ll L1 0 20' 301 401 501 601 701 801

NADIR ANGLE (o^

Figure 16—Bidirectional reflectances of strato

ri

cumulus over forest.

li

23

opowro

V,

to

1.

50

45 STRATO CU AT 6,300 FT. OVER FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 41,000 FT.)MAY 11, 1966, FLT. 14 DAY 131

-^ AZIMUTH = 180.040 ZENITH 59.9wU

Z35-

w .w 30

Z(.55- . 85p)

O25

4.-

w 20- \

w 15O

10,Q

5

0LL0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50STRATO CU AT 6,300 FT. OVER FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 41,000 FT.)F,MAY 11, 1966, FLT. 14 DAY 131

-^ 45 AZIMUTH = 270.0ZENITH = 68.5

40r

wU

tZ4 35.

tww 30

O25

20-U(,55-.85µ) ^__-----'----^w .^i m

ui15 (.2-4µ)

10Q

' S

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 17—Bidirectional reflectances of strata cumulus over forest.

24

45 STRATO CU AT 6,300 FT. OVER FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 41,000 FT.)MAY 11, 1966, FLT. 14 DAY 131AZIMUTH = 315.0

.`^ 40 ZENITH = 72.4wUQ 35f-uWJw 30a,J

Z 25-O

20 , —^

° --- 2-4N)w 15

10Q

5

p

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50

STRATO CU AT 6,300 FT. OVER FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 41,000 FT.)45 MAY 11, 1966, FLT. 14 DAY 131

AZIMUTH = 45.0ZENITH = 65.1

. L40

U.

^ 35

/^^^^`i

w 30 r^ce ^♦

Z 25(.55-.85p)

O

LU2ow 15

.Q 10

5

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 !0 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 18-Bidirectional reflectances of strato cumulus over forest.

.25

p

18 STRATO CU AT 6,300 FT. OVER FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 41,000 FT.) (.2-4N)SOLAR ZENITH 54.9-72.4p, MAY 11, 1966

16

14-4-h

C 12

10o

I!

o0% II 6

4 DIRECTIONAL. REFLECTANCE 51.5 %

2

0 t0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

r°20

18 STRATO CU AT 6,300 FT. OVER FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 41,000 FT.) (.55-.85p)SOLAR ZENITH 54.9-72.4 0 , MAY 11, 1966

16

14- ^ m

a 12c 10

0 8UQ DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 61.9 %

6or "ic

4!

2

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

I.AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

Figure 19-Numerical integration of ,o over 0 vs. azimuthal direction

pfor strata cumulus over forest plotted.

26

1180°0

80°

NADIR ANGLE (degrees)0,55-0.85A

NADIR ANGLE (degrees)0.2-4,Oµ

STRATO CU OVER50 PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.)

JUNE 10 1 1966, FLT'. 34 DAY 161

45— AZIMUTH - 180.0

ZENITH = 46.0

40w

35

wU.

30'

d0

25,.

U20

mw 15

(.55-.85µ) 1%X00

10

0 I I I f I I I I I

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 '90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

STRATO CU OVERL` 50 • PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.)

JUNE 10, 1966, FLT. 34 DAY 162AZIMUTH ;= 90,0

45 ZENITH -- 52.7VU 40

i

Iu 35w

^ uw30

I' J

azO 25UC.4

20

w 1

o (.55-.85µ)rQ 10

--- (. 2-4µ) `.

w: r0

0

I I i ` I i10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 21—Bidirectional reflectances of strata cumulus kat 2,300 ft. over Pacific Ocean, l

28'

10101 000 WKI

'I

"2 1- STRATO CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.)

40 JUNE 10, 1966, FLT. 34 DAY 162AZIMUTH = 315.0ZENITH 58.1

H 35

Wcwc 03

Q

O 25

20-1

go

uj 15—00.00.10

r

5

00 _ _t0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9(

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50-

45- STRATO CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.)

o 40 JUNE 10, 1966, FLT. 34 DAY 162AZIMUTH = 225.0

uZ ZENITH = 51 .135

u 30ac

QZ 25O

20,_ o

mui 15 (.55-.85,u),,_,--

10 '"-^ (.2-4µ)Q

5

t

C'

18'- STRATO CUOVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40,000 FT.) ( . 2-41A)

16 SOLAR ZENITH 46.0-58 .1 JUNE 10, 1966

14—

12—

10 -»0u

w 6

6 DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 27.7

120 150 180 210 240 2

AZIMUTHAL„ DIRECTION

18 STRATO CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 40, 000 FT.) (,55-.85µ)

16 — SOLAR ZENITH 46.0-58.1 JUNE 10, 1966

4 14--

E 12W

Cb0

10

0U

a

^_ DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 35.1 % ^•,,,,,,,^ '^`l n 6

4

2

.w.

0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 '360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

Figure 23-Numerical integration of p over 0 vs. azimuthal direction for strato-cumulus tops at 2,300 ft; over Pacific Ocean.

30 l

M. t6 , WW

w2

1

yac

Znw 1a

OmwC7

"q

4

(.55-

.2-4µ)

s,

iA

F

((( 42.0

^/ 3a.0

/y.0 k 1010 }

a-0

0l d

Ya i

70 b0 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30

12.0 NADIR ANGLE (dweos)

0.55-0.85p

99®

18 P

•

50 60 70 80 901

bh l"^so

X t

14.0$,20.0.

50.0 /9.0

0(.1;, 1010 ^ 16^' l 1180•90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 06

NADIR ANGLE (degrees) 2,10.2-4.0µ

$TRAT4 CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.)JUNE 15, 1966, FLIGHT 37 DAY 166AZIMUTH w 0.0ZENITH . 75.7

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 24 — Bidirectional reflectonces of strato

:rcumulus over the Pacific Ocean.

E

Y

I

1

rSTRATO CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.)JUNE 15, 1966, FLIGHT 37 DAY 166AZIMUTH $ 180.0ZENITH r- 73.8

`y 4w 0

35Ut,uJU-w 30

QZ 25O

U0 20

m /Ileiui

(•2-4µ)5

0- . n nn nn in en -sn en e2

Q 1

I

,N

k

NADIR ANGLE (©)

bur STRATO CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,.000 FT.)

45 JUNE 15, 1966, FLIGHT 37 DAY 166AZIMUTH = 270.0ZENITH 70.4

alow 40--

Z

35

U.J

U 30

QO 25

ui

f= .

20—

cc

ui 15 (.55-.85µ)^i^/

5-I

1 1 1

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 901

r I.

au ` STRATO CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.)

45 JUNE 15, 1966, FLIGHT 37 DAY 166AZIMUTH = 45.0

COoZENITH = 72,2

^- wUZ

35vwwW 30oG

aZ 25O

Uj 20—

m (.55-.85µ)m /^

(LU 15 i^i

Q 10(.2-4µ.)

010 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50 STRATO CU OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 15,000 FT.)

4 5 JUNE 15, 1966, FLIGHT 37 DAY 166AZIMUTH 225.0

c ZENITH = 68,4W 40UZ

v35

wJw 30—ocJaO 25f=-

20—

m (.55-.85µ) ^^^w 15—i

ad

^

7

5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90'

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 26—Bidirectional reflectances of stratocumulus over the Pacific Ocean.

k

33a

IN 1-1 ti _ r

<r

zu STRATO CU OVERP;:-IFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.) (,2-4p)

18 JUNE 15, 1966SOLAR ZENITH 75.7-68.416—.

4 14mc

'w 12

0 10to

Iq $

a ,II 6DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 32,2%

4

2—

I

00 10 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

20 STRATO CU OVER

18PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.) (.,55-.85p)JUNE 15, 1966SOLAR ZENITH 75,7-68.416

4 14m5 12

Qa 10'0U

CL 8 DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 45.6%C ^c, 6

4—r

2—;

0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 K

2 ^;

`. AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION x.

r

W

Figure 27—Numerical integration of p over 6 vs. azimuthal directionfor strata cumulus over the `Pacific Ocean.

f' 134

80°

NADIR ANGLE (degrees)0,55-O.85µ

,^1

090

0 40 1

1

_80 76 --60 50 40 30 20 10

14\

1

L..I 1800

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90


0.2-4.Oµ

250 STRATO CU 4,500 FT. (BOTTOM 2,000 FT.) OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.)MAY 6, 1967, FLT. 01 DAY 126

225 AZIMUTH = 0ZENITH 65.0

200'.

WUz175

UWJLL

iu 150

JQ

0125

0ao

uJ 75 -

Q 50

.'(.55-.85µ)^^^^' ^^\

25 — _ -

0.r 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

F igure 28—Bidirectional reflectanr%:s of stratacumulus at 4,500 ft., bottom -,p 21 ,000 ft,, over

j the Pacific Ocean. x

.'

i

35

STRATO CU 4,500 FT. (BOTTOM 2,000 FT.) OVER50 PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.)

MAY 6, 1967, FLT. 01 DAY 12645 AZIMUTH =180

ZENITH = 61.2

W 4o -

35

JLLui

30JQp 25 -

z(.55—.85p) ^`' >^♦^,^

Ur 15 — (.2-4µ)

ce

a 10

5

p

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 PO 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

STRATO CU 4,500 FT. (BOTTOM 2,000 FT.) OVER501— PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.)

MAY 6, 1967, FLT. 01 DAY 12645 AZIMUTH = 90,0

ZENITH = 69.23.u 40

z

v 35

LLLuoe 30JQzO 25

0 20 - (.55—.85µ)

NJ15 — - ----0 - ---- 2-4µ)

Q 10

5 r-

4

STRATO CU 4,500 FT. (BOTTOM 2,000 FT.) OVER

50 PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT,)MAY 6, 1967, FLT. 01 DAY 126

45AZIMUTH = 270.0ZENITH = 65.7

40Uj

u 35wJU.u 30

az0 25u

0 20 (.55-.85p) --.,

uj

k _

15

Q 10

a 5

p .1 I .L. I I I I I

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (a)

Figure 30—Bidirectional reflectances of strata cumulus at 4,500 ft.,t bottom at 2,000 ft., over the Pacific Ocean.

37

20

18

16

m4m

14

.N 12

lz4

HO

1 0

U1Q B

^ Oo^w^ll 6

4

2

00

4r

20

18

fy16

Q 14I'

.E 12

mH 10OUIq 8

=r 10"

ST RATO CU 4,500 FT. (BOTTOM 2,000 Fr.) OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.) (. 2-4µ)SOLAR ZENITH 69.2-61.2 MAY 6, 1967

DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 48.2%

30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION (©)

STRATO CU 4 1 500 FT. (BOTTOM 2,000 FT.) OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.) (.55-.851A)

SOLAR ZENITH 69.2-61.2 MAY 6, 1967

-_6

4—

2— DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 57.3%

p 1 I I i I c

I0 30 60 90 1,210 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION (0)

Figure 31 —Numerical integration of p over 0 vs. azimuthal -direction for stratal cumulus tops at 4,500 ft., bases at 2,000 ft. over the Pacific Ocean.

r.:38 G

}

w g

U180'90

0 1

1 X12. Y

x ^ 4 X ^^

J 10.

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60


0,55-O.85µ

8.010.013.0 1

.11800

090 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 ..0...

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (degrees)0.2-4.Oµ

50

45 BROKEN STRATO CU AT 10-1500 FT, OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.)

40 MAY 9, 1967, FLT. 03 DAY 129

u AZIMUTH =0,0Z ZENITH = 22,8

35uWJLL 30WJQZ 25O

uoWe 20 -

t m

LU 15

o^ (.55-.85µ)Q ------

-- `-

5

------(.2-4µ)

I_ I I I L

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (p)

Figure 32— Bidirectional reflectances of broken`strata cumulus at 15,000 ft. over Pacific Ocean.

r39

k

r

45 BROKEN STRATO CU AT 10-1500 FT, OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 23,000 FT.)

40MAY 9, 1967, FLT. 08 DAY 129

Uj AZIMUTH = 180.0

Z ZENITH 22.035

W 30ad

Q

25

^0a 20

o (.55-.85µ)ccW 15 --- -----' --•

10Q

-0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

tiNADIR ANGLE (0)

50

45 BROKEN STRATO CU AT 10-1500 FT. OVERPACIFIC OCEAN AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.)

a 40MAY 9 1 1967, FLT. 03 DAY 129

U AZIMUTH = 90.0ZENITH 24.035

wi

JLLLLU 30s ^

i J

Z -25O

w 200w 15

(.55w.85µ)

Q10

5

0010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

-; NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 33-Bidirectional reflectonces-of broken strata cumulusat 15,000 ft. over Pacific Ocean.

40

.

18PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.) (.2-4µ)

16 SOLAR ZENITH 22.0-24.0 MAY 9, 1967

14

a12

10—0u

a,u 6

DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 34%

120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

20

18 BROKEN STRATO CU 10-1500 FT. OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 25,000 FT.) (.55-.85µ)

16 SOLAR ZENITH 22.0-24.0 MAY 9, 1967

w 14._4m

12

in

i

l

A

10

.0

- ^-.,.^ 1410.Q4

14 0

6.0' >x ,18.0,-, 19,0AN) 0

20.0 422 0, ^y 1180°90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)(.55-.85N)

990

^h12.0`

^.p

* 16

! jsr*" ^ ^ el

QQ.90 80 70 ao 50 40 *30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)(.2-4N)

50 BROKEN STRATO CU AT 1015,000 FT. OVER

^- PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT)45 MAY 9, 1967, FLIGHT 03 DAY 129

AZIMUTH - 0.0

40 ZENITH 28.4

I

k ^4 35

r LU 30

25

20 (.55- .85,q)

LU Is-0 C2-41j)\\

10

5 k

4

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90b

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 35-Bidirectional reflectances of stratacumulus at 10,000 ft. over Pacific Ocean

42

i5 BROKEN STRATO CU AT 10-15,000 FT. OVER

PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT.)45 MAY 9, 1967, FLIGHT 03 DAY 129

AZIMUTH = 180.0ZENITH 27.2

w 40

35r

O25

tom~► C^55-.8.5µ)^....-.a._..__...,r...-^..^_.,,,.,.__

10Q

5

5 7000 10 20 30 40 60 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50 BROKEN STRATO CU AT 10-15,000 FT OVERPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT.)

45— MAY 9, 1%7, FLIGHT 03 DAY 129AZIMUTH = 90.0ZENITH ; 26.5

40wza 35F--WJU.Uj 30JZO 25— f{ _ 1

(.55-.85p)20—

LU 15—

10

Q

5—

4 X60 000 10 20 30 50 70 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 36—Bidirectionai reflectances of strata cumulusat 10,000 ft. over Pacific Ocean.

k

43

«r BROKEN STRATO CU AT 190-15,000 FT, OVERPACIFIC OCEAN AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT, (,2-4µ)

18 MAY 9 1 1967SOLAR ZENITH 26,5-28,4

16

Cb14

4

E 12'W

lo -00u1Q 8

o• ^^ 6 DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 46,6%

4

2

_I i_ f i I I I

0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 - 210 240 270 300 3 0 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

20 BROKEN STRATO CU AT 10-15,000 FT, OVERPACIFIC OCEAN AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT, (.55-.85p)

3 MAY 9, 1967SOLAR ZENITH 26.5-28,4

16

%'.14

C 12_F' ;

N

jcf`m 10

-;t o

1 8-DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 57.4%

o° II 6

4

2

00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 27,0 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

Figure 37-Numerical integration of ,o over 0 vs. azimuthal direction for broken^. strato cumulus tops at 10-15,000 ft.

11. -

44

T-

t, . _ ,,

v

80°

80°

ppl--r"

NADIR ANGLE (0)

(,55-,85N)

NADIR ANGLE (0)(.2-4p),

50r PATCHES OF STRATUS OVER FARM & WOODED AREAS(AIRCRAFT AT 33,000 FT.)

45 JUNE 3, 1967, FLIGHT 11 DAY 154t AZIMUTH = 0.0

ZENITH -' 13.340

WUZ

U 35wJw 30--J

Z 25OF.

200cou 15

R 10— (.2-4µ)

5 (.55-.85µ)- ``

i I I I I I I J

0-0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (e)I

Figure 33-Bidirectional reflectances of farmland andwooded areas with patches of stratus.

y J45

11 0Owl oil

F-,

ou PATCHES OF STRATUS OVER FARM & WOODED AREAS(AIRCRAFT AT 33,000 FT. kl

45 JUNE 3, 1967, FLIGHT 11 DAY 154AZIMUTH = 180,0ZENITH 13,6

W 40

1 35

W rJ`LW30—G'JQ

O 25

U0 200.Y .4J

LU 15

QW

a 10 (, 2-4µ)

(.55-.85p)

5 ------------------

I

00 10 20 30 40 - 50 60 70 80 90tNADIR ANGLE (0)

50 PATCHES OF STRATUS OVER FARM & WOODED AREAS(AIRCRAFT AT 33,000 FT,)

45 JUNE 3, 1967, FLIGHT 11 DAY 154AZIMUTH = 90.0

,. ZENITH= 11.7 a

^ 40w

a 35l

M4

yJ

{w 30

^u' Z 25

OF, U

Uj 20— t,om

c^ 15x

ce 4> 10

0 p 10 20 30 40 510 60 0 80 90

'`NADIR ANGLE (B) t

F= igure 39-Bidirectional reflectances of farmland andwooded areas with patches of stratus.

x46

5a PATCHES OF STRATUS OVER FARM & WOODED AREAS(AIRCRAFT AT 33,000 FT.)

45 JUNE 3, 1967, FLIGHT 11 DAY 154AZIMUTH = 270.0ZENITH = 11.9

40WUZ

35uWJW 30ccJQ0 25

WCG

0mw 150

5 (.55-.85µ)

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 40—Bidirectional reflectances of farmland andwooded areas with patches of stratus.

r-

215 PATCHES OF STRATUS OVER FARMLAND & WOODED AREAS(AIRCRAFT AT 33,000 FT.) (2-4µ)

18 JUNE 3, 1967SOLAR ZENITH 11.7-13.6

1

md 14

c 12

100Uto 8

09^-1,g 6

DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 13.7%4

2t

01 f i 1

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

20– PATCHES OF STRATUS OVER FARMLAND & WOODED AREAS(AIRCRAFT AT 33,000 FT.) (.55-.85µ)

18 JUNE 3, 1967SOLAR ZENITH 11.7-13.6

16_

d 14

c 12

- 10a0U

8iQ

F'06

4

DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE11.3% A j2

00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Y

F AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION J

Figure 41 -Numerical integration of )5 over 8 vs. azimuthal direction of +^f farmland and wooded areas with patches of stratus,

48r

AECWNW-

pK'"..

°

C

^k b

i60100 {0 10.0 5.0^ .

8.08.0 y'

75.6 6.0 110.0" 0° 180°

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (degrees)0,55-0.B5µ

90°

40.0506000

34.0 4.5

^--9.0

10.0

11.01800

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (degrees)J0.2-4.Oµ1

G1 250 +

Ik

225DESOTO NATIONAL FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 37,000 FT.)IMAY 10, 1966, FLT. 12 DAY 130

w 200 AZIMUTH = 0.0Z (ZEN ITH = 68.6

1751 wJ

U.Uj 150Ja0

125a

u0 1

m

Ch 75

f

• ^ j ^ I

Q50 (.55-.85µ)

(.2-4N)

0 X11 ^^^^^^^^0 10 20 °0 40 50 h0 __10 BO 90w NADIR ANGLE -(0)_z

Figure 42—Bidirectional reflectances of theDesoto National forest. ti

49

^a_

DESOTO NATIONAL FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 37,000 FT.)41 MAY 10, 1966, FLT. 12 DAY 130

AZIMUTH -180.0

40 ZENITH 63.3• J

q 35 t

J 30woc

L 25O

w 20OC

0

w 15^ (.55-.85N)^ J^^

71

I

0

wUz

UWJLLWOC

R JazOPWw

DESOTO NATIONAL FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 37,000 FT.)MAY 10, 1966, FLT. 12 DAY 130AZIMUTH = 225.0ZENITH = 51.6

wO

15QLL'

0—0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50

45- DESOTO NATIONAL FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 37,000 FT.)

.^ MAY 10, 1966, FLT. 12 DAY 130v 40 AZMIUTH = 45.0U ZENITH = 58.9zQ

35

uWJU.w

03

QZ

25

ULwu_ 20

couj 15 (.55-.85N)^^

f

10-/ter

5- (.2-4N)

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 .80 90NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 44— L idirectiona l reflectances of the Desoto National Forest.,

,51

F rt s a. .r

-. ^.-..n. _. aie _ar', ro -.:ws: r r es ^- i. ^.. -"a z._wLar_'

18 DESOTO NATIONAL FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 37,000 FT.) (,2-4N)SOLAR ZENITH 51,6-68 .6 MAY 10, 1968

16

(Z)14

4as,E 12

lo-

0

gyp„8

a ,I! 6


0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

AVMUTHAL DIRECTION

20

18 DESOTO NATIONAL FOREST (AIRCRAFT AT 37,OOC FT.) (,55-,85p)SOLAR ZENITH 51.6-68.6 0 MAY 10, 1966

16

w 144

C 12

10

0u

8iq

0 6

^ 1

z DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 18,6%

0 30 60 9,0 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

I

A2,1t', JTHAL DIRCCTION

A

x

to 80°

^r

A

NADIR ANGLE (*roes)

0,2-4.Op

PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT.)JUNE 13, 1966, FLT. 35 DAY 164AZIMUTH = 0.0ZENITH = 46.6

0 4Wu'L^ 3

Jw 3x40 2

f-

2

0co... 1

NADIR ANGLE (dagxos)

0.55-0.85p

+r

5

45

4

W

PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT.)JUNE 13, 1966, FLT, 35 DAY 164AZIMUTH w 180.07m,11TU ® AA t

W

JQZO

cc

.

a

w15

O

10- ^ ♦

te

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50-PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT.)

45- JUNE 13, 1961, FLT. 35 DAY 164AZIMUTH = 90.0

4 ZENITH = 48.6

w40

Z

a 35

JLL30

p 25^U

1

a 20

o^ m

uJ 15

104

(.55-85N)s,5 '^^ t.

ter.. ^— --------s00

1 I 1 I I _ 1 1

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8u 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Fgwa 47—Bidirectional reflectances of the PacificOcean at 37° 40`` N 122' 48'W.

54

PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT.)JUNE 13, 1966, FLT. 35 DAY 164AZIMUTH . 315.0ZENITH a 50,5

f

b.

NADIR ANGLE (0)

50tPACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT,)

45 JUNE 13 0 1966, FLT. 35 DAY 164AZIMUTH - 225.0

r-^ ZENITH 48.640

UjUFQ. 35

bU-w 30

Q iO 25

w 20GC

mw lrto

10

2 4p

OE 1020 30T . 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 48—Bidirectional reflectances of th! PacificOcean at 370 40' N 122' =?^'.

{55

a

20

18PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35 , 000 FT.) CH. 5 (.2-4N)

16 JUNE 13 0 1966, FLT. 35 DAY 164SOLAR ZENITH 44.6-50.5

14m

m 12e

10

0 8u

6

4DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE = 7.2 %

2

00 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION

20

18 PACIFIC OCEAN (AIRCRAFT AT 35,000 FT.) CH. 3 (.55- .85N)

16JUNE 13, 1966,, FLT, 35 DAY 164SOLAR ZENITH 44.6-50.5

m4 14

.c 12y

^blo-

thOu

8

o^Iq^a 6

360

w

800

1800}


0.55-Q.85µ

NADIR ANGLE (degrees)0.2-4.Oµ

GULF OF MEXICO (AIRCRAFT AT 28,000 Fr.)4JUNE 3, 1967, FLT, 11 DAY 15

f 40 AZIMUTH = 0,0W

Z ZENITH = 29.5ti 35

WJw 30

QZ 25OP

20

Uj 15

(.55-_,8510 ,^ ^^'

- — (.2-4µ)

IQ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 190:Ij NADIR ANGLE (9.)

Figure 50—Bidirectional reflectances of the Gulf of Mexico.

57

WIN—

ti

^1 0I

45

I` GULF OF MEXICO (AIRCRAFT AT 28,000 FT,)r,-3-

40 JUNE 3 1 1967, FLT. 11 DAY 154AZIMUTH # 180.0ZENITH 31.7 1

35

W 30 -a 4

Z 25O

20

uj 15

5 104

5(.55 -.85µ) ,..,

.rterr^- - - -- - - -- - - (.2-4,t)

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

S0

t45

GULF OF MEXICO (AIRCRAFT AT 28,000 Fr.)g 40 .TUNE 3, 1967, FLT. 11 DAY 154u AZIMUTH = 90.0 t:Z ZENITH = 35.5 ;R<

35-

U_ 30f i' Ce

{i

QZ 25O

I;uj 20

0m

15^

Qcc

10Q

5 (.55—.85µ)

Ff 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 7(,? 80 90r,. NADIR ANGLE. (0)

Figure 51—Bidirectional reflectances of the Gulf of Mexico.r. Y I

58

ak

A

50

45

GULF OF MEXICO (AIRCRAFT AT 28,000 FT.)40 JUNE 3,: 1967, FLT. 11 DAY 154

W AZIMUTH = 270.0U ZENITH 33.8

E35

I

tW..1U.

30oc

Q

0 25PW 20

m15

Qoc" 10

(.55-.85µ)^^;5 ,

- (.2-`u)

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (q)

Figure 52—Bidirectional reflectonces of the Gulf of Mexico.

:

59

1 GULF OF MEXICO (AIRCRAFT AT 28,000 FT.) ( 2-4µ)1 SOLAR ZENITH 35.5-29.5 JUNE 3, 1967

414

C 12-- •

m 10

0U

I8

(Z,

a .L 6

DIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE 6.1%__„_....

,1., 1 l i I 1 I I ^ I 190 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330

AZIMUTHAL,. DIRECTION (4)

t3

GULF OF MEXICO (AIRCRAFT AT 28,000 FT.) (.55-.85µ)16 SOLAR ZENITH= 35.5-29.5 JUNE 3, 1967

m41<)v

c 12.

10IA0U

a

Oo IL


01 301 601 901 120, 15^ fi30 210 240 270 300 330 360

AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION (B)

Figure 53-Numerical integration of p over-6 vs.-azimuthal direction for the Gulf of Wxico.

60

^.., m44 P 10

FIt. No. Type of Surface

SurfaceAlt.

AircraftAlt.

Range ofSolar ZenithAngle (to)(degrees]10 , ft.

1966; 13 Strato Cumulus OverOkaefenokee 40 80.0 85.6

16 Carson Sink 3.9 39 40.1' 41.6

32 Salt Lake Desert 4.3 40 21.2 22.5

34 Strato Cumulus OverPacific Ocean 2.3 2.5 26.8 28.8

34 Strato Cumulus OverPacific Ocean 2.3 8 30,5 32.5

34 Strato Cumulus OverPacific Ocean 2,3 16 32.7 33.7

34 Strata Cumulus OverPacific Ocean 2.3 24 35.8 38.3

34 Strato Cumulus OverPacific Ocean 2.3 32 39.9 40.8

34 Pacific Ocean 16 70.7 72.6

36 Strato Cumulus OverPacific Ocean 40 63.9 73.3


39 White Sands 4.0 20 9.6 10.8

41 Pacific Ocean 2.5 25.5 27.2






1967: I Pacific Ocean 4.5 29 85.9 86:7

I Pacific Ocean 39 88.2 89.8

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NOW ANGLE (s)

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5(.2-4p)

0 ----1 1 1 1 —10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Go 90

NADIR ANGLE (o)

Figure 54—Bidirectionai reflectances of carson sink,(aircraft at 39,000 ft) May 13, 1966, Day 133, Flt, 16,Solar Zenith 40.7.41.60.

62

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Figure 58—Bidirectional reflectances of Strata Cumulusat 1900 ft over the Okeefenokee, (aircraft at 40,000 ft)May 10, 1966, Day 131, Flt. 13. Solar Zenith 80.8-85.60.

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)

Figure 59—Bidirectional reflectances of Strata Cumulus at 2,300 ft.over Pacific, (aircraft at 2,500 ft) June 10, 1966, Day 161, Flt. 34.Solar Zenith 26.8-28.8°.

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Figure 60- Bidirectional reflectances of Strata Cumulus at 2,300 ft.over Pacific, (aircraft at 8,000 ft) June 10 1966, Day 161, Fit. 34.Solar Zenith 30.5-32.50. I

68

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w 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

NADIR ANGLE (0)_

Figure 61—Bidirectional reflectances of . Strato Cumulus at 2,300 ft.i=

• a 161 Fit. 34.000ft June 10 .1966 De Pacific, (aircraft at 16 ^ Y ,over P

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Figure 62—Bidireptional reflectances of Strato Cumulus at 2,300 ft,over Pacific, (aircraft at 24,000 ft) June 10, 1966, Day 161, Flt. 34.Solar Zenith 33.8-38.3°,

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Figure 63-Bidirectional reflectances of Strata Cumulus at 2,300 ft.over Pacific, (aircraft at 32,000 ft) June 10, 1966, Day 161, Flt. 34.Solar Zenith 39.9-40.80.'

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Figure 65—$1directional reflectances of Strata Cumulus over PacificOcean (aircraft at 40,000 ft.), June 15, 1966, nay 166, 'F It. 36.Solar Zenith 63.9-73.30.

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'Figure 66-Bidirectional reflectances of Pacific Ocean at 39°N127°W (aircraft at 40,000 ft.), June 15, 1966, Day 166, Flt. 37.Solar Zenith 52,3-50.40.

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Figure 67—Bidirectional reflectances of Pacific Ocean at 380 30' N126'30'W (aircraft at 2 1 500 ft), June 17, 1966, Day 168, Flt. 41.Solar Zenith 25.5-27.2

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Figure 68--Bidirectional reflectances of Pacific Ocean at 38030'N1260 30'W (aircraft at 8,000 ft), June 17, 1966, Day 168, Flt, 41Solar Zenith 22.2-23.80.

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Figure 73-Bidirectional reflectances of Pacific Ocean at 34° 45'W121° 15'W (aircraft at 29,000 ft), May 6, 1967, Day 126, Flt. 1.C-1-- 7-- , AL CC 0 CL 70

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bidirectional reflectance measurements from an aircraft over natural

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