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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDICES

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES

Questionnaire on the identification of facilities available and activities conducted in the higher secondary schools for

environmental education

Dear student,

This is a questionnaire 011 the identification of facilities available

and activities conducted in the higher secondary schools for the

environmental education.

I request you to read the questionnaire carefully and answer it.

Please put a tick (-') make only wherever it is needed. I wish to remind

you that the successful completion of my research work depends

entirely on your sincere co-operation.

I assure you that the information that you give will be kept

strictly confidential and will be used only for the research work.

Yours faithfully,

K.K. John Research scholar

QUESTIONNAIRE

Part A

personal Information sheet

Name

Sex : Male/ Female

Name of the school

Class

Division

Part B

1. Do the text books prepared for higher secondary school students help in understanding environmental issues.

a) Very much helpful.

b) Helping to some extend

c) Not at all helping

2. Does the discussion of the environmental issues in classes while teaching help to develop environmental awareness

a) Always

b) Sometimes

c) Not at all helping

3. Do you respond to the issues that affect local environment adversely?

a) Always

b) Sometimes

c) Not at all

4. Does your school library have enough books and journals related to envir0nmen.t and ecology?

a) Enough

b) Satisfactory

C) Not enough

5. Have you the habit of mading books and articles of ecological importance?

a) Very much

b) Average

c) Not enough

6. Which are the teaching strategies adopted by the teachers in the class room

1 ; I Project method 1 I 1 Problem solving method

7. What are the environmental programme organized in your school?

(Put a tick mark ( J ) in the box)

Never Strategies

T- Lecture method

Activity method

Field study

a) Talk by experts

b) Seminar

c) Discussion

mquenw

d) Quiz competition

met"

e) Essay competition

f ) Experiments with psdcipation of students

g) Science projects relating to topics in the syllabus

h) If anything more, please specify

8. Does your school arrange field trips to ecologically important

locations? Yes/No rn 9. Does your school arrange nature camps? -1 10. Does your school arrange 'campus-cleaning' programme?

Yes/No D 11. Are you interested in participating the activities of the school

science clubfnature club

a) Very much

b) Average

c) Least

12 Give suggestions to irnprove the environmental awareness of students at higher secon~iary level

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

APPENDIX I1

Interview Schedule for Teachers

Part A Personal Information Sheet

Name

Sex

Name of the school

Location of the school : Rurallurban

Management : Govt. /Aided/unaided

Educational Qualificatioil :

Teaching experience - - - - .. - - - - Yrs,------Month

Subject.

Part B

Interview to Teachers

I s it necessary to make c:nvironmental education more effective?

Why?

Does the text books prepared for higher secondary school

students sufficient for understanding environmental issues and

for enhancing environmental awareness?

Are there sufficient books and journals on environmental

education in your school'?

Do you get enough time to conduct the activities of the science

club?

5. Do you encourage students to participate in science club

activities?

6. Do you encourage students to participate in seminars and

discussions on environn~ental issues?

7. Are you in the habit: of taking part in programmes on

environmental education?

8. What are the AV aids you use while teaching environmental

topics?

9. Do you react to issues that affect local environment adversely?

10. What is your opinion whether the teachers should raise voices

towards the protection of nature?

11. Give your suggestions to improve the environmental awareness

among higher s econdq students-

1 )

2)

3)

4)

5)

Appendix I11 MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY


Environmental Awareness Test (DraR)

Instructions

The questions given below are based on environmental

awareness. Each question is given four distractors A, B, C and D. Only one among the four is correct. Answers are to be marked on the

response sheet. A, B, C and D are marked against each question number on the

response sheet. Find out the correct answer for each question. Then put the mark X' on the letter indicating the correct answer. If you feel

that you have not put the mark X' on the letter indicating correct answer, you may draw a circle round the wrongly marked X' and place

the mark on the correct answer. If you have any doubt with regard to

this test you can seek clarifications from the invigilator.

Questions

1. Renewable source of energy is

a) Biomass b) Coal c) Petroleum d) Kerosene

2 . Which one of the following I-epresents a renewable source of energy

a) Petroleum b) Coal c) Nuclear fuel d) Trees

3. Which permissible noise level a t day and night in the residential area:

a) 35 dB-30 dB b) 55dB-40 dB

C) 50dB-40 dB d) 55 dB-45 dB

4. Renewable source of energy, is

a) Biomass b) Cod c) Petroleum d) Kerosene

5. Mild grazing is grass land by herbivores

a) Retards growth of grasses b) Arrests growth of grasses

c) Stimulates growth of grasses d) Destroys vegetables

Soil fertility is reduced by

a) Crop rotation b) Nitrogen fixing bacteria

c) Decaying organic matter d) Intensive agriculture

Why do agriculturists leave the roots of pea plants in the soil after

harvest?

a) Because they contain large amount of CO2

b) Because they contain large amount of Nitrogen

c) Because they contain large amount of Magnesium

d) Because they contain large amount of Urea

Forest area in India is about

a) 9 percent of geographical area b) 19 percent of geographical area

c) 29 percent of geographical area d) 37 percent of geographical area

Which of the following is the most important natural resource of energy?

a) Electricity b) Biogas c) Fossil fuel d) Atomic fission

Geothermal energy is:

a) Non-renewable, conventional source of energy

b) Non-renewable, non-co~lventional source of energy

c) Renewable, non-conventional source of energy

d) Renewable, conventional source of energy

Deforestation generally decreases:

a) Rainfall b) Soil erosion c) Drought d) Global warming

Gobar gas is produced from:

a) Agricultural waste b) Animal waste

c) Industrial waste d) Sea weeds

Freshwater wetlands where trees and shrubs dominate is called:

a) Swamps I ) Reverire

c) Marshes cl) None of the above

The creature that survives on a special type of bamboo is:

a) Lion-tailed macaque b) Seal c) Chinese Panda d) Chetah

What do you mean by Green movement?

a) Propagation against deforestation

b) Protection of wild life

c) Protection of forest

d) International movement against desertification by planting trees

The peak concentrations of o:sone above the surface of earth is present

at a height of:

a) 10 kms b) 15 kms c) 20 kms d) 25 krns

Who among the following is the most famous environmental activist of

Narmada Bachavo Andolan movement?

a) Menaka Gandhi b) Sister Niveditha

c) Medha Patkar d) Sugathakumari

Ozone hole is largest over

a) Antartica b) Europe

c) Africa d) India

Desertification is due to:

a) Deforestation

b) Soil erosion due to water

c) Soil erosion due to wind

d) Very high temperature artd low rainfall

The near annual temperature of earth is about:

a) 2 5 ' ~ b) 18OC c) lS°C d) 35%

Air pollution causes a) Lung Cancer b) Jaundice

c) Malaria d) Cholera

The estimated level of CO2 in the atmosphere in 2000 AD:

a) 242 ppm b) 368 ppm

c) 382 ppm d) 484 ppm

Aerosols are released by:

a) Industries b) Aeroplanes

c) Kitchens d) Fertilizers

The atmosphere of big cities is polluted most by:

a) House hold waste b) Aeroplane

c) Automobile exhaus.t c) Pesticides

Why do farmers put lime in the soil occasionally?

a) To destroy weeds in the soil b) To balance acidity in the soil

c) To balance alkali in the soil d) To destroy insects

What happen if leafy vegetables is boiled in uncovered vessels?

a) It loses colour b) It loses vitamins

c) It loses water d) It loses protein

In Bhopal tragedy, the lethal gas leaked from the Union Carbide Factory was: a) Carbon dioxide b) Sulphurdioxide

c) Nitrous oxide d) Methyl isocyanate

Green plants are called

a) Decomposers b) Producers

c) Consumers d) None of the above

Carbon monoxide gets into the blood and produces:

a) Haemoglobin b) Carboxy hydrate

c) Carboxy haemoglobin d) Carbon dioxide

Which of the following is an example for biodiversity?

a) Eucalyptus and acacia trees b) Rubber trees

c) Andaman Nicobar rain forests d) Teak trees

Which of the following is a secondary pollution:

a) Carbon monoxide b) Sulphur dioxide

c) Hydrocarbon d) Photochemical smog

Which of the following is an exunple for an extinct bird?

a) Dado b) Pelican

c) Woodpecker d) King fisher

Brown air in traffic congested city is caused by:

a) CH4 b) Sulphur dioxide

c) Hydrocarbon cl) Nitrogen Oxide

Patent law has helped America to possess exclusively an anticancer

plant, which is that?

a) Vinca rosea 1 ) Cinchona

c) Deodar 11) Brahmi

The fading and eroding of the marble stones of the Taj Mahal is due to:

a) CO2 is the air b) Acid rain

c) Automobile exhausts d) Overcrowding of people

Which of the following vegetables help to reduce breast cancer?

a) Bitter guard b) Snake guard

c) Tomato d) Ladies finger

Eutrophication results in the reduction of:

a) Mineral salts b) Dissolved oxygen

C) Dissolved nitrate d) Dissolved hydrogen

Give the full form of UNEP

a) United nations Environment Project

b) United nations Environment Programme

c) United nations Environment Package

d) United nations Envircfnment Planning

Oil is supposed to coat the gills of fish and can affect:

a) Digestion b) Circulation

c) Respiration d) Excretion

Maximum petroleum is used in

a) Mechanized agriculture b) Shipping

c) Industries d) Transport

The Ganga Action Plan laimched by late Prime Minister Rajeev Gandhi

was for:

a) Increasing the width of the river

b) Constructing a dam for imgation

c) Keeping the river clean

d) None of the above

Forest Research Institute is situated in

a) Patnagar b) Kerala

c) Shimla d) Dehradun

Rain water is

a) sslightly acidic b) strongly acidic

c) neutral d) slightly alkaline

What caused a large scale dying of fish in the river Periyar

a) Ammonia b) CO2

c) Nitrogen d) Carban monoxide

Largest prawn producixlg country

a) Antartica b) India

c) Japan d) Sweden

What caused the disease minameta through food poisoning

a) Nitrogen b) Cadmium

c) Mercury d) Ammonia

The excessive presence of fluorine in drinking water causes:

a) Chlorosin b) Fluorosis

c) Typhoid d) Amoebiasis

World Environment Day is obs.erved in:

a) June 15" b) June 5"

c) December 5" d) September 15"

The red data book is:

a) List of endangered spec it:^

b) List of eminent environm~entalists

c) List of polluted rivers

d) List of big oceans

Which type of pollution creates disorder in the digestive system and

causes a higher rate of acidity

a) Air pollution b) Sound pollution

c) Water pollution d) Oil pollution

Which among the following is a radio active substance:

a) Potassium b) Pottassium40

c) Carbon dl Hydrogen

Soil erosion can be prevented by:

a) Overgrazing b) Afforestation

c) Removal of Vegetation d) Deforestation

What caused the destruction of the environment and the surroundings of Doon School and the Doon Iralley? a) Mining of limestone b) Mining of iron ore

c) Mining of Aluminium ore d) Mining of petroleum

Soil fertility is reduced by:

a) Crop rotation b) Nitrogen furing bacteria


Why do people engaged in painting get asthma?

a) Because paint contains pollutant

b) Because paint contains cynates

c) Because paint contains oxides

d) Because paint contains nitrate

Which of the following fruits absorb the largest amount of DDT?

a) Banana b) Apple

c) Orange d) Pineapple

Why do we say that excessive use of pesticides affect pollination?

a) Helps cross pollirlation

b) Destroys insects helping pollination

c) Destroys pollen grains

d) Helps self-pollination

"Project Tigef means"

a) A project to increase the varieties of tigers

b) A project to make census of tiger of Indian forests

c) A project to ensure the maintenance of a viable population of tigers

d) A project to protect the b~gers in cages

Accumulation of non-biodegradable pollutants like DDT along the

various trophic levels is called:

a) Bio-magnification b) Eutrophication

c) Chemical oxygen demand d) Biological oxygen demand

One of the following is an endangered species, which is that?

a) Lion-tailed monkey b) Lion

c) Giraffe d) Tiger

Why do we say that plastic stlould not be heaped up and burnt?

a) Because it causes loss ol'oxygen

b) Release large amount of COz into the atmosphere

c) Produces large amount tof CO

d) Rises atmospheric temperature

Who among the following scientists gave importance to bird-watching?

a) M.S. Swaminathan b) Anna Hasam

c) Vinoba Bhava d) Salim Ali

Many animals die, but they don't get accumulated, why?

a) Because they are buried in the soil

b) Because carnivorous animals eat them up

c) Because of the functionirig of the decomposers

d) Because they get destroyed on their own

Who led the first 'environmental march on foot' in India?

a) Vinoba Bhava b) Sunderlal Bahuguna

c) M.S. Swaminathan d) Medha Patkar

Which of the following is a degradable pollutant?

a) Plastic b) DDT

c) Polythene d) Remains of animals

People living in the vicinity of Mavoor Rayons in the district of Calicut

suffer from a particular type clf skin disease, what is the cause of it?

a) Increased number of mosquitoes

b) Inhalation of the gas emitted from the factory

c) Use of polluted water discharged from the factory for bathing

d) Increased amount of dust in air.

Which instrument is used to burn solid waste?

a) Injection wells b) Incinerator

c) Incubator d) None of the above

The most important aim of waste management is:

a) To prevent environmental pollution b) To prevent deforestation

c) To prevent destruction of wild life d) To prevent air pollution

Major source of methane in Irldia is:

a) Sugar cane fields b) Rice fields

c) Wheat fields d) Fruit orchards.

The smaller contributions to global warming is made by:

a) CO2 b) CH4

c) CFCs d) N2O

Green house effect is:

a) Production of green plants in the ecosystem

b) Increase of temperature: due to the presence of some gases in the atmosphere

c) Increase of primary protiucers

d) Process of absorption of' large quantity of sunlight

The concentration of green house gases causes

a) Global warming b) Extinction plants

c) Acid rain d) Extinction of animal species

International Day for the pre:servation of Ozone layer is celebrated on:

a) Sept 16 b) June 5

c) April 22 d) December 3

Ozone depletion is due to man-made chemical called

a) Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate b) Chlorofluro carbon

c) Sulphur dioxide d) Carbon monoxide

Depletion of Ozone layer:

a) Causes depletion in the path of ultra violet rays

b) Accelerates the production of 0 2

c) Effects changes in the molrement of Ozone layer

d) Makes it impossible to prevent ultra violet rays.

Concentration of Ozone is lowest during:

a) February-April b) June-July

c) July-October d) December-February

The ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere are absorbed by:

a) Oxygen b) Ozone

c) Sulphur dioxide d) Argon

Ozone saves the biosphere by absorbing the high energy radiation called

a) Infra Red (IR) b) Ultra Violet Ray (UV)

c) X-ray d) Gamma ray

An example for proto co-operation:

a) Sea-anemone and hermit crab

b) Algae and fungi in Lichen

c) Coelenterata and algae in coral reefs.

d) Root nodules and Rhizobium

An interaction that probably keeps a check of population

a) Commensalism b) Mutualism

c) Predation d) Proto co-operation

Which is the most suitable method to control pests in cultivation

a) Use of Pesticides b) Biological control

c) Use of weedicides d) Use of Chemicals

The ultimate environmental hsizard to mankind is

a) Noise pollution b) Water pollution

c) Air pollution d) Nuclear pollution

APPENDIX IV MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY


Environmental Awareness Test (final)

Instructions

The questions given below are based on environmental

awareness. Each question i.s given four distractors A, B, C and D.

Only one among the four is correct. Answers are to be marked on the

response sheet.

A, B, C and D are marked against each question number on the

response sheet. Find out the correct answer for each question. Then

put the mark X' on the letter indicating the correct answer. If you feel

that you have not put the mark X' on the letter indicating correct

answer, you may draw a circle round the wrongly marked X' and

place the mark on the correct answer. If you have any doubt with

regard to this test you can seek clarifications from the invigilator.

Questions

1. Renewable source of energy is

a) Biomass b) Coal c) Petroleum d) Kerosene

2. Why do agriculturists leave the roots of pea plants in the soil after

harvest?

a) Because they contain large amount of COz

b) Because they contain large amount of Nitrogen

c) Because they contain large amount of Magnesium

d) Because they contain Large amount of Urea

3. Which of the following is the most important natural resource of energy?

a) Electricity b) Biogas c) Fossil fuel d) Atomic fission

4. Deforestation generally decreases:

a) Rainfall ) Soil erosion c) Drought d) Global warming

Gobar gas is produced from:


C) Industrial waste d] Sea weeds

The creature that survives 0 1 1 a special type of bamboo is:

a) Lion-tailed macaque bl Seal c) Chinese Panda d) Chetah

What do you mean by Greer movement?

a) Propagation against defc~restation

b) Protection of wild life

c) Protection of forest

d) International movement against desertification by planting trees

Who among the following 1s the most famous environmental activist of

Narmada Bachavo Andolan movement?

a) Menaka Gandhi b) Sister Niveditha

c) Medha Patkar d) Sugathakumari


a) Deforestation

b) Soil erosion due to water

c) Soil erosion due to wind

d) Very high temperature md low rainfall

Air pollution causes

a) Lung Cancer b) Jaundice

c) Malaria d) Cholera

Aerosols are released by:

a) Industries b) Aeroplanes

c) Kitchens d) Fertilizers

The atmosphere of big cities is polluted most by:

a) House hold waste b) Aeroplane

c) Automobile exhaust c) Pesticides

In Bhopal tragedy, the lethal t;as leaked from the Union Carbide Factory

was:

a) Carbon dioxide b: Sulphurdioxide

c) Nitrous oxide d:~ Methyl isocyanate

Carbon monoxide gets into the blood and produces:

a) Hemoglobin bl Carboxy hydrate

c) Carboxy hemoglobin dl Carbondioxide

Which of the following is a secondary pollution:

a) Carbon monoxide b) Sulphur dioxide

c) Hydrocarbon d) Photochemical smog

Brown air in traffic congested city is caused by:


c) Hydrocarbon d) Nitrogen Oxide

The fading and eroding of the marble stones of the Taj Maha l is due to:

a) CO2 is the air b) Acid rain

c) Automobile exhausts d) Overcrowding of people


a) Mineral salts ) Dissolved oxygen

c) Dissolved nitrate d ) Dissolved hydrogen

Oil is supposed to coat the gi:ils of fish and can affect:

a) Digestion t ~ ) Circulation

c) Respiration CI) Excretion

The Ganga Action Plan launched by late Prime Minister Rajeev Gandhi

was for:

a) Increasing the width of the river

b) Constructing a dam for irrigation

c) Keeping the river clean

d) None of the above

What caused a large scale dying of fish in the river Periyar

a) Ammonia 1 ) C02

c) Nitrogen d) Carbon monoxide

What caused the disease minameta through food poisoning

a) Nitrogen b) Cadmium

c) Mercury d) Ammonia

The excessive presence of fluoline in drinking water causes:

a) Chlorosin b) Fluorosis

c) Typhoid d) Amoebiasis

Permissible noise level a t day and night in the residential area:

a) 35 dB-30 dB b] 55dB-40 dB

C) 50dB-40 dB d] 55 dB-45 dB

Which type of pollution creates disorder in the digestive system and

causes a higher rate of aciditj

a) Air pollution b) Sound pollution

c) Water pollution d) Oil pollution

Which among the following is a radio active substance:

a) Potassium b) Pottassium40

c) Carbon d) Hydrogen


a) Overgrazing b) Afforestation

c) Removal of Vegetation d) Deforestation

What caused the destruction of the environment and the surroundings

of Doon School and the Doon Valley?

a) Mining of limestone b) Mining of iron ore

c) Mining of Aluminium ore d) Mining of petroleum


a) Crop rotation b) Nitrogen f d n g bacteria


Which of the following fruits absorb the largest amount of DDT?

a) Banana b) Apple

c) Orange d) Pineapple

Why do we say that excessive use of pesticides affect pollination?

a) Helps cross pollination

b) Destroys insects helping pollination

c) Destroys pollen grains

d) Helps self-pollination

Accumulation of non-biodegradable pollutants like DDT along the

various trophic levels is calletl:

a) Bio-magnification b) Eutrophication

c) Chemical oxygen demand d) Biological oxygen denland

Why do we say that plastic should not be heaped up and burnt?

a) Because it causes loss of oxygen

b) Release large amount of C:02 into the atmosphere

c) Produces large amount of CO

d) Rises atmospheric temperature

Many animals die, but they don't get accumulated, why?

a) Because they are buried in the soil

b) Because carnivorous ani~nals eat them up

c) Because of the functioning of the decomposers

d) Because they get destroyed on their own

Which of the following is a degradable pollutant?

a) Plastic b) DDT

c) Polythene d) Remains of animals

Which instrument is used to bum solid waste?

a) Injection wells b) Incinerator

c) Incubator d) None of the above

The most important aim of waste management is:

a) To prevent environmental pollution b) To prevent deforestation

c) To prevent destruction of wild life d) To prevent air pollution

Major source of methane in India is:


c) Wheat fields d) Fruit orchards

The smaller contribuhons tc, global warming IS made by:

a) C02 b) CH4

c) CFCs d) N 2 0

Green house effect is:

a) Production of green plar ts in the ecosystem

b) Increase of temperature due to the presence of some gases in the

atmosphere

c) Increase of primary producers

d) Process of absorption of large quantity of sunlight

The concentration of green house gases causes

a) Global warming b) Extinction plants

c) Acid rain d) Extinction of animal species

International Day for the pr6:servation of Ozone layer is celebrated on:

a) Sept 16 b) June 5

c) April 22 d) December 3

Ozone depletion is due ta man-made chemical called

a) Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate b) Chlorofluro carbon

c) Sulphur dioxide d) Carbon monoxide

Depletion of Ozone layer:

a) Causes depletion in the path of ultra violet rays

b) Accelerates the producti'm of 0 2

c) Effects changes in the movement of Ozone layer

d) Makes it impossible to prevent ultra violet rays

Concentration of Owne is lowest during:

a) February-April bl June-July

c) July-October dl December-February

The ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere are absorbed by:

a) Oxygen b) Ozone

c) Sulphur dioxide dl Argon

47. Ozone saves the biosphere by absorbing the high energy radiation called

a) lnfra Red (IR) b) Ultra Violet Ray (UV)

c) X-ray d) Gamma ray

48 An example for proto co-operation:

a) Sea-anemone and hermit crab

b) Algae and fungi in Lichen

c) Coelenterata and algae in coral reefs.

d) Root nodules and Rhizobium

49. An interaction that probably keeps a check of population


c) Predation d) Proto co-operation

50. Which is the most suitable method to control pests in cultivation

a) Use of Pesticides b] Biological control

c) Use of weedicides d] Use of chemicals

AP'PENDM V

EMVIRONMEN'r& AW-NEZSS TEST

IZEGI'ONSE SHEET

Name

Sex

School :

APPENDIX VT

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS TEST

SCORING K6Y

APPENDIX W I

RAVEN'S STANDARD PROGWSSNJ3 MATRICES TEST-SCORE CARD

Appendix No. VIII (a)

Model Lesson Transcript Based on Text Book Oriented Approach - -

LESSON PLAN - 1

Name of the Teacher John K.K Subject : Botany

Name of the School Kannassa Smaraka Govt. HSS, Unit : Natural resources and conservation

Kadapra

Standard XI1 A Topic : Soil resources and conservation

Duration 45 minutes I

Content Overview 1 Soil resources. soil erosion, depletion nf soil fertility, sn;l cnnzerv~tic~ teck:jq~e.p. !;_G,: c : g i : fky$,g, ;:~p

rotation contour ploughing, conservation tillage.

Content Analysis

Terms

Facts

Soil resources, soil erosion, soil fertility, sediments, organic farming, crop rotation, contour ploughing

conservation tillage.

1. Soil is composed of inorganic particles, organic matter, air, water, and a variety of organisms.

2. Human activities often lead to world wide problems like soil erosion and depletion of soil fertility,

3. Soil erosion causes loss of the fertile top soil, and also, loss of soil fertility by canying away organic matter

and nutrients that are an essential part of the soil.

1 4. abundant plant cover reduces soil erosion

5. Crop management and soil management practices are commonly used to reduce soil erosion and nutrient 1 I I depletion of agricultural soil. ! !

Concepts

Instructional Objectives

I 6 . The erosion-affected soil can be improved by stabilizing the soil to prevent further erosion and restoring the

soil fertility. I i I I The process by which the topsoil is removed fiom the land by the movement of water and air is called soil erosion. 1

Crop management and soil management practice are commonly used to reduce soil erosion and nutrient depletion i

of agricultural soil. I i I

The pupil: I I !

1 a) acquires knowledge of the terms facts: concepts mentioned above I

I b) understands how soil erosion happens in places of agricultural lands, how soil erosion can be controlled by crop management and soil management practices.

i I

c) applies knowledge in the improvement of erosion affected soils by stabilizing the soil and restoring the soil / fertility. I

d) develops skill in practicing crop management and soil management I

j I

develops interest in studying the soil management practices I f) develops attitude towards the improvement of the erosion affected soil

1 g) appreciates the works done by agricultural departments in reducing soil erosion. I Previous Knowledge

Teaching aids

Pupil knows that soil erosion is in caused mainly by heavy rain and flood. Pupil also knows that grass on the soil reduces soil erosion to some extend 1 Pictures of eroded land, pictures or photographs of contour ploughing pictures of soil, I

Content

Preparation

! i / resenta at ion I identifies 1 Pupil identities that the surface layer of the I I

1 recognizes

1 I

Specification

recalls

Teachers asks the pupils to observe the

pictures carefully and describe on the characteristics

of these lands. I

1 I notices 1 Pupil observes the land with plant cover and /

The surface layer of the land is called

soil

discriminates 1 land without any without any plant. Pupil says that

the land without plant cover is due to the activities

of human beings i

Learning Experience

Teacher shows pictures of land with good

plant cover and other with barran land.

Evaluation I

i I

recognizes

I I I / sea erosion. Soil erosion (BB) I I

! I

land is called soil. Teacher shows a picture of the What is soil?

structure of soil, pupil recognizes that the soil is

composed of inorganic particles, organic matter, air. I Which are the components of I

The process by which the top

soil is removed kom the land by the

movement of water and air is caUed

The soil is composed of I

identifies 1 water and a variety of organisms

Defines

inorganic particles, organics matter, air I 1 Soil (BB) I I water, a variety of organisms. I

Pupil defines soil erosion as the process by

which topsoil is removed fiom the land by the Define soilerosion

movement of water and air. I

I The important soil conservation I discusses Teacher discusses with the pupil the I I

techniques are (1) organic fanning (2) 1 important soil conservation techniques adopted. I

i exp!2i22 i I Which are the common soil 1 crop rotation (3) contour ploughmg Soil conservation (BB) conservation technique ? (4)strip-cropping terraces ( 5 ) I

Content

Human activities accelerate soil erosion by removing plant cover, and

soil erosion leads to reduce

productivity of land.

Crop management and soil

management practices are commonly

used to reduce soil erosion and nutrient

depletion of agricultural soils.

I conservation tillage. I 1 I I

Learning Activities

Pupil assumes the reasons for soil erosion

and identifies the after effect of soil erosion.

Specification

assumes

identifies

Conclusion

Evaluation I

t

What is the after effect of soil I I

erosion? I I 1

suggests

I 1 I conservation techniques adopted. I i I

Pupil suggests the ways to reduce the soil

erosion.

defines

Review

How soil erosion can be 1 reduced? i

Pupil defines soil erosion. Pupil identifies 1 I

the reasons for soil erosion and suggests the soil /

1) What is soil erosion?

2) What are the reasons for soil erosion?

3) How the soil erosion prevented?

4) Mention the important soil conservation technique.

I I I

Assignment

Discuss the means by which the soil erosion can be prevented.

Appendix VIII (b)

LESSON PLAN - 2 I I 1 Name of the Teacher : John K.K Subject : Botany ~ I

Name of the School : Kannassa Srnaraka Govt. HSS, Unit : Pollution and Global Environmental Change ~ Kadapra

! 1 Standard : XI1 A Topic : Pollution i

Duration : 45 minutes I I

Content Overview 1 Pollution, pollutants, biodegradable pollutants, non-biodegradable pollutants, air pollution. water pollution , soil / 1 I pollution. I I

Content Analysis

Terms

Facts

Concepts:

Pollution, pollutants, biodegradable pollutants, non-biodegradable pollutants, air pollution, water pollution, soil

pollution, gaseous pollution, dust pollution, thermal pollution, noise pollution and radioactive pollution.

1. Pollution is the unfavourable alteration of our environment

2. pollutants can be classified into two, namely biodegradable and non-biodegradable

3. There are mainly three types of pollution namely air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.

4. On the basis of origin, pollution in divided into 2 types. They are natural pollution and anthropogenic

pollution.

Pollution is an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our air land or

water that will harmfUlly affect human life and the lives of all other species on earth. !

The substances or factors which cause pollution are called pollutants.

I I The pupil: I l

Instructional Objectives

a) acquires knowledge of the terms facts, concepts of the pollution, pollutants, different k i d of pollution and

pollutants. I

!

I I

I 1 b) understands various pollutants that are responsible for pollution I !

I 1 c) applies knowledge in m b h i i n g the emission of various pollutants into the environment. ! I d) develops skiU in using pollution fiee machines, vehicles, etc. and also in ident@ing the pollutants that are /

( degradable and biodegradable. i I

i I I I e) develops interest in studying how the environment can be made pn!!l~?;.lr? 5ce i

i i I f) develops an attitude towads an eco6iendly life styles. ! 1

I appreciates the works done by nature club and other ecofriendly associations, I

;

Previous Knowledge Pupil knows that the industries and automobiles release large amount of pollutants m the atmosphere which , causes serious hazards to human beings.

I Teaching aids Photographs of (1) big cities with thick traffic (2) industries emitting smoke and gases. 1

Content

Preparation

Presentation

Pollution is an

undesirable change in the

physical, chemical or

biological characteristics

of our air,' land or water

that will harmfUlly affect

human life and the lives

of all other species on

earth.

Specification

recalls

recognizes

recognizes

identities

defines

Learning Experience

Teachers asks the pupils about their hobbies and interests. Some of

them are interested in music, seeing cinema, sports, games, visiting tourist

places etc. Teachers enquires whether they had been in big cities like

Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkatha etc. Some pupils answered that they were in

these cities. Teacher asks whether the atmosphere of these big cities is pure

or bad. Pupil answers that the air of the cities are not good for breathing.

Teacher asks why the air in the big cities are bad. Pupil answers that smoke

f?om automobiles and factories may pollute the air. The teacher says that

this process is known as pollution.

Teacher says that there is change in the physical. chemical. or

biological cmactenstss ot iur.

Pupil recognizes that these gases may harmfully affect human

health. Pupil defines pollution.

Pollution (BB)

Evaluation

What is pollution?

Content

Pollutants can be classified into two types.

They are biodegradable

and non-biodegradable.

The substances or

factors which cause

pollution are called

pollutants.

Substances which are decompressed by

microorganisms are

called biodegradable

pollutants eg. market

garbage, livestock waste,

muncipal sewage

Specification

Non-biodegradable

pollutants which are not

degradable by any

I organisms. eg. DDT,

I BHC. Plastics etc.

suggests

notices

diirimination

gives examples

Learning Experience

1 identifies

Evaluation - --

Teacher asks the students to suggest the substances that are responsible for pollution. Pupils suggests the examples as smoke from

vehicles, smoke fiom factories etc. Teacher says that these substances

are called pollutants. Pupil gives examples for pollutants.

/ distinguishes

What are poUutants?

gives examples

Pollutants (BB) I

Pupil identifies that some pollutants are degradable and some are non-degradable.

Which are the two

types of pollutions?

degradable (BB)

non-biodegradable (BB) i I I.." Pupil distinguishes b ? ~ e e ~ '.ic.'egrzdzb!c i d lii)u-

biodegradable pouutants. Pupil suggests examples for the bio-

degradable and non-biodegradable pollutants.

wnat is biodegradable pollutants ?give

examples

What are non- biodegradable

pollutants? give

examples.

the part of environment

where it occurs, pollution

is divided into 3 types:

They are,

I. Air pollution

2. Water pollution

3. Soil pollution

Content

On the basis of 1 origin pollution may be 1 ciassiiied inio iwo types: I

They are,

1. Natural pollution

2. Anthropogenic

pollution

On the basis of 1 identifies I Teachers asks the pupils to divide the pollution based on the part of the / Name the different ( Specification

According to the

physical nature of

pollutants, pollution is

classified into 5 types.

classifies

Learning Experience

assumes

classifies

recognizes

Evaluation I i

identifies

classifies

environment where it occurs.

Pupil assumes that on the basis of the origin the pollution is

divided into 2 types.

Pupil recognizes that man-made poilution are anthropogenic pollution. I

Teacher says that according to the physical nature of pollutants,

they can be classified into five types.

kinds of pollution. 1 i I

Which are the two 1 types of pollution based 1 on origin? I

i

! Give example for / anthropogenic I puiiuiiu~i. i

I

Classify the pollution ( based on the physical

nature of pollutants.

Content Specification

They are;

/ 1. Gaseous pollution I 1 2. Dust pollution I 1 3. T h e m 1 pollution 1

4. Noise pollution

5. Radioactive

I pollution

1 Conclusion I I I

Review

I FG$, dct:u:ez po!!fi!icn, .nrl c!ac<ifies nollutants. Pu~i l also 1 Defme poilution

! I

Learning Experience

classifies pollution based on the part of environment where it occurs. 1 I

Evaluation

1) What is pollution?

I

2) What are pollutants? Classify pollutants

3) Which are the kinds of pollution on the basis of the part of environment where it occurs?

4) What is anthropogenic pollution?

5) Classify pollution according to the physical nature of pollutants.

Assignment

Define pollution and give examples for pollutants of different types.

MAHATMA OANDHI UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF PleDAGOGICAL SCIENCES

ACHIEVEMENT TEST IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Class XI1 Marks : 50 T i : 1 hr

Directions

1. Attempt all questions

2. Write on the separate answer sheet provided

3. 32 questions are giver] below

Questions 1-20, four choices are given for each question

Choose the appropriate answer. Each question carries 1 mark

Questions 2 1-30 short answer. each carries 2 marks

Questions 31 and 32. Write the answer with minimum ten sentences,

each carries 5 marks.

I. Choose the correct answer

1. Soil erosion can be prevented by:

a) Over grazing

c) Afforestation

b) Removal of vegetation

d) Deforestation

2. Which of the following is the most important natural resources of energy?

a) Electricity b) Biogas

c) Fossil fuels d) Atomic fusion

3. Desertification is due to:

a) Deforestation b) Soil erosion due to water

c) Soil erosion due to wind d) Very high temperature and low rainfall

Planting trees and shrubs on an unused and fallow land to provide fuel, wood, fodder etc is called:

a) Social forestry b) Agroforestry

c) Vanamahotsava d) Demersal

Permissible voice level at day and night in the Residential area

a) 35 dB -30 dB b) 55dB-40dB

C) 50 dB -40 dB d) 55 dB-45 dB

Which of the following plant functions is directly affected when insecticides are used in (crop fields?

a) Transpiration b) Pollution

c) Flowering d) Water absorption

Which one of the followii~g is not a green house gas?

a) CO2 b) CH4

C) 0 2 d) CFCs

Major sources of methane in India is:


c) Wheat fields d) Fruit orchards

Parasite can be explained as an organism which depends on others

a) for food b) for shelter

c) for both food a d shelter d) for reproduction

An interaction that probably keeps a check on population is :

a) Commensalism

c) Predation

b) Mutualism

d) Photo co-operation

Gobar gas is produced from


c) Industrial waste d) Sea - waste

Eutrophication results i:n the reduction of:


c) Hydrocarbon d) Dissolved hydrogen

Brown air in traffrc conge:;ted city is caused by:


c) Hydrocarbon d) Nitrogen oxides

The ultraviolet radiation in the stratospheres are absorbed by:

a) Chromium b) Ozone


The 'mina mata9 disease i:, caused by:

a) Chromium b) Mercury

c) Sunlight d) Cadmium

Which one of the following is most effective in controlling floods?

a) Digging deep canals b) Reforestation

c) Deforestation d) Constructing dams

Deforestation has an alarming effect on:

a) Soil erosion b) Weed control

c) Sunlight d) Increasing grazing area

The smaller contribution to global warming is made by:

a) COz b) CH4

c) CFCs d) N2O

Rhiozobium bacteria in the root nodules of a pea plant is an example for:

a) Symbiosis b) Commensalism

c) Parasitism d) Predation


a) Crop rotation b) Nitrogen f k n g bacteria


(20x1-20 marks)

11. Write the ancmer in two or three sen%ences

21. What is photochemical :smog? How does smog affect the biological world?

22. Define Biological. oxygen Demand?

23. What is nuclear fall out''

24. What is soil erosion?

25. How can pollution by domestic sewage be controlled?

26. Write the source of CFCs

27. Define pollution. Compare the biodegradable and non- biodegradable pollutants.

28. Enlist the measures for controlling soil pollution

29. What is acid rain? What are its effects on plants?

30. Distinguish between deforestation and desertification.

(10x2=20 marks)

I11 Essay

3 1. What is meant by ozonc: shield? How does the CFCs and ozone depleting substances aiTect ozone shield?

32. Give a diagrammatic illustration of 'green house effect".

(2x5= 10 marks)

Appendix X

Scoring keg and Marking Scheme

Scoring key

Marking Scheme

1 :y Val- po'"

2 1 1. Example for secondaqr pollutant.

Combination of smoke and fog.

2. Composed of 0 3 , PAN cmd NOz.

( 1. In plants it damage leaves

2. Animals, cause lung disease. +- Measure of oxygen required by aerobic

I decomposers for the biochemical degradation

( of organic materials in water. Higher the

I BOD, lower would be dissolved oxygen

I weapons.

1

1 2. I t poisons soil, air and water.

23.

&ore for each point

%

1. Radioactive dusts, e:uplosion of nuclear

Total score

2

2

2

- -- m e process by which the top soil is

removed from the land by the

movement of water and air is called

soil erosion.

It causes loss of the fertile top soil.

3. Loss of fertility by carrying away

organic matter and nutrients. ----

1. Liquid waste frorr~ kitchens, toilets

and other household waste waters.

2. The sewage can be controlled by

sewage treatment through effluent

treatment plant.

are Major sources of CFC.8

1. leaking air conditioners

2. refrigeration units

3. evaporation of plastic foams and

1. propellants in aerosol spray cans etc.

1. Pollution is an untiesirable change in

physical, chemical or biological

characteristics of air land or water

that will harmfully affect human life

and the lives of all other species as

earth.

2. Pollutants that are decomposed by

microorganisms a e biodegradable.

3. Pollutants which are not decomposed

by any organisms are non-

biodegradable.

~

1 . Safer land are

2. Planned urbanizatio:?

3. Controlled developmental activities

1. Safe disposal and management of

solid wastes from industries and

human habitations.

1. The process of depssition of acid or

earth from the atmosphere is called

acid rain.

2. It adversely affects terrestrial and

aquatic vegetation.

1. Destruction of forests is known as

deforestation.

2. In drier areas, deforestation can lead

to the formation of deserts. This is

called desertificatio:n. --

1. The stratospheric ozone plays a vital

role by protecting living organism

from the harmful eiTects of ultraviolet

radiation. This is called ozone shield.

1. Thinning of spring-time stratospheric

ozone layer i s callecl ozone hole.

. CFCs, CH4, N 2 0 cause destruction of

ozone. CFCs produce "active chlorinen

in the presence of W radiation. So

CFCs are most damaging.

Oulgalng infrared radtat~un(hcar)

Solar radtal~on rcllrcted

Infrared radlaltan solar radtat~on (0 2 to 4 pn!)

'ITMOSPIIERE

/ Identifying the causes. 1

Appc:ndix XI

W3TEN'~ION TEST

MAHATMA GKNDHI UNWFZSITY

School 0% Pedagogical Sciences

ACHIEVEMENT TEST IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Class XI1

Directions

Marks : 50 Time : 1 hr

1. Attempt all questions

2. Write on the separate answer sheet provided

3. 32 questions are given bdow

Questions 1-20, four choices are given for each question

Choose the appropriate ar~swer. Ehch question carries 1 mark

Questions 2 1-30 short answer, each carries 2 marks

Questions 31 and 32. Write the answer with minimum ten sentences,

each carries 5 marks.

I. Choose the correct answer

1. The smaller contribution to global warming is made by:

a) CO2 b) CH4

c) CFCs d) N2O

2. Rhiozobium bacteria in the: root nodules of a pea plant is an example for:

a) Symbiosis b) Commensalism

C) Parasitism d) Predation

3. Soil fertility is reduced by:

a) Crop rotation b) Nitrogen fixing bacteria



a) Over grazing b) Removal of vegetation

c) Afforestation d) Deforestation

Which of the following is the most important natural resources of energy?

a) Electricity b) Biogas

c) Fossil fuels d) Atomic fusion


a) Deforestation b) Soil erosion

c) Soil erosion due to wind d) Very high temperature and low n

Planting trees and shrubs on an unused and fallow land to provide fuel, wood, fodder etc is called:

a) Social forestry b) Agroforestry

c) Vanarnahotsava d) Demersal

Permissible voice level at (lay and night in the Residential area

a) 35 dB- 30 dB b) 55 dB- 40 dB

C) 50 dB-40dB d) 55 dB-45 dB

Which of the following plant functions is directly affected when insecticides are used in crop fields?

a) Transpiration b) Pollution

c) Flowering d) Water absorption

Which one of the following is not a green house gas?

a) C02 b) CH4

c) 0 2 d) CFCs

Major sources of methane in India is:


c) Wheat fields d) Fruit orchards Parasite can be explained as an organism which depends on others

a) for food b) for shelter

c) for both food and shelter d) for reproduction

The ultraviolet radiation in the stratospheres are absorbed by:

a) Chromium b) Ozone


The 'mina mata' disease is caused by:

a) Chromium b) Mercury

c) Sunlight d) Cadmium

Which one of the following is most effective in controlling floods?

a) Digging deep canals b) Reforestation

c) Deforestation d) Constructing dams

An interaction that probably keeps a check on population is :


c) Predation d) Photo co-operation

Gobar gas is produced from


c) Industrial waste d) Sea - waste



c) Hydrocarbon d) Dissolved hydrogen

Brown air in traff~c congested city is caused by:


c) Hydrocarbon d) Nitrogen oxides

Deforestation has an almning effect on:

a) Soil erosion b) Weed control

c) Sunlight d) Increasing grazing area

(20x1=20 marks)

11. Write the answer in two or three sentences

2 1. How can pollution by domestic sewage be controlled?

22. Write the source of CFCs

23. Define pollution. Compare the biodegradable and non- biodegradable pollutants.

24. Enlist the measures for controlling soil pollution

25. What is acid rain? What are its effects on plants?

26. Distinguish between deforestation and desertification.

27. What is photochemicd smog? How does smog affect the biological world?

28. Define Biological oxygen Demand?

29. What is nuclear fall out?

30. What is soil erosion?

(10x2=20 marks)

111 Essay

3 1. Give a diagrammatic illustration of 'green house effect".

32. What is meant by ozone shield? How does the CFCs and ozone depleting substances affect ozone shield?

(2x5= 10 marks)

APPENDIX XI1

Lists sf Schools and Sample Selected for the Survey

Name of the Who01

Marthoma Higher Secondary School, Pathanamthitta

St. Thomas Higher Secondary School, Kozhencherry

MGM Higher Secondary Schocil, Thiruvalla

St. Thomas Higher Secondary School, Eruvellipra

SC Higher Secondary School, Ranni

Govt. Higher Secondary School, Thottakanam

Govt. Higher Secondary School, Adoor

Govt. Higher Secondary SchotA, Pathanamthitta

Govt. Higher Secondary School, Koipram

Govt. Higher Secondary School, Konni

CMS Higher Secondary School, Mallappally

NSS Higher Secondary School, Kunnamthanam

SB Higher Secondary School, Vennikularn

SN Higher Secondary School, Kidangannoor

EV Higher Secondary School, Elanthoor

Govt. Higher Secondary Schc~ol, Vechoochira

Govt. Higher Secondary Schc~ol, Ezhumattoor

Govt. Higher Secondary School, Kadapra

Govt. Higher Secondary School, Kadamancodu

Govt. Higher Secondary Schtml, Kalanjoor

Sample

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