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Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

AAaron’s Rod, 162Aberconway Abbey, 35Aberdaron, 65, 102Abererch, 53, 85Aberystwyth, 65, 147Adam of Usk, 30, 163, 186Africa, 160Alhambra, 130Ambrose of Milan, 162Andain Abbey, 160Angharad ferch Dafydd ap Gronw, 158Angharad ferch Evan, 156Anglesey, 22, 23, 53Anian II, bishop of St Asaph, 183Anne, wife of Gruffudd ap Rhys, 155Anthony Bek, bishop of Durham, 182Aristotle, 82Arthur, King, 161, 181, 191Arundel, cult of earl of, 189Augustinian canons, 35

BBaldwin, archbishop of Canterbury,

190Bangor, bishop of, 1, 20Bangor Cathedral, 20, 189Bangor, dean of, 34Bangor, Dominican Priory at, 95Bardsey Island, 4, 18, 22, 28, 35, 52,

54, 59, 61, 89, 102, 118and Arthurian legend, 181as burial place for 20,000 saints, 28crossing to, 65, 98and indulgence, 28likened to Rome, 28pilgrimage of Edward I and Eleanor

to, 181pilgrims to, 65as wilderness, 66

Barlow, William, bishop of St Davids, 100, 195

Basingwerk Abbey, 35, 126

250 INDEX

Bath, healing water at, 57Battle of Barnet, 119Battle of Bosworth, 125Battle of Camlann, 191Battle of Edgecote, 118, 119Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, 187Battle of Shrewsbury, 186Battle of Towton, 187Beauchamp, Anne, 187Beauchamp, Isabel, 187Beauchamp, Richard, earl of Warwick,

187Beaufort, Margaret, 125Beddgelert Priory, indulgence for, 28Bek, Thomas, bishop of St Davids, 182Bells, 24Benedictines, 35Bernard, bishop of St Davids, 19, 21Birgitta of Sweden, 113Bleddyn Fardd, 89Boniface VIII, Pope, 158Books, 24–25Brabant, 159Braich-y-Pwll, 65Brecon, Rood of, 7, 8, 25, 28, 35,

53–56, 85, 92, 101, 118and cures, 66decoration of, 86, 87and poems to, 35

Bridges, 98Briton Ferry, 102Burgundy, 159, 160

Duke of, 160Burial sites, 22, 23, 28Bury St Edmunds, 180, 184Bwlch y Groes, 98

CCaerleon, 101Caernarfon, 184Calendar, 30Calixtus II, Pope, 19, 162

grants indulgence to St Davids, 20, 21

Calixtus, catacomb of, 162Candles, 1, 87Canonisation, 20, 21Canterbury, 63, 64, 209Canterbury Cathedral, 26, 81

chapter of, 27shrines at, 181Welsh pilgrimage to, 63

Cantigas de Santa Maria, 155Capel-y-Gwrhyd, 98Captivity, and miracles, 58Cardiff, 63Cardigan Priory, statue of Virgin of

the Taper at, 25, 36, 97, 101Edward I’s pilgrimage to, 181

Carmarthen, rood of, 25and cures, 67decoration of, 87

Carno, 60Casnodyn, 157, 158Cattle, 67Caxton, Life of St Winifred, 125Chaucer, 61, 154Chertsey Abbey, 194

relics at, 181Chester, 34, 124, 209

Rood at, 55, 64, 86True Cross at, 59, 162

Children, 103, 121–124resurrection of, 68

Chirbury Priory, 35Chirk, 58Christ, and Crown of Thorns, 181

blood of, 162cloth of, 162images of, 164speaking image of in Rome, 162veneration of, 25

Church of the Holy Cross, Rome, 163Cistercians, 35Cleddau, 102

251 INDEX

Clement VI, Pope, 163Clergy, as promoters of pilgrimage, 34Clynnog Fawr, 34

indulgence for, 28, 85Coity, 164Cologne, 161Colour, 82, 85–87Conwy Castle, 121, 124Corunna, 118Cragh, William, 194Croes Naid, 181Cromwell, Thomas, 191, 195Crown of Thorns, 162Cures, 23, 25, 59, 66–69, 122–123

for blindness, 62, 67, 68for children, 68for deafness, 67, 68for eye complaints, 66, 68at graves, 67for injured knee, 62for lameness, 62, 67for lovesickness, 68for maimed, 67for mutes, 67for pleurisy, 68resurrecting the dead, 62, 132for sick, 67

Cwmhir Abbey, picture of Christ at, 35rood of, 25

Cymer Abbey, 35Cynddelw, 94Cyngen, king of Powys, 2

DDafydd ab Owain, bishop of St Asaph,

128Dafydd ap Gruffydd, 184Dafydd ap Gwilym, 5, 7, 68, 98Dafydd ap John of Kilvey, 55Dafydd ap Llweylyn ap Madog, 66,

68, 86, 103Dafydd ap Siôn, 160

Dafydd ap Sion of Kilvey, as proxy pilgrim, 147

Dafydd Epynt, 23, 25Dafydd Llwyd, 161Dafydd Nanmor, 23, 67Dafydd Trefor, 34Danger and difficulty, 65Daniel, bishop of Suriev, 149Daron, Lewis, 53, 86, 159David ap Gwrgeneu, 122David ap Llywelyn ap Kenewreg, 185David, bishop of St Davids, 99David Morgan of Llandaff, 34David the Scot, bishop of Bangor, 20David, William, of London, 30Delw y Byd, 8, 160Diego Gelmirez, bishop of Santiago de

Compostela, 19Dionysia, a pilgrim to Hereford, 121Distance, travelled in a day, 63Dol-Belidr, 128Doncaster, 196Donne, Henry, 118–119

William, 118Drowning, 123Durham Cathedral, 81

EEaster Sepulchres, 164Edudful ferch Cadwgan, 92Edward I, 114, 181

and pilgrimage in England, 184and reasons for Welsh pilgrimages,

181–182and relics of Welsh saints, 183

Edward IV, 119, 195and pilgrimage to St Winifred’s

Well, 187Edward of Westminster, miracles of, 188Egeria, 149Eleanor, queen of England, 181Ellen ferch Rhys, 118

252 INDEX

Ellis Price of Plas Iolyn, 191Elliw ferch Henri, 156, 161Ely, 180English pilgrims, 26English School in Rome, 151Evesham, 176Ewenny Priory, 182Eyes, 30, 66, 68

FFamagusta, 116Felix Fabri, 115FitzRalph, William, of Chester, 193Flanders, 159Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 26France, 160Francis Godwin, bishop of Llandaff,

20Fynnon Fair, nr. Aberdaron, 65

GGamage, Edward, 151Gamages, John de, 182Geddington, 180Gems, 82Gerald of Wales, 15n30, 18, 20, 25,

31, 90, 95, 96, 131, 160, 190on Henry II, 180pilgrimage to Rome, 151as promoter of pilgrimage, 33–34on relics, 8, 24on Rome, 158and St Thomas Becket, 193on the Vernicle, 163

Germany, 160Gervase, a pilgrim to Hereford, 121Gethin, Tom, 147, 148Gethyn, Howell, 60Gilding, 86Glass and jewels, 86Glastonbury Abbey, 63, 181

Gloucester Abbey, 182Godfrey, bishop of St Asaph, 20Gospel books, 25Grace Dieu Abbey, 35Graves, 67Greece, 160Gresford Church, 126–127Griffin, 62Gruffudd ap Maredudd, 163Gruffudd ap Rhys, 161Gruffudd ap Rhys, pilgrimage to

Santiago, 159Gruffydd ap Cynan, 178

as popular saint, 189potential shrine of, 190

Gruffydd ap Ieuan ap Llywelyn Fychan, 7

Gruffydd ap Rhys, pilgrimage to Santiago of, 155

Guidnerth, 2Guldeford, Richard, 152Gumfreston, holy wells at, 84Gunther, John Lewis, 117Guto’r Glyn, 5, 7, 53, 54, 57–60, 62,

69, 160, 194–195, 212Guy Mone, bishop of St Davids, 62Gwalchmai ap Meilyr, 157Gwenllian, 118Gwerful ferch Huw, 156Gwerful ferch Rhys, 156Gwilym Ddu, 154Gwilym Gwyn, 34Gwilym Tew, 7, 54, 120, 147Gwlad Ieuan Fendigain (Legend of

Prester John), 160Gwladus ferch Dafydd Gam, 117Gwytherin, 22, 62

HHagiography, 2, 7, 19, 23, 31–32Hajj pilgrimage, 63Haverfordwest, 148

253 INDEX

Haverfordwest Priory, 25, 35Haweia, Joan, 114Helen, finder of the True Cross, 163Henry II, king of England, 193

and pilgrimage motivation, 180and pilgrimage to St Davids, 61,

189–191Henry IV, 185, 187

and pilgrimage to St Winifred’s Well, 186

Henry V, and pilgrimage to St Winifred’s Well, 186

Henry VI, 8, 159altar of, 35king of England, 8king of England, and sainthood,

194miracles of, 188and Welsh poetry, 194

Henry VII, 187Henry VIII, 130, 187Heraldry, 126–130Herbert, Elizabeth Herbert, 117

Morgan Herbert, 60, 69Richard, 119William (of Troy), 117William, earl of Pembroke, 117, 119

Hereford, 64, 192bishop of, 29cathedral, 34, 53diocese of, 53

Hervé, bishop of Bangor, 20Historiography, 3–6Holland, Gwerful, 147Holland, John, 147Holyhead, 34, 85Holy Island, 181Holywell, 57, 61, 62, 98, 99, 102Hopcyn ap Thomas, 32Hopton, Elizabeth Hopton, 126Hospice of the Holy Trinity, Rome, 147Hospitality, 57, 62

along pilgrimage routes in Wales, 63

and lay patronage, 131–133and women, 132

Hospitallers, 59, 102Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, 33Huw Cae Llwyd, 36, 54, 147, 162,

163and pilgrimage to Rome, 122, 158,

162Hywel ab Ieuan of Moeliwrch, 57, 62Hywel ap Dafydd ap Ieuan Rhys,

poem to Brecon Rood, 54Hywel ap Rheinallt, 53Hywel ap Rhys, 2, 7Hywel Dafi, 7, 25, 53, 54, 118, 156

and description of Rome, 162pilgrimage to Santiago, 54pilgrimage to Rome, 54

Hywel Dda, 2Hywel Grach, 118Hywel Rheinallt, 34, 63, 85–86

IIeuan ap Gruffudd Goch, 118, 156Ieuan ap Gwilym, 147, 162Ieuan ap Huw Cae Llwyd, 54, 85Ieuan ap Rhydderch, 27, 89, 101Ieuan ap Sulien, 24Ieuan Brydydd Hir, 36Ieuan Gethin, 62, 124Ifan Brydydd, 66, 68Imago Mundi, 8Incense, 89, 90Indulgence, 19, 20, 25–28, 52, 100,

146, 158comparative length of, 29granted by bishops, 26papal, 147plenary, 26reason for seeking, 29the Vernicle and, 163

Innocent III, Pope, 157, 163Instruments of the Passion, 164

254 INDEX

Iolo Goch, 27, 89, 90pilgrimage to St Davids, 66

Ipswich, 196Ireland, 28, 35, 61, 178, 179

JJames IV, king of Scotland, 177Jerusalem, 51, 87, 94, 115–117, 120,

147–151, 154, 155John ap Thomas, 195John de Trevor, bishop of St Asaph, 30John, king of England, 193Johnys, Hugh, 116, 148, 164

KKatherine of Aragon, queen of

England, 130Kempe, Margery, 61Kidwelly Priory, 25, 36, 53, 102, 122Kissing, 88, 92Knight of the Holy Sepulchre,

114–116, 148, 164

LLangland, William, 154Langton, Stephen, archbishop of

Canterbury, 33Lapidiaries, 86Lewis Glyn Cothi, 7, 55, 57, 67, 81,

118, 155, 160, 163, 195and description on Rome, 162and homecoming from pilgrimage,

161and pilgrimage to Rome, 159as proxy pilgrim, 146

Liber Landavensis, 19, 31Life of St Ursula, 129Llanasa, 130Llanbadarn Fawr, 23Llanbedrog, 23, 191

Llandaff, bishops of, 18, 20cathedral, 2, 18, 21, 31, 52, 131diocese of, 182rivalry with St Davids, 18

Llandderfel, 60, 85, 191Llanddewibrefi, 31, 96Llanddwyn, 34, 63Llandegely, 33Llandeilo Abercywyn, 119Llandrinio, 60Llandyrnog, 68Llaneilian, 34, 85, 91, 95Llanengan, 53Llanfechell, 23Llanfaes, 54

rood at, 25, 116Llanfair, 102Llanfihangel-y-Gofion, 117Llanfwrog, 57Llangathen, 23Llangurig, 58, 62Llangyfelach, 55Llangynin, 62Llangynwyd, 54, 86, 120

parish of, 120rood at, 5, 7, 25, 35, 54, 82, 116;

decoration of, 86; poems to, 54Llanhamlach, 191Llanharan, 120Llanilltud, 191Llannor, 53Llanrhaedr-yng-Nghinmerich, 24, 95Llansamlet, 55Llansantffraid, 60Llansilin, 57Llantarnam Abbey, 35, 62, 196

and hospitality, 62indulgence for, 29

Llantwit Major, 2, 191Llanystumdwy, statue of Virgin at, 25Llawdden, 58, 95Llech Lafar, 180Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, 183, 190

255 INDEX

and potential for popular sainthood, 189

Llywelyn ap Hywel ab Ieuan ab Gronwy, 54

Llywelyn ap Ifan, 151Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, 35Llywelyn ap Morgan, 101Lombardy, 159Lorinc Tari, 176Lough Derg pilgrimage, 159Louis VII, king of France, 190Lourdes, 52

MMandeville, John, 160Mandylion of Edessa, 164Maredudd ab Ieuan ap Robert, 159Maredudd Fychan ap Maredudd, 95Margam Abbey, 35, 133Margaret, queen of Scotland, 19Martin V, Pope, 27Martyrdom, 22Mathew family, of Radyr court, 131,

196David, 131–133Elspeth, of Radyr Court, hospitality

of, 132Renborn, 132

Matilda, queen of England, 19Maxen Wledig (Emperor Maximus),

160, 163Meifod, 94Meilyr Brydydd, 65Mendicant orders, 35Merthyr Cynog, 25Merthyr Dyfan, 164Merthyr Mawr, 114Meurig, bishop of Bangor, 20Miracles, 18, 33

and authenticity, 99and resurrection, 62, 68, 122–124,

194Mold, rood of, 25

Monasteries, as promoters of pilgrimage, 35

Monmouth Priory, 29, 36, 101Montfort, Simon de, 176, 189Morgan Herbert, 60Morgan, John, of Tredegar, 116, 147Morgannwg, Lewys, 7, 54, 91, 97,

116, 120, 191, 195

NNantmel, 67Neath Abbey, 35, 114, 133Nefyn, 181Neville, Anne, 187Newborough, statue of St Peter at,

25Newburgh, Lewis, 191Newport, 22, 61, 156Nicholas IV, Pope, 163Nicholas V, Pope, 159Niclas ab Elis, Rector of Llaneilian, 34

OOblations, 181, 182Oswestry, 58Owain Glyndwr, 185, 186, 195

potential for popular sainthood, 189revolt of, 30, 128, 192, 195

Owain Gwynedd, 20as popular saint, 190potential shrine of, 190

Owain of Dyfed, 163Oxford, 33

PPatrishow, 22Pennant Melangell, 4, 23, 31, 59, 60,

91, 97, 210Pennant, Huw, 129Pennant, Thomas, abbot of

Basingwerk, 126, 127, 129, 130

256 INDEX

Penrhys, Marian shrine at, 29, 52, 88, 97, 116, 118, 120, 131

controlled by Llantarnam Abbey, 35at decorative of, 87distance of fame, 64hospitality at, 62poems to, 54rescuing sailors, 68setting of, 97

Perry, Richard, 130Pilgrimage

armchair/virtual, 146, 148–150and authenticity, 80–81and children, 121–124choice, 193and Communitas, 145and discomfort, 66distance of, 61–64and dress, 60, 61, 180as excuse, 177experience of, 83–96and family, 56, 67, 114, 117, 121,

124, 147, 162as a gendered activity, 121–122and hiraeth, 161local, 51–55and memory, 120–121as mental habit, 164multiple, 28narrative accounts of, 150and nature, 99as penance, 64and physical impairment, 64and physical pain, 66as a political statement, 177and politics, 175–197promotion of, 9, 17promotion, preaching in Wales and,

159and proximity, 96–100by proxy, 30, 61, 119, 146, 181; by

poets, 156and senses, 79–83

shrine side activities and, 91Souvenir, 100

Pilgrimage, journeydangers of, 55distance of, 51duration of, 51and modes of travel, 61, 64, 80and poetry, as travel guide, 160–161in Wales, 61, 102

Pilgrimage, overseas, and description of sights of, 162

homecoming from, 161routes, 159–161and spiritual grace, 157

Pilgrimage, sites, visual setting of, 85and dancing, 91decoration of, 84

Pilgrims, and status, 152overseas, and concern for, 161

Plonévez-du-Faou, Brittany, 23Poems, local focus of, 54

and armchair/virtual pilgrimage, 146, 149, 152–164

English, on pilgrimage, 155on overseas pilgrimage, 157–158

Porth Meudwy, 65Portiuncula, 29Powel, David, 190–191Prester John, 8Promotion, 20, 25Puffin Island, 22, 35Purgatory, 158Pwllheli, 53, 87

statue of Virgin at, 25, 90

RRamsey Island, 24Ranulf, a Welsh knight, 123Red Book of Hergest, 119Redman, Richard, bishop of St Asaph,

128Rhayader, 67

257 INDEX

Rhine Valley, 159Rhirid Flaidd, 23Rhisiart ap Rhys, 54, 63, 132Rhisiart Twberfil, 160Rhiw, living image and well at, 102Rhosyr, 53Rhuddlan, 183, 184Rhys ap Gruffydd, 179, 190Rhys ap Maredudd, 23Rhys ap Meredudd of Tywyn, 67Rhys ap Tewdwr, 178, 190Rhys ap Thomas, 32Rhys Brydydd, 54, 120Rhys Dafydd Llwyd, and pilgrimage to

Rome, 158Rhys Llwyd, 98Rhys Llwyd ap Rhys ap Rhicert, 65Rhys Nanmor, 156Ribbesford, 60, 61Richard I, King of England, 185Richard II, King of England, 114, 185Richard III, 125, 187Richard, earl of Chester, 99Richard Cyffin, dean of Bangor, 34,

95Richard Ingworth, bishop of Dover,

92Rieter family of Nuremburg, 113River, 98

Severn, 60, 63Taff, 63

Robert ap Rhys, of Plas Iolyn, 125Robert of Shrewsbury, 59, 62Robin Ddu, 158Robin Leia, 163Robinson, Nicholas, bishop of Bangor,

1Rocamadour, 155Rochester, 181Rome, 2–4, 24, 26, 51, 54, 93–94,

101, 116, 117, 149churches of, 151female pilgrims, 156

and healing pilgrimage, 159indulgences and, 151, 158journey to, 63Jubilee years in, 26, 157, 158, 162proxy pilgrimage to, 156roads to, 162spiritual rewards of, 157–159

Roods, 25, 35, 54, 67, 163–164Rub el hizb, 130Ruthin, 57, 147

SSafe conduct, 62Sailors, 68St Aaron, 101St Andrew, 19

shrine of, 162St Andrews, Scotland, 19St Anna, arm bone of, 162St Asaph, 20, 30, 130

bishop of, 30, 128–129, 184cathedral of, 20, 183diocese of, 157, 191Edward I and Eleanor go on

pilgrimage to, 184Edward I’s interest in, 183and Gospel of (Gospel of

Evengalthen), 183well of, at Cwm, 102

St Asa’s Well, Cwm, 129–130St Athan, 114, 151St. Athelstan, 181St Baglan, crozier of, 24St Balbina of Rome, 92St Beuno, 23, 28, 65, 84St Brynach of Nevern, grave of, 23St Cadfan, crozier of, 24St Cadog, 68, 120St Caradog, 19, 92

attempted canonisation of, 21Life of (Gerald of Wales), 21, 31

St Cathen, 23

258 INDEX

St Cawrdaf, 24, 53, 85St Chad, at Hamner, 64

feast of, 185St Clears, 62St Colman, 56St Curig, 58, 59, 81, 95

staff of, 24, 59, 62, 95St Cuthbert at Durham, 181St Cynllo, festival of, 67St Cynog, 25, 54, 118St David, 2, 57, 96

arm of, 181bell of, 24body of, 21canonisation of, 20cure affected by, 68discovery of relics of, 182Edward I contributed to shrine

construction of, 182feast of, 185hagiography, 31head of, 182–183and Jerusalem, 93miracles of, 4, 33, 53, 99, 103,

122–123, 184–185relics of, lost, 17, 19rescuing sailors, 68shrine of, 53, 87

St Davids, 19, 21, 26, 30, 52, 61, 62, 89, 91, 92, 96, 101, 102, 210, 211

bishop of, 19, 28, 62, 99, 100, 182, 185

cathedral, 18, 55, 61diocese of, 122Edward I and Eleanor’s pilgrimage

to, 181, 182Henry II’s first pilgrimage to, 178Henry II’s second pilgrimage to,

178–181indulgence for, 20, 25–28lighting at, 88

and metropolitan status, 20multiple pilgrimages to, 180as national shrine, 195offerings to, 95rebuilding work at, 84, 85relics of, 18rivalry with Llandaff, 18route to, 98and Welsh politics, 175, 177–186William I’s pilgrimage to, 178

St David’s hospital, Swansea, 29St Deiniol, 34St Denis, Paris, 181St Derfel (Derfel Gadarn), 85, 191,

192as military saint, 192and Owain Glyndwr’s rebellion, 192

St Dochdwy’s, Llandough, 164St Doged, 23, 102St Donat’s, 114, 116, 121, 151St Dubricius, 132St Dwynwen, 34, 53, 63, 87

and lovesickness, 68offerings to, 94shrine, 90

St Dyfnog, 66soil of, 69well of, 68, 84, 95, 103

St Dyfnog’s well, 24St Dyfrig (Dubricius), 18St Edward the Confessor, 30, 181,

182St Egwad, 67St Eilian, 34, 95, 155St Einion Frenin, 53St Elgar the Hermit, 18St Eluned, 28, 90–91, 99St Euddogwy (Oudoceus), shrine of,

18, 19, 132St George, 56St Gildas, 23, 24St Godric of Finchale, 181

259 INDEX

St Govan, 68St Gwyddfarch, vision of, 94St Harmon, 58Saint Herbot, 23St Hubert, Horn of, 160St Hywyn’s church, Aberdaron, 65St Iestyn, 23St Illtyd, Life of, 32, 191St James, 56, 130St Jerome, 162St John of Beverley, 181St John of Gwanas, 58–59St John the Apostle, 30St John the Evangelist, 30St Jude, 162St Julius, 101St Justinian, 24, 179St Katherine of Alexandria, Life of,

32St Lawrence, 130, 162St Leonard, 58, 61St Louis, 29St Luke, 162St Margaret of Antioch, 32St Margaret’s Well, 35St Martin, 58–59

Life of, 58St Mary Magdelene, 32St Mary of Egypt, 32St Mary’s Well (Wigfair, Cefn

Meiriadog), 84, 101–102design of, 128, 130–131

St Matthias, 162St Mechyll, 67St Melangell, 58, 59, 96, 97

Life of, 31shrine of, 23

St Michael, 164, 194St Morderyn, 67, 86, 98St Mwrog, 57St Neot’s (Camb.), 81St Non, 55, 68

St Oswald, 57–59, 181St Pabo, 23St Padarn, 2, 23

staff of, 24, 93St Paul, 26, 162St Peter, 19, 26, 162

at Rhosyr, 53, 86, 101St Petroc, 23, 191St Petronilla, shrine of, 162St Radegund, 30St Samlet, 55St Samson, 19St Sebastian, 162St Seiriol, 81St Silin, 53, 57, 59St Simon, 162St Stephen the Protomartyr, 19, 162St Sulien’s Well, 84St Teilo, 2, 18–20, 31, 32, 93, 132

shrine of, 52, 131–132St Thecla, 33St Thomas Becket, 176, 180

and defence of the Welsh border, 193

relics at Whitchurch of, 193and Welsh veneration of, 193

St Thomas Cantilupe, 56, 60, 121, 124, 176, 188

shrine of at Hereford, 53, 64and Welsh pilgrims, 194

St Tyrnog, 53, 68St Veronica, veil of (Vernicle), 26, 151,

162, 163St Werburgh, 99St William of York, 182St Winifred, 2, 4, 8, 29, 31, 57, 58,

84, 130anonymous Life, 33, 62, 93, 123feast of, 185, 187grave of, 62miracles of, 33, 62, 123statue of, 84, 126

260 INDEX

St Winifred’s Well, 2, 4, 7, 23, 59, 62, 64, 90, 96, 101–102

building of, 84, 130controlled by Basingwerk Abbey, 35design of, 128and English royal pilgrimage to,

185–187healing at, 59Henry VII, 187Henry VIII, 187indulgence for, 29patronage of, 124–127properties of, 31and Richard III, 187route to, 98

St Woolos (Gwynllyw), 22, 116St Wulfstan of Worcester, 60, 122,

181, 184, 193Saints, ‘political’/politicised

deaths of, 23and local protection, 53and protection, 191

Salusbury, family, 125, 128–129, 212Fulk, dean of St Asaph, 129of Galltfaenan, heraldry of, 129Henry, 128, 129Jenet, 129

Sanctuary, 31Santiago de Compostela, 2, 3, 19, 35,

51, 52, 54, 80, 89, 101, 114, 148–150, 152, 155

Holy Year in, 157journey to, 63patriarch of, 93pilgrimage to, 2, 3proxy pilgrimage to, 156route to, 59, 96, 155spiritual rewards for pilgrimage to,

158, 159thurible at, 90, 101Welsh pilgrims to, 54, 118–119,

155, 159Sarum Missal, 31

Scotland, pilgrimage in, 116–117Sea-crossing, 155–156Senses, and hearing, 82–83, 88–90

medieval understanding of, 82; restoration of, 56

and music, 80, 88, 89, 104; and virtual pilgrimage, 163

sight, 81–83, 85, 87–88, 94, 104, 163

smell, 79, 81–83, 87–90, 101taste, 79, 82, 83, 90, 92, 93touch, 79, 81, 83, 88, 91–93

Sepulchre, relic of, 29Shikoku, Japan, 80Shipping, 156Shrine, clothing for, 187

destruction of, 196Sieffrai Cyffin ap Morus, of Oswestry,

157–158, 160Sin, remission of, 157, 158Sion ap Hywel ap Llywelyn Fychan,

126Siôn Trefor, 58Skulls, drinking from, 92Smithfield, 196Soil, 69, 103Spain, and influence on well-design, 130Spiritual magnetism, 52Standish, Henry, bishop of St Asaph,

128, 130Stanley family, 125–127, 129

William, 126, 127Stations of Rome, 155, 163Stone Priory, 181Stradling family, 114–118

Edward (d. 1453), 116Edward (d. 1535), 116Edward, (d. 1609), 151Harry (Henry), 116–118, 121, 147,

148, 150, 163Peter de, 114and pilgrimage records, 116, 150William, 114–116

261 INDEX

Strata Marcella Abbey, 30, 35, 100Stratford, 181Swabia, 159Swansea, 148, 194

TThomas ab Ieaun ap Rhys, 120Thomas ap Philip, 118Thomas ap Rhys ap Dafydd of

Gwestun, 161Thomas, William of Raglan, 117Tintern Abbey, 25, 29, 35Tir Iarll, 120Trees, worship of, 97Trefeglwys, 60Trefnant, Lewis, 158, 161–162Trellech, 131True Cross, 24, 29, 35, 162

Croes Naid, 181Tudor, Jasper, 119Tudur Aled, 126, 129, 161, 187Turnerian Paradigm, 6Ty Illtyd, 191Tywyn, 61

UUrban, bishop of Llandaff, 18, 19Usk Priory, 25, 28–30, 36

VValle Crucis Abbey, altar of Henry VI

at, 35, 194abbot of, 53speaking statue of Christ at, 35rood of, 35

Vaughan family, 117–119John, 117Maud, 118Roger, 118

Roger, of Bredwardine, 117Roger (Rosser), of Tretower, 118,

119Thomas, of Hergest, 118Watkin, Bredwardine, 118William, 119, 147

Virgin Mary, 25, 54, 58, 194at Cardigan, Edward I’s pilgrimage

to, 181at Chatham, 181at Chirbury, 35at Haverfordwest, 35at Kidwelly, 25, 36, 53, 102, 122milk of, 162miracles of, 33at Pwllheli, 53, 86at Tintern, 35as universal figure, 195veneration of, 25visited Wales, 94, 102at Walsingham, 92

Virgin Mary, at Penrhys, 29, 35, 52, 195–196

poems, 54Votives, 55, 94–96

WWales, map of, 33–34Walsingham, 26, 92, 196Walter Map, 131Warbeck, Perkin, 126Water, 84Wattlesborough Hall, 57Wax, 55, 95–96Wey, William, and Welsh ships at

Corunna, 156pilgrimage accounts of, 154

Whitchurch, 64, 192, 193, 209St Thomas Becket’s relics at, 62, 193

Whitland Abbey, 35Whitwell hospice, 30

262 INDEX

William I, king of Englandand pilgrimage to St Davids, 178,

180William of Malmesbury, 19Wills, 60–61Winding-sheet of the Lord, relic of,

29Wogan, Elizabeth, 118

Joan, 118John, 119

Wolsey, cardinal, 30

Women, 32, 55, 118, 122, 156, 193Worcester, William, 33, 122, 185

XXerophthalmia, 68

YY Drych Christianogawl, 28York Minster, 81, 182, 194